SQL Cheat Sheet:: - by Yash Shirodkar

SQL CHEAT SHEET:
- By Yash Shirodkar.
I was able to create this cheet sheat with the help of W3 School and other online available
resources. (Link- https://www.w3schools.com/sql/)
Create Database-
CREATE DATABASE databasename;
Drop Database-
DROP DATABASE databasename;
Backup Database-
BACKUP DATABASE databasename
TO DISK = 'filepath';
Create table-
CREATE TABLE Persons (
PersonID int NOT NULL UNIQUE,
Age int,
LastName varchar(255),
FirstName varchar(255),
Address varchar(255),
City varchar(255),
PRIMARY KEY Firstname,
Check (age>=21 and city = ‘NY’)
);
Drop Table-
DROP TABLE table_name;
Alter Table-
The ALTER TABLE statement is used to add, drop, or alter columns in an existing
table.
1. ALTER TABLE Customers
ADD Email varchar(255);
2. ALTER TABLE Customers
DROP COLUMN Email;
3. ALTER TABLE table_name
ALTER COLUMN column_name datatype; // to change the datatype of the
table
SQL Constraints-
• NOT NULL - Ensures that a column cannot have a NULL value

• UNIQUE - Ensures that all values in a column are different
• PRIMARY KEY - A combination of a NOT NULL and UNIQUE. Uniquely identifies
each row in a table
• FOREIGN KEY - Prevents actions that would destroy links between tables
• CHECK - Ensures that the values in a column satisfies a specific condition
• DEFAULT - Sets a default value for a column if no value is specified
• CREATE INDEX - Used to create and retrieve data from the database very
quickly
Check-
The CHECK constraint is used to limit the value range that can be placed in a
column.
SQL Default-
Used to set a default value for a column
E.g.-
CREATE TABLE Persons (
ID int NOT NULL,
LastName varchar(255) NOT NULL,
FirstName varchar(255),
Age int,
City varchar(255) DEFAULT ‘New York’
);
The DEFAULT constraint can also be used to insert system values, by using
functions like GETDATE():
E.g. -
CREATE TABLE Orders (
ID int NOT NULL,
OrderNumber int NOT NULL,
OrderDate date DEFAULT GETDATE()
);
Index-
Duplicate values allowed
CREATE INDEX index_name
ON table_name (column1, column2, ...);
Duplicate values not allowed

CREATE UNIQUE INDEX index_name
ON table_name (column1, column2, ...);
SQL QUERYING STATEMENTS-
Select Query-
SELECT column1, column2, ...

FROM table_name;
SELECT * FROM table_name;
SELECT DISTINCT column1, column2, ...

FROM table_name;
SELECT column1, column2, ...

FROM table_name
WHERE condition;
Operators-
=, >, <, >=, <=, <>
BETWEEN- for range: use ‘between’
SELECT * FROM Products
WHERE Price BETWEEN 50 AND 60;
LIKE-
SELECT * FROM Customers
WHERE City LIKE 's%';
IN- city either paris or London, not for range.

WHERE City IN ('Paris','London');
AND, OR, NOT clause;

WHERE Country='Germany' AND City='Berlin';

WHERE NOT Country='Germany';
INSERT-
INSERT INTO table_name
VALUES (value1, value2, value3, ...); //MAINTAIN ORDER OF COLUMNS
OR
INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2, column3, ...)
VALUES (value1, value2, value3, ...);
NULL-
SELECT column_names
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name IS NULL;
SELECT column_names
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name IS NOT NULL;
UPDATE-
UPDATE table_name
SET column1 = value1, column2 = value2, ...
WHERE condition;
DELETE-
DELETE FROM table_name WHERE condition;
LIMIT, TOP-
SELECT * FROM Customers LIMIT 3;
SELECT TOP 3 * FROM Customers;
MIN & MAX-

SELECT MIN(Price) AS SmallestPrice
FROM Products;
AGGREGATIONS –
COUNT(), SUM(), AVG()
SELECT COUNT(ProductID) AS COUNT
FROM Products;
ALIASES-
Column alias
SELECT column_name AS alias_name
FROM table_name;
Table Alias
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name AS alias_name;
Advanced SQL Concepts:
JOINS-
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table1
INNER JOIN table2
ON table1.column_name = table2.column_name;
UNION-
The UNION operator is used to combine the result-set of two or
more SELECT statements.
• Every SELECT statement within UNION must have the same number of
columns
• The columns must also have similar data types
• The columns in every SELECT statement must also be in the same order
The UNION operator selects only distinct values by default.

