Chapter(7)

Differential and Operational Amplifiers

Electronics (2) Dr. Aly M. Gaballa 1

 Chapter(6) Differential and Operational Amplifiers

o Prerequisite: ENE 2204

 Multi-stage bipolar transistors amplifiers: small signal amplifier at :
low, mid, and high frequencies .
 Multi-stage unipolar transistor amplifiers, frequency response, Large
signal amplifiers.
 Class A, Class B, class AB, and Class C power amplifiers. Push-pull
amplifiers.
o Differential and operational amplifiers.
o Flip-flops circuits and wave shaping.
o Introduction to Super-conductivity, magnetic and insulation materials.

Electronics (2) Dr. Aly M. Gaballa 2

Chapter(7) Differential and Operational Amplifiers Operational Amplifiers (Op-Amps)

I/P signal
O/P signal

Amplifier
DC power

 Amplifier parameters
 Voltage Gain= 𝟐𝟎 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐕𝐎𝐮𝐭𝐩𝐮𝐭 𝐕𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐩𝐮𝐭
 Noise Figure=𝟏𝟎 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐒𝐍𝐑 𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐩𝐮𝐭 𝐒𝐍𝐑 𝐎𝐮𝐭𝐩𝐮𝐭
𝑺𝑵𝑹 = 𝟏𝟎 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝑷𝒔𝒊𝒈𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑷𝒏𝒐𝒊𝒔𝒆
 Bandwidth.
 Operating voltage.
 Input resistance, and
 Output resistance.

Electronics (2) Dr. Aly M. Gaballa 3

Chapter(7) Differential and Operational Amplifiers Operational Amplifiers (Op-Amps)

 What is an Op-Amp? – The Layout

o There are 8 pins in a common Op-Amp, like the 741 which is used in many
instructional courses.

Electronics (2) Dr. Aly M. Gaballa 4

Chapter(7) Differential and Operational Amplifiers Operational Amplifiers (Op-Amps)

 What is an Op-Amp? – The Layout

Electronics Systems
Data Acquisition (2) Dr. AlyDr.
M.Ali
Gaballa
Gaballa. 5
Chapter(7) Differential and Operational Amplifiers Operational Amplifiers (Op-Amps)

 What is an Op-Amp? – The Inside

o The actual count varies, but an Op-Amp contains several Transistors,
Resistors, and a few Capacitors and Diodes.
o For simplicity, an Op-Amp is often depicted as this:

 Mathematics of the Op-Amp

o The gain of the Op-Amp itself is calculated as:
𝑮 = 𝑽𝒐𝒖𝒕/(𝑽+ – 𝑽−)
o The maximum output is the power supply voltage
o When used in a circuit, the gain of the circuit (as opposed to the op-amp
component) is:
𝑨𝒗 = 𝑽𝒐𝒖𝒕/𝑽𝒊𝒏
Electronics (2) Dr. Aly M. Gaballa 6
Chapter(7) Differential and Operational Amplifiers Operational Amplifiers (Op-Amps)

 741 Op-Amp Schematic

Electronics (2) Dr. Aly M. Gaballa 7

Chapter(7) Differential and Operational Amplifiers Operational Amplifiers (Op-Amps)

 Op-Amp Characteristics
o Ideal Op-Amp properties
An ideal op amp has the following features:
1. Infinite voltage gain.
2. Gain is independent of frequency.
3. Infinitely high input resistance.
4. Zero output resistance.
5. Zero input voltage offset.
6. Output can swing ± voltages as the supply rails.

o Practical Op Amps
1.Very high voltage gain
2.Gain falls with frequency
3.High input resistance. This is usually at least 2 MΩ,
4.Low output resistance. Typically 75 Ω.
5.Input voltage offset is a few mV.
6.The output voltage swings to within a few volts of the supply voltages (±13 V for an
amplifier run on ±15 V).

Electronics (2) Dr. Aly M. Gaballa 8

Chapter(7) Differential and Operational Amplifiers Operational Amplifiers (Op-Amps)

 Modes of operation
o Inverting
o Non-inverting.

Electronics (2) Dr. Aly M. Gaballa 9

Chapter(7) Differential and Operational Amplifiers Operational Amplifiers (Op-Amps)

 Ideal Op-Amp Analysis

o To analyze an op-amp feedback circuit:
 Assume no current flows into either input terminal
 Assume no current flows out of the output terminal
 Constrain: 𝑽+ = 𝑽 −

Electronics (2) Dr. Aly M. Gaballa 10

Chapter(7) Differential and Operational Amplifiers Operational Amplifiers (Op-Amps)

 Inverting Amplifier
o Find the output-input relationship and voltage gain.

