Computer

Proficiency
Test

101 Exercises
Typing Exercises : 58
MS-Excel Exercises: 20
MS-PowerPoint Exercises: 20
Actual CPT Exercises (SSC): 3

e-mail ids: Prepared By:

mandalmaths@gmail.com Varun Kumar Mandal
ementors247@gmail.com Assistant Section Officer
(Please send a feedback.) Central Secretariat Services
(Owner of "Mandal Maths" Channel)
 Message to the aspirants
A. Regarding Typing Materials:
i. The typing materials containing 58 exercises are created from
the chapters of Class 9 NCERT Textbooks.
ii. In most of the exams, the typing test is done in two ways i.e.
 2000 key depressions in 15 minutes. (27 wpm)
 1750 key depressions in 10 minutes. (35 wpm)
iii. Hence, 1750th word and 2000th word for the starting 20
exercises are highlighted for trial version. If you like it, please
send a mail.
Note: Please ignore the underline (or highlighted) part while
typing.
iv. If you have time left, don't type the material again. Use your
time in finding the error. You can use backspace, delete
button and mouse in actual exam.
v. Don't worry about single (or double) space.
My suggestion: Use only single space.
Note: You may see more space between some words, it is
mostly due to Alignment/Justification both sides.
vi. Use tab button at the start of the paragraph if spaces are
visible. In 95% cases, spaces are there and tab should be used.
vii. Use Enter at the end of the paragraph only (not for the every
line).

B. Regarding MS-Excel Exercises

i. Exercises 59 to 63 and Exercises 73 to 78 are similar to actual
exercise of SSC CGL.
ii. I have added Exercises 64 to 72 to give you some knowledge
about salary and tax calculation (with cess).

