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    Lesson 13 Turbomachinery

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    Thomas Parent

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Lesson 13 Turbomachinery

    Uploaded by

    Thomas Parent
    102 views33 pages

    Original Title

    Lesson 13 turbomachinery

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    © © All Rights Reserved

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    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    102 views33 pages

    Lesson 13 Turbomachinery

    Uploaded by

    Thomas Parent

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
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    At a glance
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    The document discusses design challenges and techniques for aircraft engine components like compressors, turbines, and their cooling systems.

    High temperatures that exceed material limits, requiring cooling techniques. High stresses due to heat and rotation. Fixed geometry and high pressures.

    Types include internal cooling passages, thermal barrier coatings. Goals are to reduce large temperature gradients and increase component life.

    Fans, Compressors, and Turbines

    EGR 4347
    Analysis and Design of Propulsion systems
    General Electric CF6-50
    CFM-56
    F100-PW-220 Turbofan Engine
    F-404 vs. J79
    GP 7200 – GE and P&W
    For Airbus 380
    Bird Strikes
    Results
    Results
    Results
    Compressors
    • AXIAL

    • CENTRIFUGAL
    Axial Compressor
    Complex Flow in Compressors

    General Electric
    http://www.pr.afrl.af.mil/divisions/prt/ihptet/brochure/FansCom.htm

    JTAGG III Advanced Integrating Forward Sweep and


    This 4-stage ATEGG Compressor Concept Centrifugal Splitter Technology are key features
    Rig, the highest loaded compressor Impeller with independent JTDE Forward Swept Fan
    to achieving high efficiency and high
    ever built with acceptable stall margin inducer and exducer will Blisk will be the first large
    pressure ratio. This stage will be
    and efficiency characteristics, meets provide higher pressure ratio forward swept rotor to be tested
    utilized as the JTAGG III low
    the Phase I II stage loading goals. and efficiency. in a demonstrator engine.
    pressure compressor.
    The compression systems of tomorrow's aircraft gas turbine engines must have reduced weight,
    provide higher performance, and be more robust in order to develop pressures of up to seventy
    atmospheres to meet IHPTET Phase III goals. Significant progress has already been achieved
    through the application of advanced Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis tools,
    innovative aerodynamic and mechanical design schemes, and high specific strength material
    systems. Aerodynamic sweep and "splittered" rotor designs provide higher pressure ratios and
    efficiencies with a significant improvement in stability margin. A Phase III two stage fan
    combined with a four stage compressor will provide the same performance as the three stage fan
    and ten stage compressor in the F100 engine, dramatically reducing the number of parts while
    meeting Phase I II production and maintenance cost goals. Hollow f an blades and organic and
    metal matrix composite rotating and static structures significantly reduce weight. The core
    driven fan enables the variable cycle engine to operate as a turbofan or turbojet, vastly A Forged Orthorhombic
    broadening operational capability. Rotor and stator airfoil designs, analyzed with advanced Transformed Super Alpha-2
    unsteady aerodynamic analysis codes, reduce aeromechanical design iterations which reduce Billet will be bond ed to
    design costs while increasing correctness. Numerous compression system designs have been Gamma TiAl to form a novel,
    tested and analyzed at the Air Force Research Laboratory's Compressor Research Facility (CRF) dual alloy impeller.
    and Compressor Aero Research Lab (CARL). http://www.pr.afrl.af.mil/divisions/prt/ihp
    tet/brochure/Materials.htm
    TURBINES

    • PURPOSE: Convert KE into shaft HP


    • ENVIRONMENT:
    – Favorable Pressure Gradient
    • more turning, more work per stage relative to
    compressor
    – Temps exceed material limits; cooling req’d
    – High stresses due to temp and rotation
    – Fixed geometry
    – 3/4 of energy available after combustor used
    to drive compressor
    Parameters Affecting Turbine Blade
    Design
    Vibration Environment
    Number of Blades
    Tip Shroud

    Airfoil Shape
    Inlet Temperature

    Trailing-Edge Thickness
    Blade Cooling

    Allowable Stress Levels (AN2)


    Material (N = Speed, RPM)

    Service Life Requirements


    TURBINE ANALYSIS - Velocity
    Triangles
    TURBINE COOLING

    • WHY?
    • TYPES OF DESIGNS
    • EFFECTIVENESS
    • THERMAL BARRIER COATING
    WHY?

    • Combustor gas temps exceed metal melting


    temps
    • To increase thrust-to-weight, temps increase
    faster than material capability
    • High metal temps weaken blade/reduce life
    • Cooling air can be distributed to reduce large
    temperature gradients (reduces thermal fatigue)
    - if not done properly, the reverse can happen
    TURBINE COOLING
    TURBINE COOLING
    http://www.pr.afrl.af.mil/divisions/prt/ihptet/brochure/Turbines.htm

    Castcool® High and Low Pressure Improved Thermal Barrier


    Turbine Blades for ATEGG and JTDE will Coatings which have reduced High Work Turbine Design
    demonstrate capability at conditions more conductivity and weight will demonstrates Phase II
    than 100°F above the Phase II turbine enable this turbine blade to performance and cooling
    temperature objective. meet Phase II and III turbine technology in rig and JTAGG I
    temperature goals. engine testing using advanced
    aerodynamics and cooling
    schemes in diffusion bonded
    airfoils.

    Modern turbines must maintain a balance between high performance, affordability, and design robustness in order to maximize engine payoff.
    Achieving production part cost, along with substantially improved life-cycle costs, requires development of significantly enhanced manufacturing
    techniques; strong, low density, affordable materials; and the use of concurrent engineering practices from initial design concept to "fielding" of
    the part. Development for component robustness and a need for long intervals between inspections and overhauls require parts with improved
    fatigue behavior. High performance cooling technologies will maximize the effectiveness of reduced cooling flows while improving life through
    the application of novel structural designs. Special emphasis is placed on enhanced analysis techniques, including 3-D time accurate
    computational codes, to provide better understanding of the aerodynamic and heat transfer mechanisms occurring in extremely complex airfoils.
    Using the Air Force Research Laboratory 's Turbine Research Facility (TRF), advanced, short duration test methods are being applied to validate
    turbine aerodynamic and cooling designs. These test methods will be extended to measure turbine structural dynamics and high cycle fatigue
    characteristics.

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