How to write a paragraph well

-Topic sentence:

+ This paragraph will look at somw primary effective of writing paragraph

+ There is the number of element for how to build a great paragraph

+ The first element is make your topic sentence’s first sentences

+ Another elements is used the intermediate sentences to support idea.

+ Finally is making the last sentences of your paragraph well and it can be
mentioned above

-Topic sentence: a sentence that states the main thought of a paragrapj or of a

larger unit of discourse, and is usually placed at or near the beginning.

-Paragraph: a paragraph is self-contained unit of discause in writing dealing with a

paticular point or idea. A paragraph consists of one or more sentences.

What is a summary?

A summary is a shorter description of a longer work, covering all of the highlights

but not many of the details. It’s used for an overview so that people can get an idea
of what the longer work entails without reading or watching it first. 

We see summaries everywhere, from book covers to product descriptions to online

review sites. However, no matter how many summaries you’ve read, it can still be
difficult to write your own when you need to. 

Summary Writing Format

 When writing a summary, remember that it should be in the form of a

paragraph.
  A summary begins with an introductory sentence that states the text’s title,
author and main point of the text as you see it.

 A summary is written in your own words.

 A summary contains only the ideas of the original text. Do not insert any
of your own opinions, interpretations, deductions or comments into a
summary.

 Identify in order the significant sub-claims the author uses to defend the
main point.

 Copy word-for-word three separate passages from the essay that you think
support and/or defend the main point of the essay as you see it.

 Cite each passage by first signaling the work and the author, put

“quotation marks” around the passage you chose, and put the number of
the paragraph where the passages can be found immediately after the
passage.

 Using source material from the essay is important. Why? Because

defending claims with source material is what you will be asked to do
when writing papers for your college professors.

 Write a last sentence that “wraps” up your summary; often a simple

rephrasing of the main point.

A process paragraph:

+ is a decription of how to st. It explains the steps you need to follow to complete
an activity

+ is used when explaining how to make or do st, how st is done, or how st works.
Process writing is useful when writing on history, business, sciencesm psychology,
and many other areas.

How to: This gives the reader steps or direction on how he or she can do st.

Explanation: this tells the reader how a particular event occurred or how st works

The denifition of a narrative paragraph

Narrative writing is the way to present a story that consists of events that happen
one after another. The story you tell can be true or fictional.

*Topic sentence: set the scene: who- where- when- what

*Supporting sentences:

Develop the story: detailed desription of events in the ored they happened

+ Presents the events in the order they happened

+ Also include sensory details, such as what the author saw, heard, smelled, or
tasted.

+ May also tell about the writer’s feelings during the events.

*Concluding sentence:

Wrap up the story: say what happen at the end of story and refer to people’s
feelings, final comments or reactions

+ May include a comment about why the experience was important.

*Showing order of events

Writers of narative paragraph use senquence woeds and phrases to clarify the order
of events in a story

*Language focus:

-Use the simple part to tell about actions and events that started and finished in the
past
-Use the past continuous to describe an event that was already in progress when
another event occurred or interupted in the event.

-Use the past continuous to tell about two or more activities that were in progress
at the same time

What is a descritive paragraph?

-Describes how st or sb looks, feels…

-Includes how the writer feels, the writer’s own impresions and thoghts

-Creates a sensory image on the writer’s mind that is it paints a picture of words.

-Lets the writer touch, taste, see, hear, and smell what yo are describing

-A successful description uses vivid vocabulary, including colorfl adjtives and a lot
of descriptive details.

Rule

1) COMMA (,)

The comma is used to indicate a short pause. The comma is used to show a

separation of ideas or elements within the structure of a sentence. Additionally, it is
used in numbers, dates, and letter writing after the salutation and closing.

+ Direct address: Dear, Marry

+ Separation of two complete sentences: while he was reading book, Susan was

cooking dinner.

+ Separating lists or elements within sentences: My favourite food is Pho,

Hamberger, and bread

+ Separation of the number, dates and address: I was born on 8th December, 2002
Hanoi

+ Addressing a person: “No problem, John”

+ Separating two persons, things or other elements: she is farmer, not doctor
+ Direct quotations: he said, “I’m hungry”

2) SEMICOLON (;)

The semicolon represents a stronger pause than a comma. It is used to stress the
close relationship between one sentence and another. 

+ It was raining heavy, the game is cancelled.

3) COLON (:)

The colon is used to show that something is to follow.

i. A colon has three main uses. The first is after a word introducing a quotation, an
explanation, an example, or a series.

Tommorow, we have five subjects: math, literature, music, English, and art.

ii. The second is between independent clauses when the second explains the first,
similar to a semicolon: He is regreting so much: he didn’t finish the exam.

iii. The third use of a colon is for emphasis: There was one thing she loved more
than any other: her dog.

Note: A colon also has non-grammatical uses in time, ratio, business

correspondence and references.

4) DASH (-)

The dash is used to make an abrupt stop or change of thought. There are two
common types of dashes: en dash and em dash.