C. Regarding MS-PowerPoint Exercises:

i. Nearly all exercises are similar to actual exercise of SSC CGL.
ii. Some terms like Leave, HBA, Allowance, Advance, etc. are
referred in Exercises which may help in your service.
I have tried my Best to make all
the exercises error free. Still,
there may be some error.
If you find any error or have any
message, you are requested to
send an e-mail to
mandalmaths@gmail.com.
Regards,
Varun Kumar Mandal
 1. Organisation of Production
The aim of production is to produce the goods and services that we ....66
want. There are four requirements for production of goods and services. ....138
Every production is organised by combining land, labour, physical ....204
capital and human capital, which are known as factors of production. ....273
The first requirement is land, and other natural resources such as ....340
water, forests, minerals etc. The second requirement is labour, i.e. people ....416
who will do the work. Some production activities require highly ....480
educated workers to perform the necessary tasks. Other activities require ....554
workers who can do manual work. Each worker is providing the labour ....622
necessary for production. ....648
The third requirement is physical capital, i.e. the variety of inputs ....718
required at every stage during production. What are the items that come ....790
under physical capital? Tools, machines, buildings can be used in ....856
production over many years, and are called fixed capital. Production ....925
requires a variety of raw materials such as the yarn used by the weaver ....997
and the clay used by the potter. Also, some money is always required ....1066
during production to make payments and buy other necessary items. ....1132
Raw materials and money in hand are called working capital. Unlike ....1199
tools, machines and buildings, these are used up in production. ....1263
There is a fourth requirement too. You will need knowledge and ....1326
enterprise to be able to put together land, labour and physical capital and ....1402
produce an output either to use yourself or to sell in the market. This ....1474
these days is called human capital. Investment in human capital (through ....1547
education, training, medical care) yields a return just like investment in ....1622
physical capital. This can be seen directly in the form of higher incomes ....1696
earned because of higher productivity of the more educated or the better ....1769
trained persons, as well as the higher productivity of healthier people. ....1842
In fact, human capital is in one way superior to other resources ....1907
like land and physical capital: human resource can make use of land and ....1979
capital. Land and capital cannot become useful on its own! ....2038
 2. Village and its production activities
Farming is the main production activity in the village. Over the ....64
years there have been many important changes in the way farming is ....131
practiced. These have allowed the farmers to produce more crops from ....200
the same amount of land. This is an important achievement, since land is ....273
fixed and scarce. But in raising production a great deal of pressure has ....346
been put on land and other natural resources. ....392
The new ways of farming need less land, but much more of ....449
capital. The medium and large farmers are able to use their own savings ....521
from production to arrange for capital during the next season. On the ....591
other hand, the small farmers who constitute about 80 per cent of total ....663
farmers in India, find it difficult to obtain capital. Because of the small ....739
size of their plots, their production is not enough. The lack of surplus ....812
means that they are unable to obtain capital from their own savings, and ....885
have to borrow. Besides the debt, many of the small farmers have to do ....956
additional work as farm labourers to feed themselves and their families. ....1029
Labour being the most abundant factor of production, it would be ....1094
ideal if new ways of farming used much more labour. Unfortunately, ....1161
such a thing has not happened. The use of labour on farms is limited. ....1231
The labour, looking for opportunities is thus migrating to neighbouring ....1303
villages, towns and cities. Some labour has entered the non-farm sector ....1375
in the village. ....1391
In the future, one would like to see more non-farm production ....1453
activities in the village. Unlike farming, non-farm activities require little ....1531
land. People with some amount of capital can set up non-farm activities. ....1604
How does one obtain this capital? One can either use his own savings, ....1674
but more often has to take a loan. It is important that loan be available at ....1751
low rate of interest so that even people without savings can start some ....1823
non-farm activity. Another thing which is essential for expansion of non- ....1897
farm activities is to have markets where the goods and services produced ....1969
can be sold. Neighbouring villages, towns and cities provide the markets ....2042
for milk, jaggery, wheat, etc. ....2073
 3. Poverty as seen by social scientists
Since poverty has many facets, social scientists look at it through a ....69
variety of indicators. Usually the indicators used relate to the levels of ....144
income and consumption. But now poverty is looked through other ....208
social indicators like illiteracy level, lack of general resistance due to ....283
malnutrition, lack of access to healthcare, lack of job opportunities, lack ....359
of access to safe drinking water, sanitation etc. Analysis of poverty ....429
based on social exclusion and vulnerability is now becoming very ....494
common. ....502
According to social exclusion, poverty must be seen in terms of ....566
the poor having to live only in a poor surrounding with other poor ....633
people, excluded from enjoying social equality of better-off people in ....704
better surroundings. Social exclusion can be both a cause as well as a ....775
consequence of poverty in the usual sense. Broadly, it is a process ....843
through which individuals or groups are excluded from facilities, ....909
benefits and opportunities that others enjoy. A typical example is the ....980
working of the caste system in India in which people belonging to ....1046
certain castes are excluded from equal opportunities. Social exclusion ....1117
thus may lead to, but can cause more damage than, having a very low ....1185
income. ....1193
Vulnerability to poverty is a measure, which describes the greater ....1260
probability of certain communities (say, members of a backward caste) ....1330
or individuals (such as a widow or a physically handicapped person) of ....1401
becoming, or remaining, poor in the coming years. Vulnerability is ....1468
determined by the options available to different communities for finding ....1541
an alternative living in terms of assets, education, health and job ....1609
opportunities. Further, it is analysed on the basis of the greater risks ....1682
these groups face at the time of natural disasters (earthquakes, tsunami), ....1757
terrorism etc. Additional analysis is made of their social and economic ....1829
ability to handle these risks. In fact, vulnerability describes the greater ....1905
probability of being more adversely affected than other people when bad ....1977
time comes for everybody, whether a flood or an earthquake or simply a ....2048
fall in the availability of jobs! ....2082
 4. Poverty and the challenges ahead
Poverty has many dimensions. Normally, this is measured through ....63
the concept of “poverty line”. Through this concept we analysed main ....132
global and national trends in poverty. But in recent years, analysis of ....204
poverty is becoming rich through a variety of new concepts like social ....275
exclusion. Similarly, the challenge is becoming bigger as scholars are ....346
broadening the concept into human poverty. ....389
Poverty has certainly declined in India. But despite the progress, ....456
poverty reduction remains India’s most compelling challenge. Wide ....522
disparities in poverty are visible between rural and urban areas and ....591
among different states. Certain social and economic groups are more ....660
vulnerable to poverty. Poverty reduction is expected to make better ....728
progress in the next ten to fifteen years. This would be possible mainly ....801
due to higher economic growth, increasing stress on universal free ....868
elementary education, declining population growth, increasing ....930
empowerment of the women and the economically weaker sections of ....995
society. ....1004
The official definition of poverty, however, captures only a limited ....1074
part of what poverty really means to people. It is about a “minimum” ....1143
subsistence level of living rather than a “reasonable” level of living. ....1215
Many scholars advocate that we must broaden the concept into human ....1282
poverty. A large number of people may have been able to feed ....1343
themselves. But do they have education? Or shelter? Or health care? Or ....1414
job security? Or self confidence? Are they free from caste and gender ....1484
discrimination? Is the practice of child labour still common? Worldwide ....1556
experience shows that with development, the definition of what ....1619
constitutes poverty also changes. Eradication of poverty is always a ....1688
moving target. Hopefully we will be able to provide the minimum ....1752
“necessary” in terms of only income to all people by the end of the next ....1825
decade. But the target will move on for many of the bigger challenges ....1895
that still remain: providing health care, education and job security for all, ....1973
and achieving gender equality and dignity for the poor. ....2029
 5. Food Security
In the 1970s, food security was understood as the “availability at ....66
all times of adequate supply of basic foodstuffs”. Amartya Sen added a ....137
new dimension to food security and emphasised the “access” to food ....204
through what he called ‘entitlements’- a combination of what one can ....273
produce, exchange in the market alongwith state or other socially ....339
provided supplies. In 1995 World Food Summit declared, “Food security ....409
at the individual, household, regional, national and global levels exists ....483
when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to ....551
sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food ....625
preferences for an active and healthy life”. ....670
Food security of a nation is ensured if all of its citizens have ....735
enough nutritious food available, all persons have the capacity to buy ....806
food of acceptable quality and there is no barrier on access to food. The ....880
people living below the poverty line might be food insecure all the time ....953
while better off people might also turn food insecure due to calamity or ....1026
disaster. Although a large section of people suffer from food and ....1092
nutrition insecurity in India, the worst affected groups are landless or ....1165
land poor households in rural areas and people employed in ill paid ....1233
occupations and casual labourers engaged in seasonal activities in the ....1304
urban areas. The food insecure people are disproportionately large in ....1374
some regions of the country, such as economically backward states with ....1445
high incidence of poverty, tribal and remote areas, regions more prone to ....1519
natural disasters etc. To ensure availability of food to all sections of the ....1596
society the Indian government carefully designed food security system, ....1667
which is composed of two components: buffer stock and public ....1728
distribution system. In addition to PDS, various poverty alleviation ....1797
programmes were also started which comprised a component of food ....1862
security. Some of these programmes are as: Integrated Child ....1922
Development Services; Food-for-Work; Mid-Day Meals; Antyodaya ....1984
Anna Yojana etc. ....2001
 6. Matter in our surroundings
Matter is made up of small particles. The matter around us exists in three ....74
states:- solid, liquid and gas. The forces of attraction between the ....143
particles are maximum in solids, intermediate in liquids and minimum in ....215
gases. The spaces in between the constituent particles and kinetic energy ....289
of the particles are minimum in the case of solids, intermediate in liquids ....365
and maximum in gases. The arrangement of particles is most ordered in ....435
the case of solids, in the case of liquids layers of particles can slip and ....511
slide over each other while for gases, there is no order, particles just ....584
move about randomly. ....605
The states of matter are inter-convertible. The state of matter can ....673
be changed by changing temperature or pressure. Sublimation is the ....740
change of solid state directly to gaseous state without going through ....810
liquid state. Deposition is the change of gaseous state directly to solid ....884
state without going through liquid state. Boiling is a bulk phenomenon. ....956
Particles from the bulk (whole) of the liquid change into vapour state. ....1028
Evaporation is a surface phenomenon. Particles from the surface gain ....1097
enough energy to overcome the forces of attraction present in the liquid ....1170
and change into the vapour state. The rate of evaporation depends upon ....1241
the surface area exposed to the atmosphere, the temperature, the ....1306
humidity and the wind speed. Evaporation causes cooling. Latent heat of ....1378
vaporisation is the heat energy required to change 1 kg of a liquid to gas ....1453
at atmospheric pressure at its boiling point. Latent heat of fusion is the ....1528
amount of heat energy required to change 1 kg of solid into liquid at its ....1602
melting point. ....1617
Now scientists are talking of five states of matter: Solid, Liquid, ....1685
Gas, Plasma and Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC). The Plasma consists ....1753
of super energetic and super excited particles. These particles are in the ....1828
form of ionised gases. The BEC is formed by cooling a gas of extremely ....1899
low density, about one-hundred-thousandth the density of normal air, to ....1971
super low temperatures. You can log on to www.chem4kids.com to get ....2038
more information on these fourth and fifth states of matter. ....2099
 7. Is Matter around us pure
How do we judge whether milk, ghee, butter, salt, spices, mineral ....65
water or juice that we buy from the market are pure? Have you ever ....132
noticed the word ‘pure’ written on the packs of these consumables? For ....203
a common person pure means having no adulteration. But, for a scientist ....275
all these things are actually mixtures of different substances and hence ....348
not pure. For example, milk is actually a mixture of water, fat, proteins ....422
etc. When a scientist says that something is pure, it means that all the ....495
constituent particles of that substance are the same in their chemical ....566
nature. A pure substance consists of a single type of particles. In other ....640
words, a substance is a pure single form of matter. As we look around, ....711
we can see that most of the matter around us exist as mixtures of two or ....784
more pure components. For example: sea water, minerals, soil etc. are all ....858
mixtures. ....868
Mixtures are constituted by more than one kind of pure form of ....931
matter. We know that dissolved sodium chloride can be separated from ....1000
water by the physical process of evaporation. However, sodium chloride ....1071
is itself a pure substance and cannot be separated by physical process ....1142
into its chemical constituents. Similarly, sugar is a substance which ....1212
contains only one kind of pure matter and its composition is the same ....1282
throughout. Soft drink and soil are not single pure substances. Whatever ....1355
the source of a pure substance may be, it will always have the same ....1423
characteristic properties. Therefore, we can say that a mixture contains ....1496
more than one pure substance. ....1526
Based on the composition, mixture can be defined as ....1578
homogeneous mixture and heterogeneous mixture. A mixture in which ....1644
its constituents are distributed uniformly is called homogeneous mixture, ....1718
such as salt in water. A mixture in which its constituents are not ....1785
distributed uniformly is called heterogeneous mixture, such as sand in ....1856
water. Based on the particle size of the component, mixture are further ....1928
classified into solution, a suspension and a colloid. We will see these in ....2003
the next exercise. ....2022
 8. A solution, a suspension and a colloid
A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. ....62
A solution has a solvent and a solute as its components. The component ....133
of the solution that dissolves the other component in it is called the ....204
solvent. The component of the solution that is dissolved in the solvent is ....279
called the solute. Depending upon the amount of solute present in a ....347
solution, it can be called a dilute or concentrated solution; a saturated or ....424
unsaturated solution. A solution that has dissolved as much solute as it is ....500
capable of dissolving, is said to be a saturated solution. The amount of ....573
the solute present in the saturated solution at this temperature is called its ....652
solubility. The particles of a solution are smaller than 1 nm in diameter. ....727
So, they cannot be seen by naked eyes. Because of very small particle ....797
size, they do not scatter a beam of light passing through the solution. So, ....873
the path of light is not visible in a solution. The solute particles cannot ....949
be separated from the mixture by the process of filtration. The solute ....1020
particles do not settle down when left undisturbed, that is, a solution is ....1095
stable. ....1103
A colloid is a heterogeneous mixture. Molecule sizes of colloids ....1168
are from 1 nanometer to 1 micrometer. The different substances in a ....1236
colloid can be disconnected by a centrifuge. The size of particles of a ....1308
colloid is too small to be individually seen by naked eyes. Colloids are ....1381
big enough to scatter a beam of light passing through it and make its ....1451
path visible (Tyndall effect). A colloid is stable. ....1503
A suspension is a heterogeneous mixture in which the solute ....1563
particles do not dissolve but remain suspended throughout the bulk of ....1633
the medium. Particles of a suspension are visible to the naked eye. The ....1705
particles of a suspension scatter a beam of light passing through it and ....1778
make its path visible. The solute particles settle down when a suspension ....1852
is left undisturbed, that is, a suspension is unstable. They can be ....1920
separated from the mixture by the process of filtration. When the ....1986
particles settle down, the suspension breaks and it does not scatter light ....2061
any more. ....2071
 9. Pure Substances, Mixture, and Separating Techniques
A mixture contains more than one substance (element and/ or ....59
compound) mixed in any proportion. Mixtures can be separated into ....125
pure substances using appropriate separation techniques. A solution is a ....198
homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. The major component ....265
of a solution is called the solvent, and the minor, the solute. The ....333
concentration of a solution is the amount of solute present per unit ....402
volume or per unit mass of the solution. Materials that are insoluble in a ....477
solvent and have particles that are visible to naked eyes, form a ....543
suspension. A suspension is a heterogeneous mixture. Colloids are ....609
heterogeneous mixtures in which the particle size is too small to be seen ....683
with the naked eye, but is big enough to scatter light. Colloids are useful ....759
in industry and daily life. The particles are called the dispersed phase ....832
and the medium in which they are distributed is called the dispersion ....902
medium. ....910
Pure substances can be elements or compounds. An element is a ....973
form of matter that cannot be broken down by chemical reactions into ....1042
simpler substances. A compound is a substance composed of two or ....1107
more different types of elements, chemically combined in a fixed ....1172
proportion. Properties of a compound are different from its constituent ....1244
elements, whereas a mixture shows the properties of its constituting ....1313
elements or compounds. ....1336
There are several types of separation techniques that are used in ....1402
segregating a mixture of substances. As for the need for separation, it is ....1477
usually done to remove all the unwanted materials and obtain useful ....1545
components. Some of the common methods of separating substances or ....1612
mixtures are: Crystallization, Filtration, Decantation, Sublimation, ....1681
Evaporation, Simple distillation, Fractional distillation, ....1740
Chromatography, Centrifugation, Separating funnel, Magnetic ....1800
separation, Precipitation. Thus, by choosing one of the methods ....1864
according to the nature of the components of a mixture, we get a pure ....1934
substance. With advancements in technology many more methods of ....1998
separation techniques have been devised. ....2039
 10. Atoms and Molecules
During a chemical reaction, the sum of the masses of the reactants ....66
and products remains unchanged. This is known as the Law of ....126
Conservation of Mass. In a pure chemical compound, elements are ....190
always present in a definite proportion by mass. This is known as the ....260
Law of Definite Proportions. An atom is the smallest particle of the ....329
element that cannot usually exist independently and retain all its ....396
chemical properties. Scientists use the relative atomic mass scale to ....466
compare the masses of different atoms of elements. Atoms of carbon-12 ....536
isotopes are assigned a relative atomic mass of 12 and the relative ....604
masses of all other atoms are obtained by comparison with the mass of a ....676
carbon-12 atom. Atoms of most elements are not able to exist ....737
independently. ....752
A molecule is the smallest particle of an element or a compound capable ....823
of independent existence under ordinary conditions. It shows all the ....892
properties of the substance. Compounds composed of metals and ....954
nonmetals contain charged species. The charged species are known as ....1022
ions. Ions may consist of a single charged atom or a group of atoms that ....1095
have a net charge on them. An ion can be negatively or positively ....1161
charged. A negatively charged ion is called an "anion" and the positively ....1235
charged ion, "a cation". In ionic compounds, the charge on each ion is ....1307
used to determine the chemical formula of the compound. Clusters of ....1374
atoms that act as an ion are called polyatomic ions. They carry a fixed ....1446
charge on them. The combining capacity of an element is known as its ....1515
valency. Valency can be used to find out how the atoms of an element ....1584
will combine with the atoms of another element to form a chemical ....1650
compound. The valency of the atom of an element can be thought of as ....1719
hands or arms of that atom. ....1747
The Avogadro constant is defined as the number of atoms in ....1806
exactly 12 g of carbon-12. The mole is the amount of substance that ....1874
contains the same number of particles as there are atoms in exactly 12 g ....1947
of carbon-12. Mass of 1 mole of a substance is called its molar mass. ....2017
 11. Structure of an Atom
The existence of different kinds of matter is due to different atoms ....68
constituting them. Now the questions arise: What makes the atom of one ....139
element different from the atom of another element? Are atoms really ....208
indivisible, as proposed by Dalton, or are there smaller constituents ....278
inside the atom? We will learn about sub-atomic particles and the ....344
various models that have been proposed to explain how these particles ....414
are arranged within the atom. ....444
Credit for the discovery of electron and proton goes to J.J. ....505
Thomson and E. Goldstein, respectively. J.J. Thomson proposed that ....572
electrons are embedded in a positive sphere. Rutherford’s alpha-particle ....645
scattering experiment led to the discovery of the atomic nucleus. ....711
Rutherford’s model of the atom proposed that a very tiny nucleus is ....779
present inside the atom and electrons revolve around this nucleus. The ....850
stability of the atom could not be explained by this model. Niels Bohr’s ....923
model of the atom was more successful. He proposed that electrons are ....993
distributed in different shells with discrete energy around the nucleus. If ....1069
the atomic shells are complete, then the atom will be stable and less ....1139
reactive. J. Chadwick discovered presence of neutrons in the nucleus of ....1211
an atom. So, the three sub-atomic particles of an atom are: electrons, ....1282
protons and neutrons. Electrons are negatively charged, protons are ....1350
positively charged and neutrons have no charges. The mass of an ....1414
electron is about 0.0005 of the mass of a hydrogen atom. The mass of a ....1485
proton and a neutron is taken as one unit each. Shells of an atom are ....1555
designated as K, L, M, N, etc. Valency is the combining capacity of an ....1626
atom. The atomic number of an element is the same as the number of ....1693
protons in the nucleus of its atom. The mass number of an atom is equal ....1765
to the number of nucleons in its nucleus. Isotopes are atoms of the same ....1838
element, which have different mass numbers. Isobars are atoms having ....1907
the same mass number but different atomic numbers. Elements are ....1971
defined by the number of protons they possess. ....2018
 12. The Fundamental Unit Of Life
The fundamental organizational unit of life is the cell. Cells are ....66
enclosed by a plasma membrane composed of lipids and proteins. The ....133
cell membrane is an active part of the cell. It regulates the movement of ....207
materials between the ordered interior of the cell and the outer ....272
environment. In plant cells, a cell wall composed mainly of cellulose is ....345
located outside the cell membrane. The presence of the cell wall enables ....418
the cells of plants, fungi and bacteria to exist in hypotonic media without ....494
bursting. ....504
The nucleus in eukaryotes is separated from the cytoplasm by ....565
double-layered membrane and it directs the life processes of the cell. ....636
The ER functions both as a passageway for intracellular transport and as ....709
a manufacturing surface. The Golgi apparatus consists of stacks of ....776