741

𝑽𝒊𝒏 − 𝑽𝑨 𝑽𝑨 − 𝑽𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝑉+ = 𝑉− = 0
=
𝑹𝒊𝒏 𝑹𝒇

𝑽𝒊𝒏 −𝑽𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝑽𝒐𝒖𝒕 −𝑹𝒇

= =
𝑹𝒊𝒏 𝑹𝒇 𝑽𝒊𝒏 𝑹𝒊𝒏

𝑽𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝑹𝒇 𝑽𝑶𝒖𝒕 = 𝑨𝑽 𝑽𝒊𝒏

𝑨𝑽 = =−
𝑽𝒊𝒏 𝑹𝒊𝒏
Electronics (2) Dr. Aly M. Gaballa 11
Chapter(7) Differential and Operational Amplifiers Operational Amplifiers (Op-Amps)

 Inverting Amplifier
o Example: Determine the voltage gain. Find and sketch the output voltage

𝑽𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝑹𝒇
𝑨𝑽 = =− = −𝟏𝟎
𝑽𝒊𝒏 𝑹𝒊𝒏

𝑽𝑶𝒖𝒕 = 𝑨𝑽 𝑽𝒊𝒏 = −𝟏𝟎 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝝎𝒕)

o Example: design an Op-Amp with voltage gain -10

Electronics (2) Dr. Aly M. Gaballa 12

Chapter(7) Differential and Operational Amplifiers Operational Amplifiers (Op-Amps)

 Non-inverting amplifier
o Find the output-input relationship and voltage gain.

𝟎 − 𝑽𝑨 𝑽𝑨 − 𝑽𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝑉+ = 𝑉− = 𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝟎 − 𝑽𝒊𝒏 𝑽𝒊𝒏 − 𝑽𝒐𝒖𝒕

𝑹𝟏
=
𝑹𝟐 → → 𝑹𝟏
=
𝑹𝟐

𝑽𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝑽𝒊𝒏 𝑽𝒊𝒏 𝑽𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝟏 𝟏 𝑽𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝑹𝟐

𝑹𝟐
=
𝑹𝟐
+
𝑹𝟏 → 𝑽𝒊𝒏
= 𝑹𝟐
𝑹𝟐
+
𝑹𝟏
→ 𝑨𝑽 =
𝑽𝒊𝒏
=𝟏+
𝑹𝟏

o Example: A non-inverting amplifier has a series resistance of 2 KΩ. Determine the

feedback resistance needed to give a voltage gain of 10 dB
Electronics (2) Dr. Aly M. Gaballa 13
Chapter(7) Differential and Operational Amplifiers Operational Amplifiers (Op-Amps)

 Voltage Follower
o Voltage follower or buffer properties
◊ Unity Gain.
◊ Very high input impedance.
◊ Used for impedance transformation: High to Low

𝑽𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐
𝑨𝑽 = = =𝟏
𝑽𝒊𝒏 𝑹𝟏

o High input resistance. This is usually at least 2 MΩ,

o Low output resistance. Typically 75 Ω.

Electronics (2) Dr. Aly M. Gaballa 14

Chapter(7) Differential and Operational Amplifiers Operational Amplifiers (Op-Amps)

 Applications of Op Amps

𝑽𝒊𝒏 ≥ 𝟎 → 𝑽𝒐𝒖𝒕 = +𝑽
Comparator
𝑽𝒊𝒏 < 𝟎 → 𝑽𝒐𝒖𝒕 = −𝑽
Applications

Summing 𝑽𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝒕 = 𝑽𝟏 (𝒕) + 𝑽𝟐 (𝒕)

Integrator 𝑽𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝒕 = 𝑽𝒊𝒏 𝒕 𝒅𝒕

Differentiator 𝒅𝑽𝒊𝒏 𝒕
𝑽𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝒕 =
𝒅𝒕

Electronics (2) Dr. Aly M. Gaballa 15

Chapter(7) Differential and Operational Amplifiers Operational Amplifiers (Op-Amps)

 Comparator
o Comparator transfer function (input output relation)

Input (analog) Output (digital)

Electronics (2) Dr. Aly M. Gaballa 16

Chapter(7) Differential and Operational Amplifiers Operational Amplifiers (Op-Amps)

 Summing amplifier
o Find the output-input relationship.

𝑹𝒇 𝑹𝒇 𝑹𝒇
𝑽𝒐𝒖𝒕 = − 𝑽𝟏 + − 𝑽𝟐 + − 𝑽𝟑
𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐 𝑹𝟑

𝑽𝒐𝒖𝒕 = − 𝑽𝟏 + 𝑽𝟐 + 𝑽𝟑

o Example: find the output voltage.