+ En dash: Twice as long as a hyphen, the en dash is a symbol (–) that is used in
writing or printing to indicate a range, connections or differentiations, such as
2020-2021

+ Em dash: Longer than the en dash, the em dash can be used in place of a comma,
parenthesis, or colon to enhance readability or emphasize the conclusion of a
sentence. For example, she gave him her answer — Yep!

A hyphen is used to join two or more words together into a compound term and is
not separated by spaces. For example, part-time, back-to-back, well-known
5) EXCLAMATION MARK (!)

The exclamation mark is used after interjections and after phrases and sentences
expressing sudden emotion or wish.

+ What a pity!

6) INVERTED COMMAS (“)

The final three punctuation forms in English grammar are the apostrophe,

quotation marks, and ellipsis. Unlike previously mentioned grammatical marks,
they are not related to one another in any form.

An apostrophe is used to indicate the omission of a letter or letters from a word, the
possessive case, or the plurals of lowercase letters. Examples of the apostrophe in
use include:

+ Omission of letters from a word: 

+ Possessive case: 

+ Plural for lowercase letters: 

+ It should be noted that, according to Purdue University, some teachers and

editors enlarge the scope of the use of apostrophes, and prefer their use on symbols
numbers and capitalized letters, even though they are not necessary.

Quotations marks are a pair of punctuation marks used primarily to mark the

beginning and end of a passage attributed to another and repeated word for word.
They are also used to indicate meanings and to indicate the unusual or dubious
status of a word.

+ “I’m hungry”, she said

+ Single quotation marks are used most frequently for quotes within quotes.

The ellipsis is most commonly represented by three periods (. . .) although it is

occasionally demonstrated with three asterisks (***). The ellipsis is used in writing
or printing to indicate an omission, especially of letters or words. Ellipses are
frequently used within quotations to jump from one phrase to another, omitting
unnecessary words that do not interfere with the meaning. Students writing
research papers or newspapers quoting parts of speeches will often employ ellipsis
to avoid copying lengthy text that is not needed.

+ Omission of words: 

+ Within a quotation: 

8) FULL STOP (.)

The full stop is used to mark the end of a declarative or an imperative sentence. It
represents the greatest pause.

1. What ls Academic Writing?

Academic writing is the kind of writing used in high school and college classes.

Academic writing is different from creative writing, which is the kind of writing
you do when you write stories. It is also different from personal writing, which is
the kind of writing you do when you write letters or e-mails to your friends and
family. Creative writing and personal writing are informal, so you may use slang,
abbreviations, and incomplete sentences. However, academic writing is formal, so
you should not use slang or contractions. Also, you should take care to write
complete sentences and to organize them in a certain way.

Academic writing in English is probably different from academic writing in your

native language. The words and grammar and also the way of organizing ideas are
probably different from what you are used to. In fact, the English way of writing
may seem clumsy, repetitive, and even impolite to you. Just remember that it is
neither better nor worse than other ways; it is just different.

2. A paragraph
is a group of related statements that a writer develops about a subject.

The first sentence states the specific point, or idea, of the topic. The rest of the
sentences in the paragraph support that point.

A Sentences
 A sentence is a group of words that (a) contains at least one subject and one
verb and (b) expresses a complete thought.
There are four kinds of sentences in English: simple sentences, compound
sentences, complex sentences, and compound-complex sentences.

A, chapter 1
1. Use correct format when preparing an assignment.

2. A sentence (a) has a subject and a verb and (b) expresses a complete

thought.

3. A simple sentence has one subject-verb combination. A simple sentence

may have more than one verb or more than one subject, but it has only one

subject-verb combination.

4. Subjects and verbs always agree in number (singular or plural.) There are a

few special situations that sometimes cause difficulties with subject-verb

agreement.

5. A fragment is an incomplete sentence. It is a sentence enor. A fragment

might be missing a subject or a verb, or it might express an incomplete

thought.

6. Know the rules for capitalization in English.

1) The first word in a sentence

2) The pronoun I
3) Abbreviations and acronyms formed from the first letters of words
4) All proper nouns. Proper nouns include
a) Names of deities
b) Names of people and their titles BUT NOT a title without a name
5) Note: Some writers capitalize titles such as president and prime minister when they
clearly refer to one person
a) Names of specific groups of people (nationalities,
6) races, and ethnic groups), languages, and religions
 a) Names of specific places on a map
b) Names of specific geographic areas BUT NOT the names of compass directions
c) Names of days, months, and special days BUT NOT the names of the seasons
d) Names of specific structures such as buildings, bridges, dams, monuments
e) Names of specific organizations (government agencies, businesses, schools, clubs,
teams)
f) Names of school subjects with course numbers BUT NOT names of classes
without numbers, except languages
g) First, last, and all important words in the titles of books, magazines, newspapers,
plays, films, stories, songs, paintings, statues, television programs
7) Note: Italicize (or underline) titles of books, magazines, newspapers, plays, and films.

7. The process of writing has four main steps: prewriting, organizing, writing,

and polishing.

• Listing is a useful prewriting technique to get ideas.

• Outlining is a good way to organize your ideas.