membrane-bound vesicles that function in the storage, modification and ....847
packaging of substances manufactured in the cell. Most plant cells have ....919
large membranous organelles called plastids, which are of two types – ....989
chromoplasts and leucoplasts. Chromoplasts that contain chlorophyll are ....1061
called chloroplasts and they perform photosynthesis. The primary ....1126
function of leucoplasts is storage. Most mature plant cells have a large ....1199
central vacuole that helps to maintain the turgidity of the cell and stores ....1275
important substances including wastes. Prokaryotic cells have no ....1340
membrane-bound organelles, their chromosomes are composed of only ....1406
nucleic acid, and they have only very small ribosomes as organelles. ....1475
Cells in organisms divide for growth of body, for replacing dead cells, ....1547
and for forming gametes for reproduction. ....1589
Cells were first discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665. He observed ....1654
the cells in a cork slice with the help of a primitive microscope. It was ....1728
Robert Brown in 1831 who discovered the nucleus in the cell. Purkinje ....1798
in 1839 coined the term ‘protoplasm’ for the fluid substance of the cell. ....1872
The cell theory, that all the plants and animals are composed of cells and ....1947
that the cell is the basic unit of life, was presented by two biologists, ....2021
Schleiden (1838) and Schwann (1839). ....2058
 13. Tissues
In unicellular organisms, a single cell performs all basic functions. ....69
For example, in Amoeba, a single cell carries out movement, intake of ....139
food, gaseous exchange and excretion. But in multicellular organisms ....208
there are millions of cells. Most of these cells are specialised to carry out ....286
specific functions. Each specialised function is taken up by a different ....359
group of cells. Since these cells carry out only a particular function, they ....436
do it very efficiently. In human beings, muscle cells contract and relax to ....512
cause movement, nerve cells carry messages, blood flows to transport ....581
oxygen, food, hormones and waste material and so on. In plants, ....645
vascular tissues conduct food and water from one part of the plant to ....715
other parts. So, multi-cellular organisms show division of labour. Cells ....788
specialising in one function are often grouped together in the body. This ....862
means that a particular function is carried out by a cluster of cells at a ....937
definite place in the body. This cluster of cells, called a tissue, is ....1008
arranged and designed so as to give the highest possible efficiency of ....1079
function. Blood, phloem and muscle are all examples of tissues. ....1143
Tissue is a group of cells similar in structure and function. Plant ....1211
tissues are of two main types – meristematic and permanent. ....1271
Meristematic tissue is the dividing tissue present in the growing regions ....1345
of the plant. Permanent tissues are derived from meristematic tissue once ....1419
they lose the ability to divide. They are classified as simple and complex ....1494
tissues. Parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma are three types of ....1563
simple tissues. Xylem and phloem are types of complex tissues. Animal ....1633
tissues can be epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous tissue. ....1701
Depending on shape and function, epithelial tissue is classified as ....1769
squamous, cuboidal, columnar, ciliated and glandular. The different ....1837
types of connective tissues in our body include areolar tissue, adipose ....1909
tissue, bone, tendon, ligament, cartilage and blood. Striated, unstriated ....1983
and cardiac are three types of muscle tissues. ....2030
 14. Diversity In Living Organisms
Classification helps us in exploring the diversity of life forms. The ....69
major characteristics considered for classifying all organisms into five ....142
major kingdoms are: whether they are made of prokaryotic or eukaryotic ....213
cells; whether the cells are living singly or organised into multi-cellular ....289
and thus complex organisms; whether the cells have a cell wall and ....356
whether they prepare their own food. All living organisms are divided on ....429
the above bases into five kingdoms, namely Monera, Protista, Fungi, ....497
Plantae and Animalia. The classification of life forms is related to their ....572
evolution. Plantae and Animalia are further divided into subdivisions on ....645
the basis of increasing complexity of body organisation. Plants are ....713
divided into five groups: Thallophytes, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, ....780
Gymnosperms and Angiosperms. Animals are divided into ten groups: ....846
Porifera, Coelenterata, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Annelida, ....907
Arthropoda, Mollusca, Echinodermata, Protochordata and Vertebrata. ....974
The binomial nomenclature makes for a uniform way of identification of ....1045
the vast diversity of life around us. The binomial nomenclature is made ....1117
up of two words - a generic name and a specific name. ....1171
Biodiversity means the diversity of life forms. Diverse life forms ....1238
share the environment, and are affected by each other too. As a result, a ....1312
stable community of different species comes into existence. Humans ....1379
have played their own part in recent times in changing the balance of ....1449
such communities. Of course, the diversity in such communities is ....1515
affected by particular characteristics of land, water, climate and so on. ....1589
Rough estimates state that there are about ten million species on the ....1659
planet, although we actually know only one or two millions of them. The ....1731
warm and humid tropical regions of the earth, between the tropic of ....1799
Cancer and the tropic of Capricorn, are rich in diversity of plant and ....1870
animal life. This is called the region of megadiversity. Of the ....1934
biodiversity on the planet, more than half is concentrated in a few ....2002
countries. ....2013
 15. Motion and Force
Motion is a change of position; it can be described in terms of the ....67
distance moved or the displacement. The motion of an object could be ....136
uniform or non-uniform depending on whether its velocity is constant or ....208
changing. The speed of an object is the distance covered per unit time, ....280
and velocity is the displacement per unit time. The acceleration of an ....351
object is the change in velocity per unit time. Uniform and non-uniform ....423
motions of objects can be shown through graphs. The motion of an ....488
object moving at uniform acceleration can be described with the help of ....560
the equations. If an object moves in a circular path with uniform speed, ....633
its motion is called uniform circular motion. ....679
First law of motion: An object continues to be in a state of rest or ....748
of uniform motion along a straight line unless acted upon by an ....812
unbalanced force. The natural tendency of objects to resist a change in ....884
their state of rest or of uniform motion is called inertia. The mass of an ....959
object is a measure of its inertia. Force of friction always opposes ....1028
motion of objects. Second law of motion: The rate of change of ....1091
momentum of an object is proportional to the applied unbalanced force ....1161
in the direction of the force. The unit of force is known as newton and ....1233
represented by the symbol N. The momentum of an object is the product ....1304
of its mass and velocity and has the same direction as that of the ....1371
velocity. Third law of motion: To every action, there is an equal and ....1441
opposite reaction and they act on two different bodies. In an isolated ....1512
system, where there is no external force, the total momentum remains ....1581
conserved. ....1592
All conservation laws such as conservation of momentum, energy, ....1656
angular momentum, charge etc. are considered to be fundamental laws in ....1727
physics. These are based on observations and experiments. It is ....1791
important to remember that a conservation law cannot be proved. It can ....1852
be verified, or disproved, by experiments. An experiment whose result is ....1935
in conformity with the law verifies or substantiates the law. A single ....2006
experiment whose result goes against the law is enough to disprove it. ....2077
 16. Gravitation
In the previous exercises, we have learnt about the motion of ....61
objects and force as the cause of motion. We have learnt that a force is ....134
needed to change the speed or the direction of motion of an object. We ....205
always observe that an object dropped from a height falls towards the ....275
earth. We know that all the planets go around the Sun. The moon goes ....344
around the earth. In all these cases, there must be some force acting on ....417
the objects, the planets and on the moon. Isaac Newton could grasp that ....489
the same force is responsible for all these. This force is called the ....559
gravitational force. In this chapter we shall learn about gravitation and ....633
the universal law of gravitation. We shall discuss the motion of objects ....706
under the influence of gravitational force on the earth. We shall study ....778
how the weight of a body varies from place to place. We shall also ....845
discuss the conditions for objects to float in liquids. ....901
The law of gravitation states that the force of attraction between ....968
any two objects is proportional to the product of their masses and ....1035
inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. The ....1106
law applies to objects anywhere in the universe. Such a law is said to be ....1180
universal. The law is universal in the sense that it is applicable to all ....1254
bodies, whether the bodies are big or small, whether they are celestial or ....1329
terrestrial Gravitation is a weak force unless large masses are involved. ....1404
The force of gravity decreases with altitude. It also varies on the surface ....1480
of the earth, decreasing from poles to the equator. The weight of a body ....1553
is the force with which the earth attracts it. The weight is equal to the ....1627
product of mass and acceleration due to gravity. The weight may vary ....1696
from place to place but the mass stays constant. ....1745
All objects experience a force of buoyancy when they are ....1802
immersed in a fluid. Objects having density less than that of the liquid in ....1878
which they are immersed, float on the surface of the liquid. If the density ....1954
of the object is more than the density of the liquid in which it is ....2022
immersed then it sinks in the liquid. ....2060
 17. Work and Energy
We have talked about ways of describing the motion of objects, ....62
the cause of motion and gravitation. Another concept that helps us ....129
understand and interpret many natural phenomena is ‘work’. Closely ....196
related to work are energy and power. All living beings need food. ....263
Living beings have to perform several basic activities to survive. We call ....338
such activities ‘life processes’. The energy for these processes comes ....409
from food. We need energy for other activities like playing, singing, ....479
reading, writing, thinking, jumping, cycling and running. Activities that ....553
are strenuous require more energy. Animals too get engaged in activities. ....627
For example, they may jump and run. They have to fight, move away ....693
from enemies, find food or find a safe place to live. All such activities ....767
require energy. Think of machines. List the machines that you have ....834
come across. What do they need for their working? Why do some ....896
engines require fuel like petrol and diesel? Why do living beings and ....966
machines need energy? ....988
Work done on an object is defined as the magnitude of the force ....1052
multiplied by the distance moved by the object in the direction of the ....1123
applied force. The unit of work is joule. Work done on an object by a ....1193
force would be zero if the displacement of the object is zero. An object ....1266
having capability to do work is said to possess energy. Energy has the ....1337
same unit as that of work. An object in motion possesses what is known ....1408
as the kinetic energy of the object. The energy possessed by a body due ....1481
to its change in position or shape is called the potential energy. ....1548
According to the law of conservation of energy, energy can only be ....1615
transformed from one form to another; it can neither be created nor ....1683
destroyed. The total energy before and after the transformation always ....1754
remains constant. Energy exists in nature in several forms such as kinetic ....1829
energy, potential energy, heat energy, chemical energy etc. The sum of ....1900
the kinetic and potential energies of an object is called its mechanical ....1973
energy. Power is defined as the rate of doing work. ....2025
 18. Sound
Sound is produced due to vibration of different objects. Sound ....62
travels as a longitudinal wave through a material medium. Sound travels ....134
as successive compressions and rarefactions in the medium. In sound ....202
propagation, it is the energy of the sound that travels and not the ....270
particles of the medium. Sound cannot travel in vacuum. The change in ....340
density from one maximum value to the minimum value and again to the ....409
maximum value makes one complete oscillation. The distance between ....476
two consecutive compressions or two consecutive rarefactions is called ....547
the wavelength. The time taken by the wave for one complete oscillation ....619
of the density or pressure of the medium is called the time period. The ....691
number of complete oscillations per unit time is called the frequency. ....762
The speed of sound depends primarily on the nature and the temperature ....833
of the transmitting medium. The law of reflection of sound states that the ....908
directions in which the sound is incident and reflected make equal angles ....982
with the normal to the reflecting surface at the point of incidence and the ....1058
three lie in the same plane. ....1087
For hearing a distinct sound, the time interval between the original ....1156
sound and the reflected one must be at least 0.1 s. The persistence of ....1227
sound in an auditorium is the result of repeated reflections of sound and ....1301
is called reverberation. Sound properties such as pitch, loudness and ....1371
quality are determined by the corresponding wave properties. Loudness ....1441
is a physiological response of the ear to the intensity of sound. The ....1511
amount of sound energy passing each second through unit area is called ....1582
the intensity of sound. The audible range of hearing for average human ....1653
beings is in the frequency range of 20 Hz to 20 kHz. Sound waves with ....1723
frequencies below the audible range are termed “infrasonic” and those ....1793
above the audible range are termed “ultrasonic”. Ultrasound has many ....1862
medical and industrial applications. The SONAR technique is used to ....1930
determine the depth of the sea and to locate under water hills, valleys, ....2003
submarines, icebergs, sunken ships etc. ....2043
 19. Why do we fall ill?
When we do this exercise, we realise that health and disease in ....63
human communities are very complex issues, with many interconnected ....131
causes. We also realise that the ideas of what ‘health’ and ‘disease’ ....201
mean are themselves very complicated. When we ask what causes ....263
diseases and how we prevent them, we have to begin by asking what ....329
these notions mean. ....349
Health is a state of physical, mental and social well-being. The ....414
health of an individual is dependent on his/her physical surroundings and ....488
his/her economic status. Diseases are classified as acute or chronic, ....558
depending on their duration. Disease may be due to infectious or non- ....628
infectious causes. Infectious agents belong to different categories of ....698
organisms and may be unicellular and microscopic or multicellular. The ....769
category to which a disease-causing organism belongs decides the type ....839
of treatment. Infectious agents are spread through air, water, physical ....911
contact or vectors. Prevention of disease is more desirable than its ....980
successful treatment. Infectious diseases can be prevented by public ....1049
health hygiene measures that reduce exposure to infectious agents. ....1116
Infectious diseases can also be prevented by using immunisation. ....1181
Effective prevention of infectious diseases in the community requires ....1251
that everyone should have access to public hygiene and immunisation. ....1320
Traditional Indian and Chinese medicinal systems sometimes ....1379
deliberately rubbed the skin crusts from smallpox victims into the skin ....1451
of healthy people. They thus hoped to induce a mild form of smallpox ....1520
that would create resistance against the disease. Famously, two centuries ....1594
ago, an English physician named Edward Jenner, realised that milkmaids ....1665
who had had cowpox did not catch smallpox even during epidemics. ....1730
Cowpox is a very mild disease. Jenner tried deliberately giving cowpox ....1801
to people, and found that they were now resistant to smallpox. This was ....1873
because the smallpox virus is closely related to the cowpox virus. ‘Cow’ ....1946
is ‘vacca’ in Latin, and cowpox is ‘vaccinia’. From these roots, the word ....2020
‘vaccination’ has come into our usage. ....2059
 20. Natural Resource and Food Resource
Life on Earth depends on resources like soil, water and air, and ....64
energy from the Sun. Uneven heating of air over land and water-bodies ....134
causes winds. Evaporation of water from water-bodies and subsequent ....202
condensation give us rain. Rainfall patterns depend on the prevailing ....272
wind patterns in an area. Various nutrients are used again and again in a ....346
cyclic fashion. This leads to a certain balance between the various ....414
components of the biosphere. Pollution of air, water and soil affect the ....487
quality of life and harm the biodiversity. We need to conserve our ....554
natural resources and use them in a sustainable manner. ....610
There are several nutrients essential for crops. Of these, some are ....678
required in large quantities and are known as macro-nutrients whereas ....748
rest of the nutrients are required in small quantities and are known as ....820
micro-nutrients. Manure and fertilizers are the main sources of nutrient ....893
supply to crops. Organic farming is a farming system with minimal or no ....965
use of chemicals as fertilizers, herbicides, pesticides etc. and with a ....1037
maximum input of organic manures, recyled farm wastes, and bio- ....1101
agents, with healthy cropping systems. Mixed cropping is growing of ....1168
two or more crops simultaneously on the same piece of land. Growing ....1236
two or more crops in definite row patterns is known as inter-cropping. ....1307
The growing of different crops on a piece of land in pre-planned ....1371
succession is called crop rotation. Varietal improvement is required for ....1444
higher yield, good quality, biotic and abiotic resistance, shortening the ....1518
maturity duration, wider adaptability and desirable agronomic ....1580
characteristics. Farm animals require proper care and management such ....1650
as shelter, feeding, breeding and disease control. This is called animal ....1723
husbandry. Poultry farming is done to raise domestic fowls. Poultry ....1791
production includes egg production and broiler production for poultry ....1861
meat. Fish may be obtained from marine resources as well as inland ....1928
resources Composite fish culture system is commonly used for fish ....1995
farming. ....2004
 21. Health and diseases
As defined by World Health Organization (WHO), health is “a ....60
state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely ....131
an absence of disease or infirmity". While illness and disease are at ....202
times used interchangeably, these in fact, are different from each other. ....276
Disease refers to a biomedically defined deviation from norms of body ....346
function or structure, whereas, illness is the experience of this deviation. ....423
However, it is not appropriate to conclude that any one being merely ....492
free from illness or disease is healthy. ....533
Let us understand how communicable diseases are spread. These ....595
diseases are caused by certain infectious agents which may be bacteria ....666
or viruses. These are capable of being transmitted from person to person ....739
or from the environment to person. ....774
The modes of transmission can be classified as direct and indirect ....841
transmission. As we have studied in our earlier classes, direct ....905
transmission of diseases takes place as Direct contact or touching; ....973
Droplet infection; Contact with soil; Inoculation into skin or mucosa; ....1044
etc. Communicable diseases are also transmitted indirectly in the ....1110
following ways that are popularly known as ‘5Fs’- flies, fingers, fomites ....1184
(material capable of carrying infections, like towels, handkerchiefs etc.), ....1260
food and fluid. Some diseases are spread through water, food, ice, blood ....1333
and body tissues and organs. For example, typhoid, diarrhea, polio, ....1402
intestinal parasites and infective hepatitis. Flies contaminate food and ....1475
other eatables. ....1490
The measures help in prevention and control the spread of ....1548
communicable diseases are Food and water hygiene, Environmental ....1612
sanitation Vaccines, Treatment of diseases using medicines, Isolation of ....1686
patients with communicable diseases, It is important to make people ....1784
aware about communicable diseases, their causes and modes of spread. ....1823
People should also be made aware of their responsibilities towards ....1890
control of communicable diseases, e.g. ensuring use of safe water, ....1957
healthy food and proper management of garbage and waste disposal. ....2023
 22. Health and diseases (continue...)
The non–communicable diseases may occur due to genetic and ....58
lifestyle factors. When these are caused by an unhealthy lifestyle, these ....132
diseases are also called lifestyle diseases. Risk factors of non- ....198
communicable diseases include lack of physical exercises, poor dietary ....268
habits, inadequate sleep, stress and habits like smoking, taking alcohol ....341
and tobacco chewing. In India, non-communicable diseases cause major ....410
health problems. These diseases cause disability, loss of income, ....476
disruptions in family environment and poor quality of life in the most ....547
productive years. We are going to have the highest incidence of diabetes ....620
in the world by 2020. Non–communicable diseases can be prevented in ....688
the following by Healthy diet; Adequate sleep; Regular exercise; Mental ....760
relaxation; Avoiding the use of tobacco, alcohol and drugs; ....820
Antioxidants, etc. ....839
Ayurveda is the science of life and health, developed in India since ....908
ages. It lays emphasis on prevention and promotion of health in addition ....981
to curing the diseases. The treatment under Ayurveda can be ....1041
successfully used in early stages of diabetes, liver-disorders, skin ....1110
diseases, stress, insomnia (sleeplessness) and anorectal-diseases. Some ....1182
specialized Ayurvedic treatments can be helpful in diseases like joint- ....1254
pains, neuromuscular diseases and paralysis. ....1298
Both Homeopathy and Unani systems of medicine are also used in ....1361
the treatment of non communicable diseases. Homeopathy is that system ....1431
of medicine which is based on the nature’s law of cure. It is a safe and ....1504
effective method of treatment. It helps in increasing the immunity of the ....1578
body and offers in many cases a long lasting cure. Unani system of ....1645
medicine is also the natural way of treatment with the help of herbal ....1715
medicines. According to this system, the health of a person depends on ....1786
the balance of four elements in the body. These are Dam (blood), ....1851
Balgham (phlegm), Safra (yellow bile), and Sanda (black bile). The ....1918
Unani medicines are given to the person suffering from a disease to ....1986
promote an equilibrium of these elements in the body. ....2040
 23. Growth: A Natural Phenomenon
Let us understand what is growth? Growth may be defined as the ....62
quantitative increase in size or mass. When weight is measured in ....128
kilograms and height in centimeters from time to time, we can know ....195
how much growth has occurred in a child. When the organs of the body ....264
grow, the number, the size and the weight of their cells increase. Growth ....338
can be measured in terms of the change in length, width, depth and ....405
volume in a specific time period. Although growth is a characteristic of ....478
living beings, in all living beings, the rate of growth also depends on ....550
nutrition and living conditions, including the environment at home. ....618
Growth, development and maturation occur side by side. Growth ....680
is a quantitative increase in size through increase in number of cells or ....754
elongation of cells. Development may be defined as the progression of ....824
changes, both qualitative and quantitative, which lead to an ....885
undifferentiated mass of cells to a highly organized state. Maturation is a ....961
measure of functional capacity. For example, a child begins to speak by ....1033
making unintelligible sounds. Then, slowly it acquires the capacity for ....1105
speaking in a manner, which is easily understood by others. Another ....1173
example of maturation is when a child begins to crawl and then matures ....1244
to a state of walking on two legs. Similarly, organs of reproduction reach ....1319
maturity at the end of puberty. Although age related events of growth, ....1390
development and maturation in human beings are mostly the same in all ....1460
cultures, however, some variations do exist. This is because growth is ....1531
affected by both genetic and the environmental factors. Growth is also ....1602
influenced by the socio cultural context. For example, in the ....1664
economically backward families, the growth of family members gets ....1730
stunted due to undernourishment. But even in economically sound ....1794
households, the members may not be taking a nutritious diet. Many ....1860
children who eat junk food all the time become obese. In fact, growth ....1930
and development of a human being is a result of a combination of ....1995
heredity and environment. ....2021
 24. Self-Concept and Self-Esteem
Growth and development during adolescence do affect self- ....57