Electronics (2) Dr. Aly M. Gaballa 17

Chapter(7) Differential and Operational Amplifiers Operational Amplifiers (Op-Amps)

 Op-Amp Differential Amplifier

𝑰𝒇 𝑹𝟏 = 𝑹𝟐 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑹𝒇 = 𝑹𝒈:

Electronics (2) Dr. Aly M. Gaballa 18

Chapter(7) Differential and Operational Amplifiers Operational Amplifiers (Op-Amps)

 Differentiator amplifier
o Find the output-input relationship.
𝑽𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝒁𝒇
𝑨𝑽 = =−
𝑽𝒊𝒏 𝒁𝒊𝒏

𝑸=𝑪𝑽

𝒅𝑸 𝒅𝑽𝒊𝒏 𝒕 𝒅𝑽𝒊𝒏 𝒕
𝑽𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝒕 = −𝑹 𝒊𝑹 = −𝑹 = −𝑹𝑪 = −𝝉
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕

Electronics (2) Dr. Aly M. Gaballa 19

Chapter(7) Differential and Operational Amplifiers Operational Amplifiers (Op-Amps)

 Integrator amplifier
o Find the output-input relationship.

𝑸=𝑪𝑽

𝒅𝑸
𝒊=
𝒅𝒕

𝑸= 𝒊 𝒅𝒕
𝟏
𝑽𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝒕 = − 𝒊𝒄 𝒕 𝒅𝒕
𝑪
𝑸
𝑽=
𝟏 𝑪
𝑽𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝒕 = − 𝑽𝒊𝒏 𝒕 𝒅𝒕
𝑹𝑪 𝟏
𝑽= 𝒊 𝒅𝒕
𝑪
𝟏
𝑽𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝒕 = − 𝑽𝒊𝒏 𝒕 𝒅𝒕
𝝉

Electronics (2) Dr. Aly M. Gaballa 20

Chapter(7) Differential and Operational Amplifiers Operational Amplifiers (Op-Amps)

 Instrumentation Amplifier

Electronics (2) Dr. Aly M. Gaballa 21

Chapter(7) Differential and Operational Amplifiers Differential Amplifier

 A differential amplifier is an amplifier that produces outputs that are a function of the
difference between two input voltages. The differential amplifier has two basic modes of
operation: differential (in which the two inputs are different) and common mode (in
which the two inputs are the same).

Electronics (2) Dr. Aly M. Gaballa 22

Chapter(7) Differential and Operational Amplifiers Differential Amplifier

 Basic Operation

Electronics (2) Dr. Aly M. Gaballa 23

Chapter(7) Differential and Operational Amplifiers Differential Amplifier

 Basic Operation
Next, input 2 is left grounded, and a positive bias voltage is applied to input 1. The positive voltage
on the base of Q1 increases IC1 and raises the emitter voltage to
𝑽𝑬 = 𝑽𝑩 − 𝟎. 𝟕 𝑽
This action reduces the forward bias (VBE) of Q2 because its base is held at 0 V (ground), thus
causing IC2 to decrease. The net result is that the increase in IC1 causes a decrease in VC1, and the
decrease in IC2 causes an increase in VC2, as shown.

Electronics (2) Dr. Aly M. Gaballa 24

Chapter(7) Differential and Operational Amplifiers Differential Amplifier

 Basic Operation
Finally, input 1 is grounded and a positive bias voltage is applied to input 2. The positive bias
voltage causes Q2 to conduct more, thus increasing IC2. Also, the emitter voltage is raised. This
reduces the forward bias of Q1, since its base is held at ground, and causes IC1 to decrease. The
result is that the increase in IC2 produces a decrease in VC2, and the decrease in IC1 causes V= to
increase, as shown

Electronics (2) Dr. Aly M. Gaballa 25

Chapter(7) Differential and Operational Amplifiers Differential Amplifier

 Modes of Signal Operation: Single-Ended Differential Input

o Single-ended differential inputs (not shown) Signal on one input only One input connected to ground

Electronics (2) Dr. Aly M. Gaballa 26

Chapter(7) Differential and Operational Amplifiers Differential Amplifier

 Modes of Signal Operation: Double-Ended Differential Inputs

o Double-ended differential inputs (shown) Signal on both inputs Input signals are out of phase

Electronics (2) Dr. Aly M. Gaballa 27

Chapter(7) Differential and Operational Amplifiers Differential Amplifier

 Modes of Signal Operation: Common-Mode Inputs

o Both input signals are the same phase, frequency, and amplitude.

Electronics (2) Dr. Aly M. Gaballa 28