SELECT column_name(s) FROM table1
UNION
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table2;
To allow duplicate values, use UNION ALL:

SELECT column_name(s) FROM table1
UNION ALL
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table2;
GROUP BY-
The GROUP BY statement is often used with aggregate functions
(COUNT(), MAX(), MIN(), SUM(), AVG()) to group the result-set by one or more
columns.
HAVING-
The HAVING clause was added to SQL because the WHERE keyword cannot be used
with aggregate functions.
SELECT COUNT(CustomerID), Country

FROM Customers
GROUP BY Country
HAVING COUNT(CustomerID) > 5;
CASE-
CASE
WHEN condition1 THEN result1
WHEN condition2 THEN result2
WHEN conditionN THEN resultN
ELSE result
END;
The following SQL goes through conditions and returns a value when the first
condition is met:
SELECT OrderID, Quantity,

CASE
WHEN Quantity > 30 THEN 'The quantity is greater than 30'
WHEN Quantity = 30 THEN 'The quantity is 30'
ELSE 'The quantity is under 30'
END AS QuantityText
FROM OrderDetails;
The following SQL will order the customers by City. However, if City is NULL,
then order by Country:
SELECT CustomerName, City, Country

FROM Customers
ORDER BY
(CASE
WHEN City IS NULL THEN Country
ELSE City
END);
SQL FUNCTIONS-
IFNULL(), COALESCE()- function lets you return an alternative value if an

expression is NULL
SELECT ProductName, UnitPrice * (UnitsInStock + IFNULL(UnitsOnOrder, 0))

FROM Products;
###ISNULL() – THIS IS USED IN ORACLE SERVER
SQL Comments-
-- is used comment sql queries.
HAVING Clause:
It is used to apply condition on aggregation, where is used to apply condition on a column.
SELECT (DISTINCT)
FROM
WHERE
GROUP BY
ORDER BY
HAVING
WINDOW FUNCTIONS-
Lead & Lag

SELECT start_terminal,
duration_seconds,
LAG(duration_seconds, 1) OVER
(PARTITION BY start_terminal ORDER BY duration_seconds) AS lag,
LEAD(duration_seconds, 1) OVER
(PARTITION BY start_terminal ORDER BY duration_seconds) AS lead
Handy functions that usually are used in
advance questions:
JOINS, UNION, HAVING, GROUP BY, CASE statements seem easy while looking
at independent examples. But the complexity increases when these statements
are used in combination with each other.
Select concat(name, lastname) as full_name from students
LIKE is case sensitive, ILIKE is case insensitive.
COUNT will ignore all null values
In window functions partition by acts similar to a group by
Cast- cast (‘2020-20-10’ as date)
DATE MANIPULATION:
(‘2020-01-10’:: date -30* interval ‘1 day’)
:: is used for casting purposes

eg- total::float/100
select ifnull(customer_name,'N/A')customer_name,\

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What are the different SQL constraints and their purposes?

What are the different SQL constraints and their purposes?

What are some SQL querying statements and operators covered?

What are some SQL querying statements and operators covered?

SQL CHEAT SHEET:

• NOT NULL - Ensures that a column cannot have a NULL value

Duplicate values not allowed

SELECT column1, column2, ...

SELECT * FROM table_name;

SELECT DISTINCT column1, column2, ...

SELECT column1, column2, ...

IN- city either paris or London, not for range.

AND, OR, NOT clause;

SELECT * FROM Customers

SELECT TOP 3 * FROM Customers;

MIN & MAX-

The UNION operator selects only distinct values by default.

To allow duplicate values, use UNION ALL:

SELECT COUNT(CustomerID), Country

SELECT OrderID, Quantity,

SELECT CustomerName, City, Country

IFNULL(), COALESCE()- function lets you return an alternative value if an

SELECT ProductName, UnitPrice * (UnitsInStock + IFNULL(UnitsOnOrder, 0))

###ISNULL() – THIS IS USED IN ORACLE SERVER

Lead & Lag

Select concat(name, lastname) as full_name from students

LIKE is case sensitive, ILIKE is case insensitive.

COUNT will ignore all null values

In window functions partition by acts similar to a group by

Cast- cast (‘2020-20-10’ as date)

(‘2020-01-10’:: date -30* interval ‘1 day’)

:: is used for casting purposes

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