concept and self-esteem. The concept of ‘self’ becomes evident in boys ....127
and girls as they enter their ‘teen’ age. Several changes begin to occur in ....203
their body and psyche. As a result, the attention is focused towards ....272
‘self’. As the concept of ‘self’ develops, it makes the teenager develop ....345
less dependence on parents. Self-image becomes important not only for ....415
oneself but also in the eyes of others. Grooming oneself to look beautiful ....490
or handsome to others is always at the back of the mind of young boys ....560
and girls. Support and guidance from parents and teachers and friendship ....633
with peers help in developing ‘positive self-esteem’. Self-esteem is also ....707
a kind of self-recognition. The consequences of low self-esteem and ....775
self-image are detrimental to efficiency. Try to have high self-esteem ....846
and a positive self-image. ....873
For developing self-confidence and self-esteem, it is essential to ....940
have a stress-free environment. Adolescence is a period of losses i.e. loss ....1016
of childhood, loss of sexual innocence, loss of freedom from ....1077
responsibility. Adolescents need parental support to cope with these ....1146
losses. Psychological security depends a lot on how a boy or girl was ....1216
valued by the family as a child. You may have seen that teenagers who ....1286
have experienced encouragement from others with respect to values and ....1356
parental expectations tend to be psychologically more secure than those ....1428
who are subjected as children to shame and punishment. A ....1485
psychologically secure teenager is able to concentrate on studies, have ....1557
respect for parents, spend time judiciously on hobbies and establish ....1626
healthy relationships. Adolescence has to be viewed as a period of gains ....1699
too. The adolescent attains a beautiful physique, figure and face. ....1766
Another gain is the maturity of brain, which leads to rational thinking ....1838
and better understanding of subjects and issues. But to ignore the losses ....1912
and carry the gains forward, support from parents/guardians, teachers, ....1983
and peers goes a long way in helping the youngsters cope with changes ....2053
occurring during adolescence. ....2083
 25. Psychological Insecurity
Psychological insecurity expresses as anxiety and depression and ....64
in severe cases may result in psychosis, which is a mental disorder. ....133
Psychologically insecure individuals may even attempt suicide. ....196
Anxiety is not abnormal. Everyone gets the feeling of anxiety ....258
sometime or the other. Anxiety is an apprehension of something ....321
unpleasant or some danger. It causes mental discomfort and pain. It may ....393
sometimes prove to be useful, for example, before an examination or ....461
competition. But an abnormally high level of anxiety is ....517
counterproductive as it distracts and lowers the span of attention. ....585
Adolescents sometimes panic out of anxiety without knowing the reason. ....656
They may even feel a fear of failure in future. This makes them tense ....726
and tired. Anxiety may manifest as a need to get medical treatment for ....797
an imaginary sleep disorder or some other physical complaint. It may ....866
also manifest as over breathing (hyperventilation syndrome). Anxiety ....935
may even be due to separation from parents or even for having to attend ....1007
school out of compulsion or due to sex drive. Adolescents may try to get ....1080
out of anxiety by self-help. The right treatment for anxiety lies in ....1149
seeking help from parents, teachers, counselors and even friends. ....1215
Feeling ‘sad’ or low is common among the adolescents. If the ....1276
feeling is short-lived there is no problem. But sometimes symptoms of ....1346
depression show up as social withdrawal, need to weep, eating and ....1412
sleeping problems, and feeling of dejection and hopelessness. ....1474
Depression at times leads to hostility towards parents, society and peers. ....1549
‘Anger’ is sometimes a psychological reaction for fighting depression. If ....1623
an individual faces pressure, he/she should be empowered to access or ....1693
seek information, advice, support through appropriate communication ....1761
from significant adults such as the parents, teachers, elders, relatives, ....1835
peers, counselors and health professionals. The best way to get out of ....1906
depression is to engage oneself in various types of physical activities and ....1982
hobbies. Hope you all will have Psychological security. ....2038
 26. Physical Education
As we know, education, particularly school education, aims at the ....65
holistic development of children. It provides students with opportunities ....139
to grow and develop as adults to be useful for the society. It is important ....215
for us to know that one of the most important requirements for growing ....286
into healthy adulthood is the physical growth which supports cognitive ....357
development. It is, therefore, necessary that all children get adequate ....429
opportunity to participate in free play, informal and formal games, sports ....504
and yoga activities. It is in this context that health has been made a ....575
significant component of the subject of Physical Education in the school ....648
education system of the country. The subject “Health and Physical ....714
Education” adopts a holistic definition of health within which physical ....786
education and yoga contribute to the physical, social, emotional and ....855
mental development of a child. ....886
In view of the above, the meaning of physical education becomes a ....952
little different from what is commonly understood. Physical education ....1022
comprises holistic education for the development of personality of the ....1093
child to its fullest and perfection in body, mind and spirit through ....1162
engaging in regular physical activities. Physical education through the ....1234
medium of physical activities helps individuals to attain and maintain ....1305
physical fitness. It contributes to physical efficiency, mental alertness ....1379
and the development of qualities like perseverance, team spirit, ....1444
leadership and obedience to rules. It develops personal and social skills ....1518
among the learners and makes a positive impact on their physical, social, ....1592
emotional and mental development. It also contributes to the total health ....1666
of learners and the community. Physical education thus, can be defined ....1737
as a subject that is not only focused on physical fitness but is also ....1807
concerned with development of a number of skills, abilities and attitudes ....1881
for leading a healthy lifestyle. It inculcates values like cooperation, ....1953
respect to others, loyalty, self-confidence, winning with grace and losing ....2028
with hope. ....2039
 27. Scope of Physical Education
Physical education has evolved as a multi-disciplinary subject over ....67
time and its scope is not confined to physical fitness and knowing the ....138
rules of games and sports. It includes many topics which belong to other ....211
subjects like science, biology, genetics, psychology and sociology. ....279
Mechanical Aspects: The concepts regarding laws of motion, ....338
lever, force and its generation, maintenance of equilibrium, centre of ....409
gravity and its impact on movements, law of acceleration, speed and its ....481
development form important content areas of physical education. ....545
Biological Contents: The areas of heredity and environment, ....605
growth and development, organs and systems, understanding of joints ....673
classification, and possible movements around these joints, muscles and ....745
their properties, effect of exercise on various systems of the body are ....817
linked to physical activities. ....848
Health Education and Wellness Contents: The concept of hygiene, ....912
knowledge about various communicable and non-communicable ....970
diseases, problems relating to health and their prevention, proper ....1037
nutrition and balanced diet, community health, school health service ....1106
programme, assessment of health status, prevention, safety and first aid ....1179
for common injuries are included in the scope of physical education. ....1248
Psycho-social Content: Psycho-social aspect of physical education ....1314
extends to the study of areas regarding individual differences, ....1378
personality development, learning of various skills, motivation and its ....1450
techniques, anxiety management, ethical and social values, group ....1515
dynamics, cooperation, cohesiveness and learning. ....1565
Talent Identification and Training Content: Physical education ....1628
includes contents with regard to talent identification, development of ....1699
components in relation to specific sport, understanding of various types ....1772
of activities like aerobic, anaerobic, rhythmic and calisthenics. Training ....1847
programmes, learning and perfection of various movements, sport skills, ....1919
techniques and tactical patterns, warming up, load adaptation, recovery ....1991
and cooling down are also a part of physical education. ....2047
 28. Methodology of teaching-learning
It is generally believed that the methodology of teaching learning is the ....73
concern of teachers only. Learners have little or nothing to do with it. ....146
But this is not true. The teaching and learning methods are concerns of ....218
learners as well. Knowing and understanding that how different subjects ....290
are taught are important for the learners of all subjects, but it has more ....365
relevance for the learners of physical education. When we talk about you ....438
as learners of physical education, we mean that you have actually ....504
participated in the subject area, rather than merely studied it. It needs a ....580
suitable learning environment and a positive will for participation. As ....652
you now know, physical education does not mean organisation of a few ....721
sports and games activities, involving only a selected number of ....786
students, and that too occasionally. The following two paragraphs are ....856
significant for the appreciation of this subject and the need for adopting ....931
appropriate teaching – learning methodology: ....976
Physical education is necessary to ensure participation of all ....1039
children in free play, informal and formal games and sports activities. ....1111
All students must be involved in health and physical education activities. ....1186
Those who choose to excel in games and sports need to be provided ....1252
adequate opportunity. ....1274
Involvement of all learners means that even those students need to ....1341
be involved, who are at the risk of marginalisation, for instance, who are ....1416
differently abled. Such involvement will empower them to overcome the ....1486
sense of helplessness, inferiority and stigma. Differences between ....1553
students must be viewed as resource for supporting learning rather than ....1625
as a problem. Inclusion in education is one of the components of ....1690
inclusion in society. ....1712
Various methodologies are being employed and efforts are on to ....1775
develop innovative teaching learning methodologies, one such ....1836
methodology known as PEC-India Methodology has been developed. It ....1902
is the outcome of a joint initiative of the British Council and the ....1970
Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India. ....2031
 29. Components of Fitness
Cardio-respiratory endurance reflects the ability of the body’s ....63
circulatory and respiratory systems to supply fuel during sustained ....131
physical activity. To improve your cardio-respiratory endurance, try ....200
activities that keep your heart rate elevated at a safe level for a sustained ....278
length of time. Muscular Strength is the amount of force applied on ....346
muscle or muscle groups, is able to exert for one maximal effort ....411
(contraction). The key to making your muscles stronger is working them ....482
against resistance, whether that be from weights or gravity. If you want ....555
to gain muscle strength, try exercises such as lifting weights (under ....625
proper supervision). Muscular Endurance is the ability of a muscle or ....695
muscle group to exert force against a submaximal load for a given length ....768
of time (or number of repetition) before fatiguing to the point of failure. ....844
Body Composition refers to the proportion of team body mass to body ....912
fat, it includes amount of muscle, fat, bone, and other vital parts of the ....987
body. Body composition is important to be considered for health and ....1055
managing the body fat. Flexibility is the range of motion around a joint. ....1129
Good flexibility in the joints can help prevent injuries through all stages ....1205
of life. If you want to improve your flexibility, try yoga, gymnastics and ....1280
basic stretching exercise programme. ....1317
Agility is the ability to change and control the direction and ....1380
position of the body while maintaining a constant, rapid motion. Balance ....1453
is the ability to control or stabilize the body when a person is standing ....1527
still or moving. Coordination is the ability to use the senses together ....1599
with body parts during movement. Speed is the ability to move your ....1666
body or parts of your body swiftly. Many sports rely on speed to gain ....1736
advantage over opponents. Power is the ability to move the body parts ....1806
swiftly while applying the maximum force of the muscles. Power is a ....1874
combination of both speed and muscular strength. Reaction Time is the ....1944
ability to reach or respond quickly to what you hear, see or feel. ....2011
 30. Warming up and Cooling Down
Warming up is usually performed before participating in any games and ....69
sports and physical activities. It is important to keep oneself free from ....143
injury, pain and how to avoid fatigue. While warming up prepares your ....213
body for intense exercise, whereas cooling down helps bring it back to ....284
near normal after rigorous activity. ....321
Warming Up: Muscle stiffness is thought to be directly related to ....387
muscle injury and therefore, the warming up should be aimed at ....450
reducing muscle stiffness. Warming up should consist of a gradual ....516
increase in physical activity for individuals for increasing joint mobility, ....583
stretching and various ways of sports related activities. One should ....662
warm-up approximate 8-12 minutes or per specific requirements which ....730
include running, stretching of wrists, elbows, shoulders, neck, trunk, hip, ....806
knees, ankles joints. ....828
Cooling Down: Once you are through with the workout and you ....888
reach the end of the game, it is equally important to ensure that the body ....963
cools down. Cooling down should ideally consist of: five to ten minute ....1034
walk or light jog as it cools down the body temperature and relaxes the ....1106
muscles; about ten minutes of static stretching exercises that include ....1177
chest stretch, biceps stretch, hamstring stretch, calf stretch, hip and thigh ....1255
stretch, front of trunk stretch and quadriceps stretch. Each stretch should ....1331
not take more than 10 to 30 seconds. Intensity and duration of warming ....1402
up and cooling down should vary according to the nature of workout or ....1472
game. The more rigorous the workout or game, the more rigorous should ....1542
be the warm up and cool down. ....1572
Benefits warming up and cooling down Warming up is a low ....1629
intensity dynamic exercise and static stretch performed to gradually ....1698
prepare the body for further exercises and to present damage to skeletal ....1771
muscles commutative tissue and heart. Cool down exercise used to ....1836
prevent rapid drop in arterial blood pressure. After completion of ....1903
vigorous exercise, the person should move for few minutes until his/her ....1975
breathing come down to near normal. ....2011
 31. Sports Ethics
Before discussing various dimensions of sports ethics, it is ....66
important to understand the meaning of ethics. Ethics, morals and values ....133
are used interchangeably in everyday language, though these terms are ....203
not synonyms. The concept of ethics is technically understood as a ....270
branch of philosophy that defines what is good for the individual and ....340
society and establishes the nature of obligations, or duties, that people ....414
owe themselves and to one another. But without going into the ....476
complexities of this concept, it is relevant to understand ethics as the ....549
practice of making principled choices between right and wrong: a code ....619
of conduct that guides human behaviour, a set of standards that guides ....690
our conduct. It is generally viewed as the system or set of rules, norms or ....766
laws by which attitudes and actions are determined to be either “right or ....840
wrong”. The fundamental problem of ethics is determining what ....902
constitutes proper conduct. It defines how individuals, professionals in ....975
different fields, organisations, associations, federation and corporations ....1050
choose to interact with one another. ....1087
In view of the above, sports ethics is a positive concept that guides ....1157
human action in sports. It is defined as the code of conduct for ....1222
promoting and ensuring healthy sporting practices. Sports ethics ....1287
signifies not just a certain form of behaviour but also a particular way of ....1363
thinking. It promotes fair play among children and young persons via ....1432
educational and preventive measures and encourages the dissemination ....1501
of good practices to promote diversity in sport and combat all forms of ....1573
discrimination. ....1589
Every child and young person has the right to play sport and ....1650
games to gain satisfaction from the experience. The code of sports ethics ....1724
applies to all levels of skills and commitment, recreational activities as ....1799
well as competitive sport. It involves the elimination of all types of ....1870
negative behaviour on and off the field. More importantly, it promotes ....1941
equity and sporting excellence. Sports ethics is also focused on equity in ....2016
sport which should be an expression of human excellence. ....2073
 32. Solid Waste
The garbage that we generate every day has not only increased in ....64
volume phenomenally, but has also changed its composition due to ....129
changes in our lifestyles and consumption patterns. For instance, there is ....204
now an increasing use of non-biodegradable materials such as plastics, ....275
metals and glass, specifically in urban areas. Technological advancement ....348
has further brought in an increasing use of electronic items and gadgets. ....422
These are useful for us, but when discarded (known as E-Waste) they ....490
can be harmful to the environment and human health, particularly for the ....563
workers associated with this occupation. ....604
In addition, we seem to have lost our aesthetic and civic sense, and ....673
carelessly litter garbage around on the roads, in the market-place, in ....844
open drains, ponds, rivers, seas, and so on. In fact, we keep throwing a ....817
lot of garbage every day. Have you ever thought what will happen if the ....889
garbage is not removed from our homes and surroundings? Where does ....956
this garbage ultimately go and what is done with it? If proper measures ....1028
for disposal and sanitation are not followed, how will garbage affect our ....1102
environment and health? ....1126
Open and unattended garbage is a common sight in the market, ....1187
streets or in the vicinity of our homes. Most often, it emits such a foul ....1261
smell that we have to cover our noses with a cloth. Have you ever ....1327
stopped to think how unattended garbage can affect our health and our ....1397
environment? If you observe carefully, you will notice that when ....1462
garbage is allowed to collect in the open for a long time, it attracts flies, ....1540
cockroaches and other insects. It also attracts rats and stray dogs. In fact, ....1618
moist or fermenting garbage, particularly when organic waste such as ....1687
kitchen waste is thrown, becomes a perfect breeding place for flies. ....1756
When we eat the food, which has been contaminated by these flies, we ....1825
are likely to fall ill. Water and food borne diseases such as dysentery, ....1898
cholera and gastroenteritis are some of the diseases that can be ....1963
transmitted by flies. Moreover, since accumulated garbage emits foul ....2032
smell, it also causes air pollution. ....2069
 33. First Aid
We all observe that when individuals fall ill or are injured, they are ....70
taken to hospitals or doctors for treatment. But it takes time to reach ....142
them, during which if some initial care is taken, it helps treatment of ....214
such individuals and in many cases saves their lives. We also observe ....284
that some of the minor illnesses or injuries are cured by taking such ....354
initial care. However, this care cannot be taken unless we are aware and ....427
trained in first-aid. In the present lesson we shall discuss various aspects ....504
of first aid and safety. ....529
First aid is the provision of initial care for an illness or injury. It is ....604
usually performed by a non-expert person to a sick or injured person ....673
until appropriate medical treatment can be accessed in a hospital or by ....745
going to a doctor. Certain self-limiting illnesses or minor injuries may ....818
not require further medical care after the first aid intervention. It ....888
generally consists of a series of simple and in some cases, potentially ....960
life-saving techniques that an individual can be trained to perform with ....1033
minimal equipment. The First aid training, therefore, is of value in both ....1107
preventing and treating sudden illness or accidental injury and in caring ....1181
for large number of persons caught in a natural disaster. It is a measure ....1255
both for self help as well as for the help of others. If you, as a first-aider, ....1335
are prepared to help others, you are better able to care for yourself in ....1408
case of injury or sudden illness. Even if your own condition keeps you ....1479
from caring for yourself, you can direct others in carrying out correct ....1551
procedures to follow on your behalf. ....1588
The main objective of first aid is not to cure, but to ensure safety ....1657
until the patient or affected person accesses specialised treatment. It is ....1732
the initial assistance or care of a suddenly sick or injured person. It is the ....1811
care administered by a person as soon as possible after an illness or ....1881
accident. It is this prompt care and attention prior to the arrival of the ....1956
ambulance that sometimes creates the difference between life and death, ....2028
or between a full or partial recovery. ....2067
 34. Protection of Natural Resources
The environment is a key determinant of social and individual ....61
health. You may be aware that many of our health problems are caused ....130
by environmental degradation. Exposure to air, water and soil pollution, ....203
chemicals in the environment, or noise, can cause cancer, respiratory, ....274
cardiovascular and communicable diseases, as well as some other ....338
serious health disorders. Although environmental degradation can affect ....410
the health of the whole population, some groups are particularly ....475
vulnerable, including children, pregnant women, the elderly and persons ....547
with pre existing family history of certain diseases. ....601
As you are aware that number of factors contribute to ....655
environmental degradation, but the most important factor is the misuse ....726
and over use of natural resources. All that the nature has provided to us ....800
such as soil, air, water, minerals, sunshine (sunlight), animals and plants, ....877
etc., are known as natural resources. Human beings use these directly or ....950
indirectly for their survival and welfare. The problem lies in how these ....1023
natural resources are distributed and used. If at any time one person or a ....1098
group of people uses more than their fair share of resources, an ....1163
imbalance is created. This leads to environmental health problems for ....1233
others. ....1241
It is, therefore, essential for every individual to ensure that natural ....1313
resources are protected and are not misused or over used, so that social ....1386
and individual health is not affected adversely. In India, we have had a ....1459
great tradition of environmental conservation. We have been taught ....1526
since ages to respect nature and to recognize that all forms of life - ....1597
human, animal and plant are closely interrelated. Disturbance in one ....1666
gives rise to an imbalance in others. Our Constitution also has provisions ....1741
for protection of environment. ....1772
Natural resources can be protected in two ways. Efforts are needed ....1839
to ensure that natural resources are used judiciously according to the ....1910
needs of the present generation, and of future generations. Secondly, ....1980
care needs to be taken so that natural resources are properly maintained ....2053
and sustained. ....2068
 35. Adolescent Friendly Health Services
India is the second most populous country in the world with a total ....67
population of over 1.21 billion according to the 2011 Census. ....129
Adolescents (10–19 years) constitute over one-fifth of the total ....194
population, and their number is estimated to be about 243 million. They ....266
represent a resource for the future whose potential needs to be nurtured ....339
in a positive manner. The adolescents are considered to be healthy as a ....411
group; however, they do have a range of health problems that cause a lot ....484
of morbidity as well as mortality. In spite of specific health problems, it ....560
is a common observation that the existing health services do not cater to ....634
the specific problems of adolescents. Moreover, it is a challenge for the ....708
health sector to respond to their needs adequately by offering services in ....783
a friendly manner in a non-threatening environment. In this chapter, an ....855
attempt has been made to discuss the health needs of adolescents, the ....925
status of existing adolescent friendly health services and the manner in ....998
which these services can be made available to adolescents so that these ....1070
can be adequately utilised by them. ....1106
As you have realised while going through the chapters ‘Growing ....1169
up with Confidence’ and ‘Diet for Healthy Living’, adolescence is the ....1229
most significant period in the life of human beings. It is imperative, ....1310