II, The Writing Process

The process of writing has roughly four steps. In the first step, you create ideas. ln the second
step, you organize the ideas. In the third step, you write a rough draft. In the final step, you
polish your rough draft by editing it and making revisions.

Step 1: Prewriting

The first step is called prewriting. Prewriting is a way to get ideas. In this step, you choose a
topi.c and collect ideas to explain the topic.

Listing :

Listing is a prewriting technique in which you write the topic at the top of a piece of paper and
then quickly make a list of the words or phrases that come into your mind.

Step 2: Organizing

organize the ideas into a simple outline.

Step 3: Writing
The next step is to write a rough draft, using your outline as a guide. Write your rough draft as
quickly as you can without stopping to think about grammar, spelling, or punctuation. Just get
your ideas down on paper.

Step 4: Polishing: Revising and Editing

Polishing is most successful if you do it in two steps. First, attack the big issues of content and
organization (revising). Then work on the smaller issues of grammar, punctuation, and
mechanics (editing).

B, chapter 2
I. Narration is the kind of writing that you do when you tell a story.

2. Use time order words and phrases to show when each part of the story

happens.

3. A compound sentence is composed of two simple sentences joined by

a comma and a coordinating conjunction.

4. Four coordinating conjunctions are and, but, so, and or.

5. Commas are used

• after most time order signals at the beginning of a sentence.

• in compound sentences.

• between items in a series.

• in dates written in the order month-day-year.

• in place names.

6. Freewriting is a prewriting technique in which you write without stopping

for a specific amount of time.

C, Chapter 3:
1. A paragraph has three parts: a topic sentence, several supporting sentences, and a
concluding sentence.
• The topic sentence is the most important sentence in a paragraph. It is usually the first
sentence.

• A good topic sentence has both a topic and a controlling idea. The controlling idea
gives the reader a hint about what the paragraph will say about the topic.

2. Supporting sentences explain the controlling idea in detail.

3. The concluding sentence repeats the main idea in different words or summarizes the
main supporting points. It usually begins with a conclusion signal.

4. Apostrophes are used in three ways:

• To form contractions

• To form possessives

• To make letters of the alphabet plural

Rules for Forming Possessives

Add an Apostrophe + s :

1. to singular nouns and to plural nouns that don't end in s.

2. to indefinite pronouns.

3. 3. to abbreviations.

Add an Apostrophe Alone:

to plural nouns ending ín s

5. A detailed outline is helpful for organizing ideas.

D, CHAPTER 4
1. A description is a word picture. It tells the reader how something looks, feels, smells,
tastes, and sounds.

• Use spatial order to organize a description. Spatial order is the arrangement

of items in order by space: back to front, left to right, top to bottom, far to

near, and so on.

• Use spatial order expressions to show the order. Examples of spatial

order expressions are on the dashboard of my car, in front of the sofa,

and in the distance.

2. Unity is an important element of a good paragraph. Unity means that a

paragraph discusses one, and only one, main idea.

3. Supporting details are the "meat" of a paragraph. They prove the truth of

your topic sentence, and they make your writing rich and interesting.

4. For, yet, and nor are three additional coordinating conjunctions that you

can use to make compound sentences.

Yet has approximately the same meaning as but; that it shows contrast or joins opposites.
Use yet when the second part of the sentence says something unexpected or surprising.

For has the same meaning as because; use for to introduce a reason or cause

Nor means "not this and not that"; use nor to join two negative sentences

Note: Use question word order after nor. Place helping verbs (is, does, did, can, will, etc.)
before the subject

5. One way to make your writing more interesting is to vary your sentence openings.
Occasionally move a prepositional phrase to the beginning of a sentence. (You cannot
move every prepositional phrase,however.)

6. Clustering is another prewriting technique you can use to get ideas.

E, CHAPTER 5
1. Logical division of ideas is a pattern of organizing ideas in which you

divide a topic into parts and discuss each part separately.

2. A paragraph needs coherence. A coherent paragraph is easy to read because

it flows smoothly from beginning to end. Use these three techniques to

achieve coherence.

• Use nouns and pronouns consistently.

• Use transition signals to show how one idea is related to the next.

• Put your ideas into some kind of logical order.

3. Run-ons and comma splices are sentence errors in which you join two

sentences incorrectly.

There are three easy ways to correct run-on and comma splice errors

1. Join the two sentences with a comma and a coordinating conjunction such as and,
but, or so.
2. Make two sentences. Separate the two sentences with a period
3. 3. If you wish to show the relationship between the two sentences, add a
4. sentence connector (and a comma) to the second sentence.

4.Rules for placing and punctuating these transition signals:

1, The words and phrases in the "Sentence Connectors" column often come at the
beginning of a sentence. They are usually followed by a comma. ( Exceptions: Now,
soon, and then do not need a comma

Sentence connectors can also come in the middle and at the end of a sentence. We usually
(but not always) separate them from the rest of the sentence with a comma or commas

2.Use the words in the "Coordinating Conjunctions" column to connect two simple
sentences to make a compound sentence. Put a comma after the first simple sentence.

3.The words in the "Others" column are adjectives and prepositions. They have no special
punctuation .