therefore, that the needs of adolescents be recognised and met ....1373
adequately. Their health needs are: Nutritional Needs, Reproductive and ....1445
Sexual Health Needs, Mental Health Concerns, Substance Abuse, ....1507
Accidental Injuries. ....1528
As we have seen, the health needs of young people are special in ....1593
many respects. Therefore, there is a need to establish special services for ....1669
them. These services are called “Adolescent Friendly Health Services” ....1739
(AFHS). They have a specialised approach for giving adolescents ....1803
preventive, promotive and curative health care. These services are ....1870
mostly run by the government and in them diagnostic, treatment, ....1934
counselling and other facilities related to health are offered for free or at ....2012
a very minimal charge. ....2035
 36. India and the World
The Indian landmass has a central location between the East and ....63
the West Asia. India is a southward extension of the Asian continent. ....111
The trans Indian Ocean routes, which connect the countries of Europe in ....205
the West and the countries of East Asia, provide a strategic central ....274
location to India. Note that the Deccan Peninsula protrudes into the ....343
Indian Ocean, thus helping India to establish close contact with West ....413
Asia, Africa and Europe from the western coast and with Southeast and ....483
East Asia from the eastern coast. No other country has a long coastline ....555
on the Indian Ocean as India has and indeed, it is India’s eminent ....622
position in the Indian Ocean, which justifies the naming of an Ocean ....691
after it. ....701
India’s contacts with the World have continued through ages but ....765
her relationships through the land routes are much older than her ....831
maritime contacts. The various passes across the mountains in the north ....903
have provided passages to the ancient travellers, while the oceans ....970
restricted such interaction for a long time. These routes have contributed ....1045
in the exchange of ideas and commodities since ancient times. The ideas ....1117
of the Upanishads and the Ramayana, the stories of Panchtantra, the ....1185
Indian numerals and the decimal system thus could reach many parts of ....1255
the world. The spices, muslin and other merchandise were taken from ....1323
India to different countries. On the other hand, the influence of Greek ....1395
sculpture, and the architectural styles of dome and minarets from West ....1466
Asia can be seen in different parts of our country. ....1518
India shares its land boundaries with Pakistan and Afghanistan in ....1584
the northwest, China (Tibet), Nepal and Bhutan in the north and ....1648
Myanmar and Bangladesh in the east. Our southern neighbours across ....1715
the sea consist of the two island countries, namely Sri Lanka and ....1781
Maldives. Sri Lanka is separated from India by a narrow channel of sea ....1852
formed by the Palk Strait and the Gulf of Mannar, while Maldives ....1917
Islands are situated to the south of the Lakshadweep Islands. India has ....1989
had strong geographical and historical links with her neighbours. ....2055
 37. The Peninsular Plateau
The Peninsular plateau is a tableland composed of the old ....57
crystalline, igneous and metamorphic rocks. It is formed due to the ....125
breaking and drifting of the Gondwana land and thus, making it a part of ....198
the oldest landmass. The plateau has broad and shallow valleys and ....265
rounded hills. This plateau consists of two broad divisions, namely, the ....338
Central Highlands and the Deccan Plateau. The part of the Peninsular ....407
plateau lying to the north of the Narmada river, covering a major area of ....481
the Malwa plateau, is known as the Central Highlands. The Vindhyan ....548
range is bounded by the Satpura range on the south and the Aravalis on ....619
the northwest. The further westward extension gradually merges with the ....691
sandy and rocky desert of Rajasthan. The flow of the rivers draining this ....765
region, namely the Chambal, the Sind, the Betwa and the Ken is from ....833
southwest to northeast, thus indicating the slope. The Central Highlands ....906
are wider in the west but narrower in the east. The eastward extensions ....978
of this plateau are locally known as the Bundelkhand and Baghelkhand. ....1048
The Chotanagpur plateau marks he further eastward extension, drained ....1117
by the Damodar river. ....1139
The Deccan Plateau is a triangular landmass that lies to the south ....1206
of the river Narmada. The Satpura range flanks its broad base in the ....1275
north, while the Mahadev, the Kaimur hills and the Maikal range form ....1344
its eastern extensions. Locate these hills and ranges in the Physical map ....1418
of India. The Deccan Plateau is higher in the west and slopes gently ....1487
eastwards. An extension of the Plateau is also visible in the northeast, ....1560
locally known as the Meghalaya, Karbi-Anglong Plateau and North ....1624
Cachar Hills. It is separated by a fault from the Chotanagpur Plateau. ....1695
Threeprominent hill ranges from the west to the east are the Garo, the ....1766
Khasi and the Jaintia Hills. The Western Ghats and the Eastern Ghats ....1835
mark the western and the eastern edges of the Deccan Plateau ....1896
respectively. Western Ghats lie parallel to the western coast. They are ....1968
continuous and can be crossed through passes only. ....2019
 38. Physical Features of India
The Indian desert lies towards the western margins of the Aravali ....65
Hills. It is an undulating sandy plain covered with sand dunes. This ....134
region receives very low rainfall below 150 mm per year. It has arid ....203
climate with low vegetation cover. Streams appear during the rainy ....270
season. Soon after they disappear into the sand as they do not have ....338
enough water to reach the sea. Luni is the only large river in this region. ....414
Barchans (crescent-shaped dunes) cover larger areas but longitudinal ....483
dunes become more prominent near the Indo-Pakistan boundary. ....544
The Peninsular plateau is flanked by stretch of narrow coastal ....607
strips, running along the Arabian Sea on the west and the Bay of Bengal ....679
on the east. The western coast, sandwiched between the Western Ghats ....748
and the Arabian Sea, is a narrow plain. It consists of three sections. The ....823
northern part of the coast is called the Konkan (Mumbai - Goa), the ....891
central stretch is called the Kannad Plain, while the southern stretch is ....965
referred to as the Malabar coast. The plains along the Bay of Bengal are ....1038
wide and level. In the northern part, it is referred to as the Northern ....1110
Circar, while the southern part is known as the Coromandel Coast. Large ....1182
rivers, such as the Mahanadi, the Godavari, the Krishna and the Kaveri ....1253
have formed extensive delta on this coast. Lake Chilika is an important ....1325
feature along the eastern coast. ....1358
A detailed account of the different physiographic units highlights ....1425
the unique features of each region. It would, however, be clear that each ....1499
region complements the other and makes the country richer in its natural ....1572
resources. The mountains are the major sources of water and forest ....1639
wealth. The northern plains are the granaries of the country. They ....1706
provide the base for early civilisations. The plateau is a storehouse of ....1779
minerals, which has played a crucial role in the industrialisation of the ....1853
country. The coastal region and island groups provide sites for fishing ....1925
and port activities. Thus, the diverse physical features of the land have ....1999
immense future possibilities of development. ....2044
 39. Drainage System in India
The term drainage describes the river system of an area. Look at ....64
the physical map. You will notice that small streams flowing from ....130
different directions come together to form the main river, which ....195
ultimately drains into a large water body such as a lake or a sea or an ....267
ocean. The area drained by a single river system is called a drainage ....337
basin. A closer observation on a map will indicate that any elevated area, ....412
such as a mountain or an upland, separates two drainage basins. Such an ....484
upland is known as a water divide. ....519
The drainage systems of India are mainly controlled by the broad ....584
relief features of the subcontinent. Accordingly, the Indian rivers are ....656
divided into two major groups: the Himalayan rivers; and the Peninsular ....728
rivers. ....736
Apart from originating from the two major physiographic regions ....800
of India, the Himalayan and the Peninsular rivers are different from each ....874
other in many ways. Most of the Himalayan rivers are perennial. It ....941
means that they have water throughout the year. These rivers receive ....1010
water from rain as well as from melted snow from the lofty mountains. ....1080
The two major Himalayan rivers, the Indus and the Brahmaputra ....1142
originate from the north of the mountain ranges. They have cut through ....1213
the mountains making gorges. The Himalayan rivers have long courses ....1281
from their source to the sea. ....1311
They perform intensive erosional activity in their upper courses ....1376
and carry huge loads of silt and sand. In the middle and the lower ....1443
courses, these rivers form meanders, oxbow lakes, and many other ....1508
depositional features in their floodplains. They also have well developed ....1582
deltas. ....1590
A large number of the Peninsular rivers are seasonal, as their flow ....1658
is dependent on rainfall. During the dry season, even the large rivers ....1729
have reduced flow of water in their channels. The Peninsular rivers have ....1802
shorter and shallower courses as compared to their Himalayan ....1863
counterparts. However, some of them originate in the central highlands ....1934
and flow towards the west. Most of the rivers of peninsular India ....2000
originate in the Western Ghats and flow towards the Bay of Bengal. ....2067
 40. Lakes
You may be familiar with the valley of Kashmir and the famous ....61
Dal Lake, the house boats and shikaras, which attract thousands of ....128
tourists every year. Similarly, you may have visited some other tourist ....200
spot near a lake and enjoyed boating, swimming and other water games. ....270
India has many lakes. These differ from each other in size and ....333
other characteristics. Most lakes are permanent; some contain water only ....406
during the rainy season, like the lakes in the basins of inland drainage of ....482
semi-arid regions. There are some lakes which are the result of the ....550
action of glaciers and ice sheets, while others have been formed by wind, ....624
river action and human activities. A meandering river across a floodplain ....698
forms cut-offs that later develops into ox-bow lakes. Spits and bars form ....772
lagoons in the coastal areas, e.g. the Chilika lake, the Pulicat lake and ....846
the Kolleru lake. Lakes in the region of inland drainage are sometimes ....917
seasonal; for example, the Sambhar lake in Rajasthan, which is a salt ....987
water lake. Its water is used for producing salt. Most of the freshwater ....1060
lakes are in the Himalayan region. They are of glacial origin. In other ....1132
words, they formed when glaciers dug out a basin, which was later filled ....1205
with snowmelt. The Wular lake in Jammu and Kashmir, in contrast, is ....1273
the result of tectonic activity. It is the largest freshwater lake in India. ....1350
The Dal lake, Bhimtal, Nainital, Loktak and Barapani are some other ....1418
important freshwater lakes. Apart from natural lakes, the damming of the ....1491
rivers for the generation of hydel power has also led to the formation of ....1565
lakes, such as Guru Gobind Sagar (Bhakra Nangal Project). ....1623
Lakes are of great value to human beings. A lake helps to regulate ....1690
the flow of a river. During heavy rains, it prevents flooding and during ....1763
the dry season, it helps to maintain an even flow of water. Lakes can also ....1838
be used for developing hydel power. They moderate the climate of the ....1907
surroundings; maintain the aquatic ecosystem, enhance natural beauty, ....1977
help develop tourism and provide recreation. ....2022
 41. Climate
Climate refers to the sum total of weather conditions and ....57
variations over a large area for a long period of time (more than thirty ....130
years). Weather refers to the state of the atmosphere over an area at any ....204
point of time. The elements of weather and climate are the same, i.e. ....274
temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind, humidity and precipitation. ....343
You may have observed that the weather conditions fluctuate very often ....414
even within a day. But there is some common pattern over a few weeks ....483
or months, i.e. days are cool or hot, windy or calm, cloudy or bright, and ....558
wet or dry. ....570
There are six major controls of the climate of any place. They are: ....638
latitude, altitude, pressure and wind system, distance from the sea ....706
(continentality), ocean currents and relief features. Due to the curvature ....781
of the earth, the amount of solar energy received varies according to ....851
latitude. As a result, air temperature generally decreases from the ....919
equator towards the poles. As one goes from the surface of the earth to ....991
higher altitudes, the atmosphere becomes less dense and temperature ....1059
decreases. The hills are therefore cooler during summers. The pressure ....1130
and wind system of any area depend on the latitude and altitude of the ....1201
place. Thus it influences the temperature and rainfall pattern. The sea ....1273
exerts a moderating influence on climate: As the distance from the sea ....1344
increases, its moderating influence decreases and the people experience ....1416
extreme weather conditions. This condition is known as continentality ....1486
(i.e. very hot during summers and very cold during winters). Ocean ....1553
currents along with onshore winds affect the climate of the coastal areas, ....1628
For example, any coastal area with warm or cold currents flowing past it, ....1702
will be warmed or cooled if the winds are onshore. Finally, relief too ....1773
plays a major role in determining the climate of a place. High mountains ....1846
act as barriers for cold or hot winds; they may also cause precipitation if ....1922
they are high enough and lie in the path of rain-bearing winds. The ....1990
leeward side of mountains remains relatively dry. ....2040
 42. Types of vegetation
The major types of vegetation may be identified in our country ....62
are: Tropical Evergreen Forests; Tropical Deciduous Forests; Tropical ....132
Thorn Forests and Scrubs; Montane Forests; Mangrove Forests. ....193
Tropical Evergreen Forests: These forests are restricted to heavy ....259
rainfall areas of the Western Ghats and the island groups of ....320
Lakshadweep, Andaman and Nicobar, upper parts of Assam and Tamil ....385
Nadu coast. They are at their best in areas having more than 200 cm of ....456
rainfall with a short dry season. The trees reach great heights up to 60 ....529
metres or even above. Since the region is warm and wet throughout the ....599
year, it has a luxuriant vegetation of all kinds - trees, shrubs and creepers ....677
giving it a multilayered structure. There is no definite time for trees to ....752
shed their leaves. As such, these forests appear green all the year round. ....827
Some of the commercially important trees of this forest are ebony, ....894
mahogany, rosewood, rubber and cinchona. The common animals found ....960
in these forests are elephant, monkey, lemur and deer. One horned ....1026
rhinoceroses are found in the jungles of Assam and West Bengal. ....1090
Besides these animals, plenty of birds, bats, sloth, scorpions and snails ....1164
are also found in these jungles. ....1197
Tropical Deciduous Forests: These are the most widespread forests ....1263
of India. They are also called the monsoon forests and spread over the ....1334
region receiving rainfall between 200 cm and 70 cm. Trees of this forest ....1407
type shed their leaves for about six to eight weeks in dry summer. On the ....1481
basis of the availability of water, these forests are further divided into ....1556
moist and dry deciduous. The former is found in areas receiving rainfall ....1629
between 200 and 100 cm. These forests exist, therefore, mostly in the ....1699
eastern part of the country - northeastern states, along the foothills of the ....1777
Himalayas, Jharkhand, West Odisha and Chhattisgarh, and on the ....1840
eastern slopes of the Western Ghats. Teak is the most dominant species ....1911
of this forest. Bamboos, sal, shisham, sandalwood, khair, kusum, arjun ....1982
and mulberry are other commercially important species. ....2037
 43. Wildlife
Like its flora, India is also rich in its fauna. It has approximately ....69
90,000 animal species. The country has about 2,000 species of birds. ....138
They constitute 13% of the world’s total. There are 2,546 species of fish, ....213
which account for nearly 12% of the world’s stock. It also shares ....279
between 5 and 8 per cent of the world’s amphibians, reptiles and ....344
mammals. The elephants are the most majestic animals among the ....407
mammals. They are found in the hot wet forests of Assam, Karnataka ....474
and Kerala. One-horned rhinoceroses are the other animals, which live in ....547
swampy and marshy lands of Assam and West Bengal. Arid areas of the ....615
Rann of Kachchh and the Thar Desert are the habitat for wild ass and ....684
camels respectively. Indian bison, nilgai (blue bull), chousingha (four- ....757
horned antelope), gazel and different species of deer are some other ....825
animals found in India. It also has several species of monkeys. ....889
The Himalayas harbour a hardy range of animals, which survive in ....954
extreme cold. Ladakh’s freezing high altitudes are a home to yak, the ....1024
shaggy horned wild ox weighing around one tonne, the Tibetan antelope, ....1095
the bharal (blue sheep), wild sheep, and the kiang (Tibetan wild ass). ....1166
Furthermore, the ibex, bear, snow-leopard and rare red panda are found ....1237
in certain pockets. In the rivers, lakes and coastal areas, turtles, ....1306
crocodiles and gharials are found. The latter is the only representative of ....1382
a variety of crocodile, found in the world today. Bird life in India is ....1454
colourful. Peacocks, pheasants, ducks, parakeets, cranes and pigeons are ....1527
some of the birds inhabiting the forests and wetlands of the country. ....1597
India is the only country in the world that has both tigers and lions. ....1668
The natural habitat of the Indian lion is the Gir forest in Gujarat. Tigers ....1744
are found in the forests of Madhya Pradesh, the Sundarbans of West ....1811
Bengal and the Himalayan region. Leopards, too, are members of the cat ....1882
family. They are important among animals of prey. To protect the flora ....1953
and fauna of the country, the government has taken many steps. ....2016s
ss
 44. Events and Processes
In Section I, you will read about the French Revolution, the ....60
Russian Revolution, and the rise of Nazism. In different ways all these ....132
events were important in the making of the modern world. ....189
Chapter I is on the French Revolution. Today we often take the ....252
ideas of liberty, freedom and equality for granted. But we need to remind ....326
ourselves that these ideas also have a history. By looking at the French ....399
Revolution you will read a small part of that history. The French ....465
Revolution led to the end of monarchy in France. A society based on ....533
privileges gave way to a new system of governance. The Declaration of ....603
the Rights of Man during the revolution, announced the coming of a new ....674
time. The idea that all individuals had rights and could claim equality ....746
became part of a new language of politics. ....789
In Chapter II, you will read about the coming of socialism in ....852
Europe, and the dramatic events that forced the ruling monarch, Tsar ....921
Nicholas II, to give up power. The chapter will tell you about the ....988
changes that were initiated by the new Soviet government, the problems ....1059
it faced and the measures it undertook. While Soviet Russia pushed ....1126
ahead with industrialisation and mechanisation of agriculture, it denied ....1199
the rights of citizens that were essential to the working of a democratic ....1273
society. The ideals of socialism, however, became part of the anti- ....1341
colonial movements in different countries. ....1383
Chapter III will take you to Germany. It will discuss the rise of ....1449
Hitler and the politics of Nazism. You will read about the children and ....1521
women in Nazi Germany, about schools and concentration camps. You ....1587
will see how Nazism denied various minorities a right to live, how it ....1657
drew upon a long tradition of anti-Jewish feelings to persecute the Jews, ....1731
and how it waged a relentless battle against democracy and socialism. ....1801
But the story of Nazism’s rise is not only about a few specific events, ....1873
about massacres and killings. It is about the working of an elaborate and ....1947
frightening system which operated at different levels. ....2002
 45. A Growing Middle Class
In the past, peasants and workers had participated in revolts ....61
against increasing taxes and food scarcity. But they lacked the means ....131
and programmes to carry out full-scale measures that would bring about ....202
a change in the social and economic order. This was left to those groups ....275
within the third estate who had become prosperous and had access to ....343
education and new ideas. ....368
The eighteenth century witnessed the emergence of social groups, ....433
termed the middle class, who earned their wealth through an expanding ....503
overseas trade and from the manufacture of goods such as woolen and ....571
silk textiles that were either exported or bought by the richer members of ....646
society. In addition to merchants and manufacturers, the third estate ....716
included professions such as lawyers or administrative officials. All of ....789
these were educated and believed that no group in society should be ....857
privileged by birth. Rather, a person’s social position must depend on his ....932
merit. These ideas envisaging a society based on freedom and equal laws ....1004
and opportunities for all, were put forward by philosophers such as John ....1077
Locke and Jean Jacques Rousseau. In his Two Treatises of Government, ....1146
Locke sought to refute the doctrine of the divine and absolute right of ....1218
the monarch. Rousseau carried the idea forward, proposing a form of ....1286
government based on a social contract between people and their ....1349
representatives. In The Spirit of the Laws, Montesquieu proposed a ....1416
division of power within the government between the legislative, the ....1485
executive and the judiciary. This model of government was put into ....1552
force in the USA, after the thirteen colonies declared their independence ....1626
from Britain. ....1640
The ideas of these philosophers were discussed intensively in ....1702
salons and coffee houses and spread among people through books and ....1769
newspapers. These were frequently read aloud in groups for the benefit ....1840
of those who could not read and write. The news that Louis XVI planned ....1911
to impose further taxes to be able to meet the expenses of the state ....1980
generated anger and protest against the system of privileges. ....2042
 46. Rights of Women
Most women of the third estate had to work for a living. They ....61
worked as seamstresses or laundresses, sold flowers, fruits and ....125
vegetables at the market, or were employed as domestic servants in the ....196
houses of prosperous people. Most women did not have access to ....259
education or job training. Working women had also to care for their ....327
families, that is, cook, fetch water, queue up for bread and look after the ....403
children. Their wages were lower than those of men. In order to discuss ....475
and voice their interests women started their own political clubs and ....545
newspapers. About sixty women’s clubs came up in different French ....611
cities. The Society of Revolutionary and Republican Women was the ....677
most famous of them. One of their main demands was that women enjoy ....745
the same political rights as men. ....779
In the early years, the revolutionary government did introduce ....842
laws that helped improve the lives of women. Together with the creation ....914
of state schools, schooling was made compulsory for all girls. Their ....983
fathers could no longer force them into marriage against their will. ....1052
Marriage was made into a contract entered into freely and registered ....1121
under civil law. Divorce was made legal, and could be applied for by ....1190
both women and men. Women could now train for jobs, could become ....1255
artists or run small businesses. ....1288
Women’s struggle for equal political rights, however, continued. ....1353
During the Reign of Terror, the new government issued laws ordering ....1421
closure of women’s clubs and banning their political activities. Many ....1491
prominent women were arrested and a number of them executed. ....1552
Women’s movements for voting rights and equal wages continued ....1614
through the next two hundred years in many countries of the world. The ....1685
fight for the vote was carried out through an international suffrage ....1754
movement during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The ....1825
example of the political activities of French women during the ....1888
revolutionary years was kept alive as an inspiring memory. It was finally ....1962
in 1946 that women in France won the right to vote. ....2014
 47. The Revolution and Everyday Life
Can politics change the clothes people wear, the language they ....62
speak or the books they read? The years following 1789 in France saw ....131
many such changes in the lives of men, women and children. The ....194
revolutionary governments took it upon themselves to pass laws that ....262
would translate the ideals of liberty and equality into everyday practice. ....337
One important law that came into effect soon after the storming of the ....408
Bastille in the summer of 1789 was the abolition of censorship. In the ....479
Old Regime all written material and cultural activities books, ....542
newspapers, plays - could be published or performed only after they had ....614
been approved by the censors of the king. Now the Declaration of the ....683
Rights of Man and Citizen proclaimed freedom of speech and expression ....753
to be a natural right. Newspapers, pamphlets, books and printed pictures ....826
flooded the towns of France from where they travelled rapidly into the ....897
countryside. They all described and discussed the events and changes ....966
taking place in France. Freedom of the press also meant that opposing ....1036
views of events could be expressed. Each side sought to convince the ....1105
others of its position through the medium of print. Plays, songs and ....1174
festive processions attracted large numbers of people. This was one way ....1246
they could grasp and identify with ideas such as liberty or justice that ....1319
political philosophers wrote about at length in texts which only a handful ....1394
of educated people could read. ....1425
The ideas of liberty and democratic rights were the most important ....1492
legacy of the French Revolution. These spread from France to the rest of ....1565
Europe during the nineteenth century, where feudal systems were ....1629
abolished. Colonised peoples reworked the idea of freedom from ....1692
bondage into their movements to create a sovereign nation state. Tipu ....1762
Sultan and Rammohan Roy are two examples of individuals who ....1822
responded to the ideas coming from revolutionary France. Raja ....1884
Rammohan Roy was one of those who was inspired by new ideas that ....1949
were spreading through Europe at that time. The French Revolution and ....2019
later, the July Revolution excited his imagination. ....2071
 48. Livelihood, Economies and Society
In Section II we will shift our focus to the study of livelihoods and ....69
economies. We will look at how the lives of forest dwellers and ....133
pastoralists changed in the modern world and how they played a part in ....204
shaping these changes. All too often in looking at the emergence of the ....276
modern world, we only focus on factories and cities, on the industrial ....347
and agricultural sectors which supply the market. ....397
But we forget that there are other economies outside these sectors, ....466
other people too who matter to the nation. To modern eyes, the lives of ....538
pastoralists and forest dwellers, the shifting cultivators and food ....606
gatherers often seem to be stuck in the past. It is as if their lives are not ....684
important when we study the emergence of the contemporary world. The ....753
chapters in Section II will suggest that we need to know about their ....823
lives, see how they organise their world and operate their economies. ....893
These communities are very much part of the modern world we live in ....961
today. They are not simply survivors from a bygone era. We cannot ....1027
understand the making of the contemporary world unless we begin to see ....1098
the changes in the lives of diverse communities and people. ....1158
Chapter IV will take you into the forest and tell you about the ....1222
variety of ways the forests were used by communities living within ....1289
them. It will show how in the nineteenth century the growth of industries ....1363
and urban centres, ships and railways, created a new demand on the ....1430
forests for timber and other forest products. New demands led to new ....1499
rules of forest use, new ways of organising the forest. You will see how ....1572
colonial control was established over the forests, how forest areas were ....1645
mapped, trees were classified, and plantations were developed. All these ....1718
developments affected the lives of those local communities who used ....1786
forest resources. They were forced to operate within new systems and ....1855
reorganise their lives. But they also rebelled against the rules and ....1924
persuaded the state to change its policies. The chapter will give you an ....1997
idea of the history of such developments in India and Indonesia. ....2062
 49. Sense of music without listening
Rush hour crowds jostle for position on the underground train ....61
platform. A slight girl, looking younger than her seventeen years, was ....132
nervous yet excited as she felt the vibrations of the approaching train. It ....208
was her first day at the prestigious Royal Academy of Music in London ....278
and daunting enough for any teenager fresh from a Scottish farm. But ....347
this aspiring musician faced a bigger challenge than most: she was ....414
profoundly deaf. ....431
Evelyn Glennie’s loss of hearing had been gradual. Her mother ....494
remembers noticing something was wrong when the eight-year-old ....557
Evelyn was waiting to play the piano. “They called her name and she ....625
didn’t move. I suddenly realised she hadn’t heard,” says Isabel Glennie. ....698
For quite a while Evelyn managed to conceal her growing deafness from ....768
friends and teachers. But by the time she was eleven her marks had ....835
deteriorated and her headmistress urged her parents to take her to a ....904
specialist. It was then discovered that her hearing was severely impaired ....978
as a result of gradual nerve damage. They were advised that she should ....1049
be fitted with hearing aids and sent to a school for the deaf. “Everything ....1124
suddenly looked black.” says Evelyn. ....1161
But Evelyn was not going to give up. She was determined to lead a ....1227
normal life and pursue her interest in music. One day she noticed a girl ....1300
playing a xylophone and decided that she wanted to play it too. Most of ....1372
the teachers discouraged her but percussionist Ron Forbes spotted her ....1442
potential. He began by tuning two large drums to different notes. “Don’t ....1515
listen through your ears,” he would say, “try to sense it some other way.” ....1590
Says Evelyn, “Suddenly I realised I could feel the higher drum from the ....1662
waist up and the lower one from the waist down.” Forbes repeated the ....1731
exercise, and soon Evelyn discovered that she could sense certain notes ....1803
in different parts of her body. “I had learnt to open my mind and body to ....1877
sounds and vibrations.” The rest was sheer determination and hard work. ....1949
By the time she was sixteen, she had decided to make music her life. ....2018
 50. An extract from Wings of Fire
I was born into a middle-class Tamil family in the island town of ....65
Rameswaram in the erstwhile Madras State. My father, Jainulabdeen, ....132
had neither much formal education nor much wealth; despite these ....197
disadvantages, he possessed great innate wisdom and a true generosity ....267
of spirit. He had an ideal helpmate in my mother, Ashiamma. I do not ....336
recall the exact number of people she fed every day, but I am quite ....404
certain that far more outsiders ate with us than all the members of our ....476
own family put together. ....501
I was one of many children i.e. a short boy with rather ....557
undistinguished looks, born to tall and handsome parents. We lived in ....627
our ancestral house, which was built in the middle of the nineteenth ....696
century. It was a fairly large pucca house, made of limestone and brick, ....769
on the Mosque Street in Rameswaram. My austere father used to avoid ....837
all inessential comforts and luxuries. However, all necessities were ....906
provided for, in terms of food, medicine or clothes. In fact, I would say ....980
mine was a very secure childhood, both materially and emotionally. ....1047
The Second World War broke out in 1939, when I was eight years ....1110
old. For reasons I have never been able to understand, a sudden demand ....1181
for tamarind seeds erupted in the market. I used to collect the seeds and ....1255
sell them to a provision shop on Mosque Street. A day’s collection ....1322
would fetch me the princely sum of one anna. My brother-in-law ....1385
Jallaluddin would tell me stories about the War which I would later ....1453
attempt to trace in the headlines in Dinamani. Our area, being isolated, ....1526
was completely unaffected by the War. But soon India was forced to join ....1598
the Allied Forces and something like a state of emergency was declared. ....1670
The first casualty came in the form of the suspension of the train halt at ....1745
Rameswaram station. The newspapers now had to be bundled and ....1806
thrown out from the moving train on the Rameswaram Road between ....1870
Rameswaram and Dhanuskodi. That forced my cousin Samsuddin, who ....1934
distributed newspapers in Rameswarm, to look for a helping hand to ....2001
catch the bundles and, as if naturally, I filled the slot. ....2060
 51. Reach for the Top
Wishing always to study “a bit more” and with her father slowly ....63
getting used to her urge for more education, Santosh passed the high ....132
school examinations and went to Jaipur. She joined Maharani College ....200
and got a room in Kasturba Hostel. Santosh remembers, “Kasturba ....264
Hostel faced the Aravalli Hills. I used to watch villagers from my room, ....337
going up the hill and suddenly vanishing after a while. One day I ....403
decided to check it out myself. I found nobody except a few ....463
mountaineers. I asked if I could join them. To my pleasant surprise, they ....537
answered in the affirmative and motivated me to take to climbing.” ....604
Then there was no looking back for this determined young girl. ....667
She saved money and enrolled in a course at Uttarkashi’s Nehru Institute ....740
of Mountaineering. “My college semester in Jaipur was to end in April ....810
but it ended on the nineteenth of May. And I was supposed to be in ....877
Uttarkashi on the twenty-first. So, I did not go back home; instead, I ....948
headed straight for the training. I had to write a letter of apology to my ....1023
father without whose permission I had got myself enrolled at ....1084
Uttarkashi.” ....1097
Thereafter, Santosh went on an expedition every year. Her ....1155
climbing skills matured rapidly. Also, she developed a remarkable ....1221
resistance to cold and the altitude. Equipped with an iron will, physical ....1295
endurance and an amazing mental toughness, she proved herself ....1357
repeatedly. The culmination of her hard work and sincerity came in ....1424
1992, just four years after she had shyly asked the Aravalli mountaineers ....1498
if she could join them. At barely twenty years of age, Santosh Yadav ....1567
scaled Mt Everest, becoming the youngest woman in the world to ....1630
achieve the feat. If her climbing skills, physical fitness, and mental ....1701
strength impressed her seniors, her concern for others and desire to work ....1775
together with them found her a special place in the hearts of fellow ....1844
climbers. She then scaled the Everest a second time, thus setting a record ....1919
as the only woman to have scaled the Everest twice, and securing for ....1988
herself and India a unique place in the annals of mountaineering. ....2054
 52. An orphaned Sloth Bear
I will begin with Bruno, my wife’s pet sloth bear. I got him for her ....68
by accident. Two years ago we were passing through the sugarcane ....133
fields near Mysore. People were driving away the wild pigs from the ....201
fields by shooting at them. Some were shot and some escaped. We ....265
thought that everything was over when suddenly a black sloth bear came ....336
out panting in the hot sun. Now I will not shoot a sloth bear wantonly ....407
but, unfortunately for the poor beast, one of my companions did not feel ....480
that way about it, and promptly shot the bear on the spot. ....539
As we watched the fallen animal we were surprised to see that the ....605
black fur on its back moved and left the prostrate body. Then we saw it ....677
was a baby bear that had been riding on its mother’s back when the ....744
sudden shot had killed her. The little creature ran around its prostrate ....817
parent making a pitiful noise. I ran up to it to attempt a capture. It ....888
scooted into the sugarcane field. Following it with my companions, I ....957
was at last able to grab it by the scruff of its neck while it snapped and ....1032
tried to scratch me with its long, hooked claws. ....1081
We put it in one of the gunny-bags we had brought and when I got ....1146
back to Bangalore I duly presented it to my wife. She was delighted! She ....1219
at once put a coloured ribbon around its neck, and after discovering the ....1292
cub was a ‘boy’ she christened it Bruno. Bruno soon took to drinking ....1361
milk from a bottle. It was but a step further and within a very few days ....1434
he started eating and drinking everything else. And everything is the ....1504
right word, for he ate porridge made from any ingredients, vegetables, ....1575
fruit, nuts, meat (especially pork), curry and rice regardless of ....1641
condiments and chillies, bread, eggs, chocolates, sweets, pudding, ice- ....1713
cream, etc., etc., etc. As for drink: milk, tea, coffee, lime-juice, aerated ....1789
water, buttermilk, beer, alcoholic liquor and, in fact, anything liquid. It ....1865
all went down with relish. The bear became very attached to our two ....1933
Alsatian dogs and to all the children of the tenants living in our ....2000
bungalow. ....2010
 53. Kathmandu
I get a cheap room in the centre of town and sleep for hours. The ....65
next morning, with Mr Shah’s son and nephew, I visit the two temples in ....137
Kathmandu that are most sacred to Hindus and Buddhists. At ....196
Pashupatinath (outside which a sign proclaims ‘Entrance for the Hindus ....267
only’) there is an atmosphere of ‘febrile confusion’. Priests, hawkers, ....339
devotees, tourists, cows, monkeys, pigeons and dogs roam through the ....408
grounds. We offer a few flowers. There are so many worshippers that ....476
some people trying to get the priest’s attention are elbowed aside by ....546
others pushing their way to the front. A princess of the Nepalese royal ....618
house appears; everyone bows and makes way. By the main gate, a party ....688
of saffron-clad Westerners struggle for permission to enter. The ....753
policeman is not convinced that they are ‘the Hindus’ (only Hindus are ....824
allowed to enter the temple). A fight breaks out between two monkeys. ....894
One chases the other, who jumps onto a shivalinga, then runs screaming ....965
around the temples and down to the river, the holy Bagmati, that flows ....1036
below. A corpse is being cremated on its banks; washerwomen are at ....1103
their work and children bathe. From a balcony a basket of flowers and ....1173
leaves, old offerings now wilted, is dropped into the river. A small ....1242
shrine half protrudes from the stone platform on the river bank. When it ....1315
emerges fully, the goddess inside will escape, and the evil period of the ....1389
Kaliyug will end on earth. ....1416
At the Baudhnath stupa, the Buddhist shrine of Kathmandu, there ....1480
is, in contrast, a sense of stillness. Its immense white dome is ringed by a ....1557
road. Small shops stand on its outer edge: many of these are owned by ....1627
Tibetan immigrants; felt bags, Tibetan prints and silver jewellery can be ....1701
bought here. There are no crowds: this is a haven of quietness in the ....1771
busy streets around. Kathmandu is vivid, mercenary, religious, with ....1839
small shrines to flower-adorned deities along the narrowest and busiest ....1911
streets; with fruit sellers, flute sellers, hawkers of postcards; shops ....1983
selling Western cosmetics, film rolls and chocolate; or copper utensils ....2055
and Nepalese antiques. ....2078
 54. Why do we need elections?
Elections can be held in many ways in. All the democratic ....57
countries of the world hold elections There are more than one hundred ....128
countries in the world in which elections take place to choose people’s ....200
representatives. We also read in this chapter that elections are held in ....273
many countries that are not democratic. ....313
But why do we need elections? Let us try to imagine a democracy ....377
without elections. A rule of the people is possible without any elections ....451
if all the people can sit together everyday and take all the decisions. But ....527
as we have already seen in Chapter 1, this is not possible in any large ....599
community. Nor is it possible for everyone to have the time and ....663
knowledge to take decisions on all matters. Therefore in most ....725
democracies people rule through their representatives. ....780
Is there a democratic way of selecting representatives without ....843
elections? Let us think of a place where representatives are selected on ....916
the basis of age and experience. Or a place where they are chosen on the ....989
basis of education or knowledge. There could be some difficulty in ....1056
deciding on who is more experienced or knowledgeable. But let us say ....1125
the people can resolve these difficulties. Clearly, such a place does not ....1199
require elections. ....1218
But can we call this place a democracy? How do we find out if the ....1284
people like their representatives or not? How do we ensure that these ....1354
representatives rule as per the wishes of the people? How to make sure ....1425
that those who the people don’t like do not remain their representatives? ....1499
This requires a mechanism by which people can choose their ....1558
representatives at regular intervals and change them if they wish to do ....1630
so. This mechanism is called election. Therefore, elections are ....1694
considered essential in our times for any representative democracy. In an ....1768
election the voters make many choices. They can choose who will make ....1837
law for them. They can choose who will form the government and take ....1906
major decisions. They can choose the party whose policies will guide ....1976
the government and law making. ....2007
 55. Challenges to free and fair election
All this leads to a simple conclusion: elections in India are ....61
basically free and fair. The party that wins an election and forms ....128
government does so because people have chosen it over its rivals. This ....199
may not be true for every constituency. A few candidates may win ....264
purely on the basis of money power and unfair means. But the overall ....333
verdict of a general election still reflects popular preference. There are ....408
very few exceptions to this rule in the last 60 years in our country. This ....483
is what makes Indian elections democratic. ....526
Yet the picture looks different if we ask deeper questions: Are ....590
people’s preferences based on real knowledge? Are the voters getting a ....661
real choice? Is election really level playing field for everyone? Can an ....734
ordinary citizen hope to win elections? Questions of this kind bring the ....807
many limitations and challenges of Indian elections to our attention. ....877
These include: ....892
Candidates and parties with a lot of money may not be sure of ....954
their victory but they do enjoy a big and unfair advantage over smaller ....1026
parties and independents. In some parts of the country, candidates with ....1099
criminal connection have been able to push others out of the electoral ....1170
race and to secure a ‘ticket’ from major parties. Some families tend to ....1242
dominate political parties; tickets are distributed to relatives from these ....1318
families. Very often elections offer little choice to ordinary citizens, for ....1395
both the major parties are quite similar to each other both in policies and ....1471
practice. Smaller parties and independent candidates suffer a huge ....1538
disadvantage compared to bigger parties. ....1579
These challenges exist not just in India but also in many ....1637
established democracies. These deeper issues are a matter of concern for ....1710
those who believe in democracy. That is why citizens, social activists ....1781
and organisations have been demanding reforms in our electoral system. ....1852
Can you think of some reforms? What can an ordinary citizen do to face ....1923
these challenges? In this chapter we will see the answer of all these ....1993
questions. ....2004
 56. A Statement
Suppose your family owns a plot of land and there is no fencing ....63
around it. Your neighbour decides one day to fence off his land. After he ....137
has fenced his land, you discover that a part of your family’s land has ....209
been enclosed by his fence. How will you prove to your neighbour that ....279
he has tried to encroach on your land? Your first step may be to seek the ....353
help of the village elders to sort out the difference in boundaries. But, ....427
suppose opinion is divided among the elders. Some feel you are right ....496
and others feel your neighbour is right. What can you do? Your only ....564
option is to find a way of establishing your claim for the boundaries of ....637
your land that is acceptable to all. For example, a government approved ....709
survey map of your village can be used, if necessary in a court of law, to ....784
prove (claim) that you are correct and your neighbour is wrong. ....848
Let us look at another situation. Suppose your mother has paid the ....915
electricity bill of your house for the month of August, 2005. The bill for ....990
September, 2005, however, claims that the bill for August has not been ....1061
paid. How will you disprove the claim made by the electricity ....1123
department? You will have to produce a receipt proving that your ....1180
August bill has been paid. ....1215
You have just seen some examples that show that in our daily life ....1281
we are often called upon to prove that a certain statement or claim is true ....1357
or false. However, we also accept many statements without bothering to ....1428
prove them. But, in mathematics we only accept a statement as true or ....1498
false (except for some axioms) if it has been proved to be so, according ....1571
to the logic of mathematics. ....1600
In fact, proofs in mathematics have been in existence for ....1658
thousands of years, and they are central to any branch of mathematics. ....1729
The first known proof is believed to have been given by the Greek ....1795
philosopher and mathematician Thales. While mathematics was central ....1863
to many ancient civilisations like Mesopotamia, Egypt, China and India, ....1935
there is no clear evidence that they used proofs the way we do today. ....2004
 57. Geometry
The word ‘geometry’ comes from the Greek words ‘geo’, meaning ....61
the ‘earth’, and ‘metrein’, meaning ‘to measure’. Geometry appears to ....131
have originated from the need for measuring land. This branch of ....196
mathematics was studied in various forms in every ancient civilisation, ....268
be it in Egypt, Babylonia, China, India, Greece, the Incas, etc. The ....337
people of these civilisations faced several practical problems which ....406
required the development of geometry in various ways. ....460
For example, whenever the river Nile overflowed, it wiped out the ....526
boundaries between the adjoining fields of different land owners. After ....598
such flooding, these boundaries had to be redrawn. For this purpose, the ....671
Egyptians developed a number of geometric techniques and rules for ....738
calculating simple areas and also for doing simple constructions. The ....808
knowledge of geometry was also used by them for computing volumes ....874
of granaries, and for constructing canals and pyramids. They also knew ....945
the correct formula to find the volume of a truncated pyramid. You ....1012
know that a pyramid is a solid figure, the base of which is a triangle, or ....1087
square, or some other polygon, and its side faces are triangles ....1151
converging to a point at the top. ....1185
In the Indian subcontinent, the excavations at Harappa and ....1244
Mohenjo-Daro, etc. show that the Indus Valley Civilisation (about 3000 ....1315
BCE) made extensive use of geometry. It was a highly organised ....1378
society. The cities were highly developed and very well planned. For ....1447
example, the roads were parallel to each other and there was an ....1511
underground drainage system. The houses had many rooms of different ....1579
types. This shows that the town dwellers were skilled in mensuration and ....1662
practical arithmetic. The bricks used for constructions were kiln fired ....1724
and the ratio length:breadth:thickness, of the bricks was found to be ....1794
4:2:1. In ancient India, the Sulbasutras (800 BCE to 500 BCE) were the ....1865
manuals of geometrical constructions. The geometry of the Vedic period ....1936
originated with the construction of altars (or vedis) and fireplaces for ....2009
performing Vedic rites. ....2033
 58. Statistics
Everyday we come across a lot of information in the form of facts, ....66
numerical figures, tables, graphs, etc. These are provided by newspapers, ....140
televisions, magazines and other means of communication. These may ....207
relate to cricket batting or bowling averages, profits of a company, ....276
temperatures of cities, expenditures in various sectors of a five year plan, ....353
polling results, and so on. These facts or figures, which are numerical or ....428
otherwise, collected with a definite purpose are called data. Data is the ....502
plural form of the Latin word datum. Of course, the word ‘data’ is not ....573
new for you. You have studied about data and data handling in earlier ....643
classes. Our world is becoming more and more information oriented. ....710
Every part of our lives utilises data in one form or the other. So, it ....781
becomes essential for us to know how to extract meaningful information ....852
from such data. This extraction of meaningful information is studied in a ....926
branch of mathematics called Statistics. ....967
The word ‘statistics’ appears to have been derived from the Latin ....1034
word ‘status’ meaning ‘a (political) state’. In its origin, statistics was ....1109
simply the collection of data on different aspects of the life of people, ....1183
useful to the State. Over the period of time, however, its scope ....1248
broadened and statistics began to concern itself not only with the ....1315
collection and presentation of data but also with the interpretation and ....1388
drawing of inferences from the data. Statistics deals with collection, ....1459
organisation, analysis and interpretation of data. The word ‘statistics’ ....1532
has different meanings in different contexts. First, statistics is used in a ....1610
plural sense, meaning numerical data. These may include a number of ....1678
educational institutions of India, literacy rates of various states, etc. ....1752
Second, the word ‘statistics’ is used as a singular noun, meaning the ....1822
subject which deals with the collection, presentation, analysis of data as ....1897
well as drawing of meaningful conclusions from the data. In this chapter, ....1971
we shall briefly discuss all these aspects regarding data. ....2030
 59. Expenses of a person

Test in Microsoft Excel

1. Start "Microsoft Excel" program and open new worksheet.
2. Enter your Name and Roll Number in first two rows of the Worksheet as shown
below. Enter the rest of the content as per instruction below in the same cells.
A B C D E
1 Name Your Name
2 Roll No XXXXXXXXXX
3
4 Expenses of a person
5 PARAMETER Financial Year Financial Year Absolute Percent
2018-2019 2019-2020 Increase/ Increase/
(in Rupees) (in Rupees) Decrease Decrease
6 Rent 147,857.72 207,596.28
7 Food 96,748.38 103,145.64
8 Travel 29,137.48 13,378.19

3. Format the cells such that the Text size is 12, Font is Arial for all the cells. The
Title row (4) should be Bold and Italiced with Font size 14. Merge and centre the
cells in the Title row, so that the Title appears as shown above. The Table
Heading’s row (5) should be either Left or Centre or Right aligned as shown above.
4. Create the border only for the cells that have a solid line shown above.
5. Use appropriate Formulae to calculate the following and populate the shaded cells
shown above:
 Absolute Increase/Decrease from Values of Column B to Column C for each
parameter with proper sign.
 Percent Increase/Decrease w.r.t. Value of Column B for each Parameter.
6. After preparing the worksheet as shown above, save it on your assigned Desktop &
Naming the file as “SSC_” followed by your Roll number e.g. if your Roll Number
is 1001001000, then the name of the file should be SSC_1001001000.
7. Insert a Header for the page with [file path] on left hand corner and
&[Time]/&[Date] on right hand corner.
8. Take a print of the XLS Worksheet that you have created as per design/data shown
above on a single A4 Page and put your signature adjacent to your printed Name
with Current Date. Please ensure that the file name with complete path, current
date and time, are visible on the printout. Please ensure that your Roll Number &
Name, are also appearing clearly in the printout at appropriate places.
9. PLEASE NOTE: Exercised XLS Worksheet Printout without correct Roll Number,
Name, Handwritten Signature and Handwritten Date, will be summarily rejected
and thus you will be awarded ZERO Marks.
 60. Vacancies Comparison
1. Start "Microsoft Excel" program and open new worksheet.
2. Enter your Name and Roll Number in first two rows of the Worksheet as shown
below. Enter the rest of the content as per instruction below in the same cells.
A B C D E
1 Name Your Name
2 Roll No XXXXXXXXXX
3
4 SSC CGL Vacancies
Grade Pay Vacancies in Vacancies in Difference Percent
5 2017 2018 in Increase/
Vacancies Decrease
6 4800 600 300
7 4600 2866 3531
8 4200 792 521
9 2800 1081 4362
10 2400 2795 2557

3. Format the cells such that the Text size is 14, Font is Calibri for all the cells. The
Title row (4) should be Bold and Underlined with Font size 16. Merge and centre
the cells in the Title row, so that the Title appears as shown above. The Table
Heading’s row (5) should be either Left or Centre or Right aligned as shown above.
4. Create the border only for the cells that have a solid line shown above.
5. Use appropriate Formulae to calculate the following and populate the shaded cells
shown above:
 Difference (Absolute Increase/Decrease) from Values of Column B to
Column C for each parameter with proper sign.
 Percent Increase/Decrease w.r.t. Value of Column B for each Parameter. The
required value should have 2 decimal places.
6. After preparing the worksheet as shown above, save it on your assigned Desktop &
Naming the file as “SSC_” followed by your Roll number e.g. if your Roll Number
is 1001001000, then the name of the file should be SSC_1001001000.
7. Insert a Header for the page with [file path] on left hand corner and
&[Time]/&[Date] on right hand corner.
8. Take a print of the XLS Worksheet that you have created as per design/data shown
above on a single A4 Page and put your signature adjacent to your printed Name
with Current Date. Please ensure that the file name with complete path, current
date and time, are visible on the printout. Please ensure that your Roll Number &
Name, are also appearing clearly in the printout at appropriate places.
9. PLEASE NOTE: Exercised XLS Worksheet Printout without correct Roll Number,
Name, Handwritten Signature and Handwritten Date, will be summarily rejected
and thus you will be awarded ZERO Marks.
 61. IPL Teams Win Percentage

Test in Microsoft Excel

1. Start "Microsoft Excel" program and open new worksheet.
2. Enter your Name and Roll Number in first two rows of the Worksheet as shown
below. Enter the rest of the content as per instruction below in the same cells.
A B C D E
1 Name Your Name
2 Roll No XXXXXXXXXX
3
4 IPL Teams Win Percentage
Teams Matches Lost Win Win
5
Percentage
6 Mumbai Indians 187 80
7 Chennai Super Kings 165 65
8 Kolkata Knight Riders 181 89
9 Royal Challengers Bangalore 182 99
10 Kings XI Punjab 176 96

3. Format the cells such that the Text size is 11, Font is Times New Roman for all the
cells. The Title row (4) should be Bold, Italiced and Underlined with Font size 14.
Merge and centre the cells in the Title row, so that the Title appears as shown
above. The Table Heading’s row (5) should be either Left or Centre or Right
aligned as shown above.
4. Create the border only for the cells that have a solid line shown above.
5. Use appropriate Formulae to calculate the following and populate the shaded cells
shown above:
 Find Lost: Absolute Increase/Decrease from Values of Column B to Column
C for each parameter with proper sign.
 Win Percentage (upto 2 decimal places) w.r.t. Value of Column B for each
Parameter.
6. After preparing the worksheet as shown above, save it on your assigned Desktop &
Naming the file as “SSC_” followed by your Roll number e.g. if your Roll Number
is 1001001000, then the name of the file should be SSC_1001001000.
7. Insert a Header for the page with [file path] on left hand corner and
&[Time]/&[Date] on right hand corner.
8. Take a print of the XLS Worksheet that you have created as per design/data shown
above on a single A4 Page and put your signature adjacent to your printed Name
with Current Date. Please ensure that the file name with complete path, current
date and time, are visible on the printout. Please ensure that your Roll Number &
Name, are also appearing clearly in the printout at appropriate places.
9. PLEASE NOTE: Exercised XLS Worksheet Printout without correct Roll Number,
Name, Handwritten Signature and Handwritten Date, will be summarily rejected
and thus you will be awarded ZERO Marks.
 62. Population Comparison

Test in Microsoft Excel

1. Start "Microsoft Excel" program and open new worksheet.
2. Enter your Name and Roll Number in first two rows of the Worksheet as shown
below. Enter the rest of the content as per instruction below in the same cells.
A B C D E
1 Name Your Name
2 Roll No XXXXXXXXXX
3
4 Population comparison b/w India and China (in crores)
Year India China Population Difference in
5
Difference Percentage
6 1971 56.62 84.11
7 1981 71.31 99.39
8 1991 88.81 115.08
9 2001 107.15 127.18
10 2011 124.72 134.41

3. Format the cells such that the Text size is 12, Font is Bookman Old Style for all the
cells. The Title row (4) should be Bolds and Underlined with Font size 14. Merge
and centre the cells in the Title row, so that the Title appears as shown above. The
Table Heading’s row (5) should be either Left or Centre or Right aligned as shown
above.
4. Create the border only for the cells that have a solid line shown above.
5. Use appropriate Formulae to calculate the following and populate the shaded cells
shown above:
 Find Population Difference: Absolute Increase/Decrease of Column B to
Column C for each parameter with proper sign.
 Difference in Percentage w.r.t. Value of Column B for each Parameter.
6. After preparing the worksheet as shown above, save it on your assigned Desktop &
Naming the file as “SSC_” followed by your Roll number e.g. if your Roll Number
is 1001001000, then the name of the file should be SSC_1001001000.
7. Insert a Header for the page with [file path] on left hand corner and
&[Time]/&[Date] on right hand corner.
8. Take a print of the XLS Worksheet that you have created as per design/data shown
above on a single A4 Page and put your signature adjacent to your printed Name
with Current Date. Please ensure that the file name with complete path, current
date and time, are visible on the printout. Please ensure that your Roll Number &
Name, are also appearing clearly in the printout at appropriate places.
9. PLEASE NOTE: Exercised XLS Worksheet Printout without correct Roll Number,
Name, Handwritten Signature and Handwritten Date, will be summarily rejected
and thus you will be awarded ZERO Marks.
 63. Savings Options in India

Test in Microsoft Excel

1. Start "Microsoft Excel" program and open new worksheet.
2. Enter your Name and Roll Number in first two rows of the Worksheet as shown
below. Enter the rest of the content as per instruction below in the same cells.
A B C D E
1 Name Your Name
2 Roll No XXXXXXXXXX
3
4 Savings Options in India
Value in Value in Difference Difference in
5 PARAMETER
2019 2020 in Value Percentage
6 PPF rate (in Percentage) 7.80 7.10
7 Gold rate (22 carat: 1 gram) 3639.00 4945.00
8 SBI Tax Saving FD 6.00 5.30
9 Silver rate 1 gram 45.71 67.99

3. Format the cells such that the Text size is 11, Font is Calibri for all the cells. The
Title row (4) should be Bold, Italiced and Underlined with Font size 14. Merge and
centre the cells in the Title row, so that the Title appears as shown above. The
Table Heading’s row (5) should be either Left or Centre or Right aligned as shown
above.
4. Create the border only for the cells that have a solid line shown above.
5. Use appropriate Formulae to calculate the following and populate the shaded cells
shown above:
 Difference in Value of Column B with Column C for each parameter with
proper sign.
 Difference in Percentage w.r.t. Value of Column B for each Parameter.
6. After preparing the worksheet as shown above, save it on your assigned Desktop &
Naming the file as “SSC_” followed by your Roll number e.g. if your Roll Number
is 1001001000, then the name of the file should be SSC_1001001000.
7. Insert a Header for the page with [file path] on left hand corner and
&[Time]/&[Date] on right hand corner.
8. Take a print of the XLS Worksheet that you have created as per design/data shown
above on a single A4 Page and put your signature adjacent to your printed Name
with Current Date. Please ensure that the file name with complete path, current
date and time, are visible on the printout. Please ensure that your Roll Number &
Name, are also appearing clearly in the printout at appropriate places.
9. PLEASE NOTE: Exercised XLS Worksheet Printout without correct Roll Number,
Name, Handwritten Signature and Handwritten Date, will be summarily rejected
and thus you will be awarded ZERO Marks.
 64. Gross Salary in X-city
1. Start "Microsoft Excel" program and open new worksheet.
2. Make exercise similar to the picture as given below:

3. Set paper size to "Letter", orientation to "Portrait" and Margin "Normal".

4. Format the cells such that the Text size is 12, Font is Times New Roman for all the
cells. The Title row (4) should be Bold and Underlined with Font size 16. Merge
and centre the cells in the Title row, so that the Title appears as shown above. The
Table Heading’s row (5) should be either Left or Centre or Right aligned as shown
above.
5. Create the border only for the cells (i.e. the table) that have a solid line shown
above.
6. Use appropriate Formulae to find the value in the shaded/coloured cells.
7. After preparing the worksheet as shown above, save it on your assigned Desktop &
Naming the file as “SSC_” followed by your Roll number e.g. if your Roll Number
is 1001001000, then the name of the file should be SSC_1001001000.
8. Insert a Header for the page with [file path] on left hand corner and
&[Time]/&[Date] on right hand corner.
9. Take a print of the XLS Worksheet that you have created as per design/data shown
above on a single A4 Page and put your signature adjacent to your printed Name
with Current Date. Please ensure that the file name with complete path, current
date and time, are visible on the printout. Please ensure that your Roll Number &
Name, are also appearing clearly in the printout at appropriate places.
10. PLEASE NOTE: Exercised XLS Worksheet Printout without correct Roll Number,
Name, Handwritten Signature and Handwritten Date, will be summarily rejected
and thus you will be awarded ZERO Marks.
 65. Gross Salary in Y-city
1. Start "Microsoft Excel" program and open new worksheet.
2. Make exercise similar to the picture as given below:

3. Set paper size to "Letter", orientation to "Portrait" and Margin "Normal".

4. Format the cells such that the Text size is 12, Font is Calibri for all the cells. The
Title row (4) should be Bold and Underlined with Font size 16. Merge and centre
the cells in the Title row, so that the Title appears as shown above. The Table
Heading’s row (5) should be either Left or Centre or Right aligned as shown above.
5. Create the border only for the cells that have a solid line shown above.
6. Use appropriate Formulae to find the value in the shaded/coloured cells.
7. After preparing the worksheet as shown above, save it on your assigned Desktop &
Naming the file as “SSC_” followed by your Roll number e.g. if your Roll Number
is 1001001000, then the name of the file should be SSC_1001001000.
8. Insert a Header for the page with [file path] on left hand corner and
&[Time]/&[Date] on right hand corner.
9. Take a print of the XLS Worksheet that you have created as per design/data shown
above on a single A4 Page and put your signature adjacent to your printed Name
with Current Date. Please ensure that the file name with complete path, current
date and time, are visible on the printout. Please ensure that your Roll Number &
Name, are also appearing clearly in the printout at appropriate places.
10. PLEASE NOTE: Exercised XLS Worksheet Printout without correct Roll Number,
Name, Handwritten Signature and Handwritten Date, will be summarily rejected
and thus you will be awarded ZERO Marks.
 66. Gross Salary in Z-city
1. Start "Microsoft Excel" program and open new worksheet.
2. Make exercise similar to the picture as given below:

3. Set paper size to "Letter", orientation to "Portrait" and Margin "Normal".

4. Format the cells such that the Text size is 12, Font is Times New Roman for all the
cells. The Title row (4) should be Bold and Underlined with Font size 16. Merge
and centre the cells in the Title row, so that the Title appears as shown above. The
Table Heading’s row (5) should be either Left or Centre or Right aligned as shown
above.
5. Create the border only for the cells that have a solid line shown above.
6. Use appropriate Formulae to find the value in the shaded/coloured cells.
7. After preparing the worksheet as shown above, save it on your assigned Desktop &
Naming the file as “SSC_” followed by your Roll number e.g. if your Roll Number
is 1001001000, then the name of the file should be SSC_1001001000.
8. Insert a Header for the page with [file path] on left hand corner and
&[Time]/&[Date] on right hand corner.
9. Take a print of the XLS Worksheet that you have created as per design/data shown
above on a single A4 Page and put your signature adjacent to your printed Name
with Current Date. Please ensure that the file name with complete path, current
date and time, are visible on the printout. Please ensure that your Roll Number &
Name, are also appearing clearly in the printout at appropriate places.
10. PLEASE NOTE: Exercised XLS Worksheet Printout without correct Roll Number,
Name, Handwritten Signature and Handwritten Date, will be summarily rejected
and thus you will be awarded ZERO Marks.
 67. In-hand Salary in X-city
1. Start "Microsoft Excel" program and open new worksheet.
2. Make exercise similar to the picture as given below:

3. Set paper size to "A4", orientation to "Portrait" and Margin "Narrow".

4. Format the cells such that the Text size is 12, Font is Times New Roman for all the
cells. The Title row (4) should be Bold and Underlined with Font size 16. Merge
and centre the cells in the Title row, so that the Title appears as shown above. The
Table Heading’s row (5) should be either Left or Centre or Right aligned as shown
above.
5. Create the border only for the cells that have a solid line shown above.
6. Use appropriate Formulae to find the value in the shaded/coloured cells.
7. After preparing the worksheet as shown above, save it on your assigned Desktop &
Naming the file as “SSC_” followed by your Roll number e.g. if your Roll Number
is 1001001000, then the name of the file should be SSC_1001001000.
8. Insert a Header for the page with [file path] on left hand corner and
&[Time]/&[Date] on right hand corner.
9. Take a print of the XLS Worksheet that you have created as per design/data shown
above on a single A4 Page and put your signature adjacent to your printed Name
with Current Date. Please ensure that the file name with complete path, current
date and time, are visible on the printout. Please ensure that your Roll Number &
Name, are also appearing clearly in the printout at appropriate places.
10. PLEASE NOTE: Exercised XLS Worksheet Printout without correct Roll Number,
Name, Handwritten Signature and Handwritten Date, will be summarily rejected
and thus you will be awarded ZERO Marks.
 68. In-hand Salary in Y-city
1. Start "Microsoft Excel" program and open new worksheet.
2. Make exercise similar to the picture as given below:

3. Set paper size to "Letter", orientation to "Portrait" and Margin "Normal".

4. Format the cells such that the Text size is 12, Font is Times New Roman for all the
cells. The Title row (4) should be Bold and Underlined with Font size 16. Merge
and centre the cells in the Title row, so that the Title appears as shown above. The
Table Heading’s row (5) should be either Left or Centre or Right aligned as shown
above.
5. Create the border only for the cells that have a solid line shown above.
6. Use appropriate Formulae to find the value in the shaded/coloured cells.
7. After preparing the worksheet as shown above, save it on your assigned Desktop &
Naming the file as “SSC_” followed by your Roll number e.g. if your Roll Number
is 1001001000, then the name of the file should be SSC_1001001000.
8. Insert a Header for the page with [file path] on left hand corner and
&[Time]/&[Date] on right hand corner.
9. Take a print of the XLS Worksheet that you have created as per design/data shown
above on a single A4 Page and put your signature adjacent to your printed Name
with Current Date. Please ensure that the file name with complete path, current
date and time, are visible on the printout. Please ensure that your Roll Number &
Name, are also appearing clearly in the printout at appropriate places.
10. PLEASE NOTE: Exercised XLS Worksheet Printout without correct Roll Number,
Name, Handwritten Signature and Handwritten Date, will be summarily rejected
and thus you will be awarded ZERO Marks.
 69. In-hand Salary in Z-city
1. Start "Microsoft Excel" program and open new worksheet.
2. Make exercise similar to the picture as given below:

3. Set paper size to "Letter", orientation to "Portrait" and Margin "Normal".

4. Format the cells such that the Text size is 12, Font is Times New Roman for all the
cells. The Title row (4) should be Bold and Underlined with Font size 16. Merge
and centre the cells in the Title row, so that the Title appears as shown above. The
Table Heading’s row (5) should be either Left or Centre or Right aligned as shown
above.
5. Create the border only for the cells that have a solid line shown above.
6. Use appropriate Formulae to find the value in the shaded/coloured cells.
7. After preparing the worksheet as shown above, save it on your assigned Desktop &
Naming the file as “SSC_” followed by your Roll number e.g. if your Roll Number
is 1001001000, then the name of the file should be SSC_1001001000.
8. Insert a Header for the page with [file path] on left hand corner and
&[Time]/&[Date] on right hand corner.
9. Take a print of the XLS Worksheet that you have created as per design/data shown
above on a single A4 Page and put your signature adjacent to your printed Name
with Current Date. Please ensure that the file name with complete path, current
date and time, are visible on the printout. Please ensure that your Roll Number &
Name, are also appearing clearly in the printout at appropriate places.
10. PLEASE NOTE: Exercised XLS Worksheet Printout without correct Roll Number,
Name, Handwritten Signature and Handwritten Date, will be summarily rejected
and thus you will be awarded ZERO Marks.
 70. Tax Calculation with cess (X-city)
1. Start "Microsoft Excel" program and open new worksheet.
2. Make exercise similar to the picture as given below:

3. Set paper size to "A4", orientation to "Portrait" and Margin "Narrow".

4. Format the cells such that the Text size is 12, Font is Times New Roman for all the
cells. The Title row (4) should be Bold and Underlined with Font size 16. Merge
and centre the cells in the Title row, so that the Title appears as shown above. The
Table Heading’s row (5) should be either Left or Centre or Right aligned as shown
above.
5. Create the border only for the cells that have a solid line shown above.
6. Use appropriate Formulae to find the value in the shaded/coloured cells.
7. After preparing the worksheet as shown above, save it on your assigned Desktop &
Naming the file as “SSC_” followed by your Roll number e.g. if your Roll Number
is 1001001000, then the name of the file should be SSC_1001001000.
8. Insert a Header for the page with [file path] on left hand corner and
&[Time]/&[Date] on right hand corner.
9. Take a print of the XLS Worksheet that you have created as per design/data shown
above on a single A4 Page and put your signature adjacent to your printed Name
with Current Date. Please ensure that the file name with complete path, current
date and time, are visible on the printout. Please ensure that your Roll Number &
Name, are also appearing clearly in the printout at appropriate places.
10. PLEASE NOTE: Exercised XLS Worksheet Printout without correct Roll Number,
Name, Handwritten Signature and Handwritten Date, will be summarily rejected
and thus you will be awarded ZERO Marks.
 71. Tax Calculation with cess (Y-city)
1. Start "Microsoft Excel" program and open new worksheet.
2. Make exercise similar to the picture as given below:

3. Set paper size to "A4", orientation to "Portrait" and Margin "Narrow".

4. Format the cells such that the Text size is 12, Font is Times New Roman for all the
cells. The Title row (4) should be Bold and Underlined with Font size 16. Merge
and centre the cells in the Title row, so that the Title appears as shown above. The
Table Heading’s row (5) should be either Left or Centre or Right aligned as shown
above.
5. Create the border only for the cells that have a solid line shown above.
6. Use appropriate Formulae to find the value in the shaded/coloured cells.
7. After preparing the worksheet as shown above, save it on your assigned Desktop &
Naming the file as “SSC_” followed by your Roll number e.g. if your Roll Number
is 1001001000, then the name of the file should be SSC_1001001000.
8. Insert a Header for the page with [file path] on left hand corner and
&[Time]/&[Date] on right hand corner.
9. Take a print of the XLS Worksheet that you have created as per design/data shown
above on a single A4 Page and put your signature adjacent to your printed Name
with Current Date. Please ensure that the file name with complete path, current
date and time, are visible on the printout. Please ensure that your Roll Number &
Name, are also appearing clearly in the printout at appropriate places.
10. PLEASE NOTE: Exercised XLS Worksheet Printout without correct Roll Number,
Name, Handwritten Signature and Handwritten Date, will be summarily rejected
and thus you will be awarded ZERO Marks.
 72. Tax Calculation (Z-city)
1. Start "Microsoft Excel" program and open new worksheet.
2. Make exercise similar to the picture as given below:

3. Set paper size to "A4", orientation to "Portrait" and Margin "Narrow".

4. Format the cells such that the Text size is 12, Font is Calibri for all the cells. The
Title row (4) should be Bold and Underlined with Font size 16. Merge and centre
the cells in the Title row, so that the Title appears as shown above. The Table
Heading’s row (5) should be either Left or Centre or Right aligned as shown above.
5. Create the border only for the cells that have a solid line shown above.
6. Use appropriate Formulae to find the value in the shaded/coloured cells.
7. After preparing the worksheet as shown above, save it on your assigned Desktop &
Naming the file as “SSC_” followed by your Roll number e.g. if your Roll Number
is 1001001000, then the name of the file should be SSC_1001001000.
8. Insert a Header for the page with [file path] on left hand corner and
&[Time]/&[Date] on right hand corner.
9. Take a print of the XLS Worksheet that you have created as per design/data shown
above on a single A4 Page and put your signature adjacent to your printed Name
with Current Date. Please ensure that the file name with complete path, current
date and time, are visible on the printout. Please ensure that your Roll Number &
Name, are also appearing clearly in the printout at appropriate places.
10. PLEASE NOTE: Exercised XLS Worksheet Printout without correct Roll Number,
Name, Handwritten Signature and Handwritten Date, will be summarily rejected
and thus you will be awarded ZERO Marks.
 73. Examination Result Level-wise Pass Out

Test in Microsoft Excel

1. Start "Microsoft Excel" program and open new worksheet.
2. Enter your Name and Roll Number in first two rows of the Worksheet as shown
below. Enter the rest of the content as per instruction below in the same cells.
A B C D E
1 Name Your Name
2 Roll No XXXXXXXXXX
3
4 Examination Result Level-wise Pass Out
5 For Year For Year Absolute Percent
Level 2017-18 2018-19 Increase/ Increase/
Decrease Decrease
6 Certificate 75,383 75,358
7 Diploma 737,077 783,914
8 Under Graduate 6,419,639 6,474,715
9 Post Graduate 1,504,403 1,500,064
10 Ph. D. 34,400 40,813

3. Set paper size to "A4", orientation to "Portrait" and Margin "Normal".

4. Format the cells such that the Text size is 12, Font is Calibri for all the cells. The
Title row (4) should be Bold and Underlined with Font size 14. Merge and centre
the cells in the Title row, so that the Title appears as shown above. The Table
Heading’s row (5) should be either Left or Centre or Right aligned as shown above.
5. Create the border only for the cells that have a solid line shown above.
6. Use appropriate Formulae to calculate the following and populate the shaded cells
shown above:
 Absolute Increase/Decrease from Values of Column B to Column C for each
parameter with proper sign.
 Percent Increase/Decrease (upto 2 decimals) w.r.t. Value of Column B for
each Parameter.
7. After preparing the worksheet as shown above, save it on your assigned Desktop &
Naming the file as “SSC_” followed by your Roll number e.g. if your Roll Number
is 1001001000, then the name of the file should be SSC_1001001000.
8. Insert a Header for the page with [file path] on left hand corner and
&[Time]/&[Date] on right hand corner.
9. Take a print of the XLS Worksheet that you have created as per design/data shown
above on a single A4 Page and put your signature adjacent to your printed Name
with Current Date. Please ensure that the file name with complete path, current
date and time, are visible on the printout. Please ensure that your Roll Number &
Name, are also appearing clearly in the printout at appropriate places.
10. PLEASE NOTE: Exercised XLS Worksheet Printout without correct Roll Number,
Name, Handwritten Signature and Handwritten Date, will be summarily rejected
and thus you will be awarded ZERO Marks.
 74. Per Capita Food Availability

Test in Microsoft Excel

1. Start "Microsoft Excel" program and open new worksheet.
2. Enter your Name and Roll Number in first two rows of the Worksheet as shown
below. Enter the rest of the content as per instruction below in the same cells.
A B C D E
1 Name Your Name
2 Roll No XXXXXXXXXX
3
4 Per Capita Food Availability
5 Category Value in Value in Absolute Percent
Year 2018 Year 2019 Increase/ Increase/
Decrease Decrease
6 Rice 69.20 69.10
7 Wheat 61.50 65.20
8 Other Cereals 30.60 27.80
9 Cereals 161.30 162.10
10 Pulses 18.70 17.50
11 Food Grains 180.10 179.60

3. Set paper size to "A4", orientation to "Portrait" and Margin "Wide".

4. Format the cells such that the Text size is 12, Font is Century for all the cells. The
Title row (4) should be Bold and Italiced with Font size 14. Merge and centre the
cells in the Title row, so that the Title appears as shown above. The Table
Heading’s row (5) should be either Left or Centre or Right aligned as shown above.
5. Create the border only for the cells that have a solid line shown above.
6. Use appropriate Formulae to calculate the following and populate the shaded cells
shown above:
 Absolute Increase/Decrease from Values of Column B to Column C for each
parameter with proper sign.
 Percent Increase/Decrease w.r.t. Value of Column B for each Parameter.
7. After preparing the worksheet as shown above, save it on your assigned Desktop &
Naming the file as “SSC_” followed by your Roll number e.g. if your Roll Number
is 1001001000, then the name of the file should be SSC_1001001000.
8. Insert a Header for the page with [file path] on left hand corner and
&[Time]/&[Date] on right hand corner.
9. Take a print of the XLS Worksheet that you have created as per design/data shown
above on a single A4 Page and put your signature adjacent to your printed Name
with Current Date. Please ensure that the file name with complete path, current
date and time, are visible on the printout. Please ensure that your Roll Number &
Name, are also appearing clearly in the printout at appropriate places.
10. PLEASE NOTE: Exercised XLS Worksheet Printout without correct Roll Number,
Name, Handwritten Signature and Handwritten Date, will be summarily rejected
and thus you will be awarded ZERO Marks.
 75. Land Use in India

Test in Microsoft Excel

1. Start "Microsoft Excel" program and open new worksheet.
2. Enter your Name and Roll Number in first two rows of the Worksheet as shown
below. Enter the rest of the content as per instruction below in the same cells.
A B C D E
1 Name Your Name
2 Roll No XXXXXXXXXX
3
4 Land Use in India (in 000' Hectare)
For Year For Year Absolute Percent
5 PARAMETER 1996-97 2014-15 Increase/ Increase/
Decrease Decrease
6 Forest 69103 71794
7 Non-agriculturable land 22554 26883
8 Net Area Sown 142931 140130
9 Total Cropped Area 189502 198360

3. Format the cells such that the Text size is 12, Font is Arial for all the cells. The
Title row (4) should be Bold and Underlined with Font size 14. Merge and centre
the cells in the Title row, so that the Title appears as shown above. The Table
Heading’s row (5) should be either Left or Centre or Right aligned as shown above.
4. Create the border only for the cells that have a solid line shown above.
5. Use appropriate Formulae to calculate the following and populate the shaded cells
shown above:
 Absolute Increase/Decrease from Values of Column B to Column C for each
parameter with proper sign.
 Percent Increase/Decrease (upto 2 decimal places) w.r.t. Value of Column B
for each Parameter.
6. After preparing the worksheet as shown above, save it on your assigned Desktop &
Naming the file as “SSC_” followed by your Roll number e.g. if your Roll Number
is 1001001000, then the name of the file should be SSC_1001001000.
7. Insert a Header for the page with [file path] on left hand corner and
&[Time]/&[Date] on right hand corner.
8. Take a print of the XLS Worksheet that you have created as per design/data shown
above on a single A4 Page and put your signature adjacent to your printed Name
with Current Date. Please ensure that the file name with complete path, current
date and time, are visible on the printout. Please ensure that your Roll Number &
Name, are also appearing clearly in the printout at appropriate places.
9. PLEASE NOTE: Exercised XLS Worksheet Printout without correct Roll Number,
Name, Handwritten Signature and Handwritten Date, will be summarily rejected
and thus you will be awarded ZERO Marks.
 76. Forest Cover in India

Test in Microsoft Excel

1. Start "Microsoft Excel" program and open new worksheet.
2. Enter your Name and Roll Number in first two rows of the Worksheet as shown
below. Enter the rest of the content as per instruction below in the same cells.
A B C D E
1 Name Your Name
2 Roll No XXXXXXXXXX
3
4 Forest Cover in India-classwise
5 Class Area in Area in Absolute Percent
2013-14 2015-16 Increase/ Increase/
(in sq. km) (in sq. km) Decrease Decrease
6 Very Dense Forest 85904 98158
7 Moderately Dense Forest 315374 308318
8 Open Forest 300395 301797

3. Format the cells such that the Text size is 12, Font is Calibri for all the cells. The
Title row (4) should be Bold and Underlined with Font size 14. Merge and centre
the cells in the Title row, so that the Title appears as shown above. The Table
Heading’s row (5) should be either Left or Centre or Right aligned as shown above.
4. Create the border only for the cells that have a solid line shown above.
5. Use appropriate Formulae to calculate the following and populate the shaded cells
shown above:
 Absolute Increase/Decrease from Values of Column B to Column C for each
parameter with proper sign.
 Percent Increase/Decrease (upto 2 decimal places) w.r.t. Value of Column B
for each Parameter.
6. After preparing the worksheet as shown above, save it on your assigned Desktop &
Naming the file as “SSC_” followed by your Roll number e.g. if your Roll Number
is 1001001000, then the name of the file should be SSC_1001001000.
7. Insert a Header for the page with [file path] on left hand corner and
&[Time]/&[Date] on right hand corner.
8. Take a print of the XLS Worksheet that you have created as per design/data shown
above on a single A4 Page and put your signature adjacent to your printed Name
with Current Date. Please ensure that the file name with complete path, current
date and time, are visible on the printout. Please ensure that your Roll Number &
Name, are also appearing clearly in the printout at appropriate places.
9. PLEASE NOTE: Exercised XLS Worksheet Printout without correct Roll Number,
Name, Handwritten Signature and Handwritten Date, will be summarily rejected
and thus you will be awarded ZERO Marks.
 77. Production of Energy in India by Commercial Sources
1. Start "Microsoft Excel" program and open new worksheet.
2. Enter your Name and Roll Number in first two rows of the Worksheet as shown
below. Enter the rest of the content as per instruction below in the same cells.
A B C D E
1 Name Your Name
2 Roll No XXXXXXXXXX
3
4 Production of Energy in India by Commercial Sources
PARAMETER For Year For Year Absolute Percent
2017-18 2018-19 Increase/ Increase/
5 Decrease Decrease
Coal
675.40 728.72
6 (in million tonnes)
Lignite
46.64 44.28
7 (in million tonnes)
Crude Oil
35.68 34.20
8 (in million tonnes)
Natural Gas
32.65 32.87
9 (in million tonnes)
Electricity from Renewable
266308.30 299465.00
10 Energy Sources (Gwh)

3. Format the cells such that the Text size is 12, Font is Time New Roman for all the
cells. The Title row (4) should be Bold and Underlined with Font size 14. Merge
and centre the cells in the Title row, so that the Title appears as shown above. The
Table Heading’s row (5) should be either Left or Centre or Right aligned as shown
above.
4. Create the border only for the cells that have a solid line shown above.
5. Use appropriate Formulae to calculate the following and populate the shaded cells
shown above:
 Absolute Increase/Decrease from Values of Column B to Column C for each
parameter with proper sign.
 Percent Increase/Decrease w.r.t. Value of Column B for each Parameter.
6. After preparing the worksheet as shown above, save it on your assigned Desktop &
Naming the file as “SSC_” followed by your Roll number e.g. if your Roll Number
is 1001001000, then the name of the file should be SSC_1001001000.
7. Insert a Header for the page with [file path] on left hand corner and
&[Time]/&[Date] on right hand corner.
8. Take a print of the XLS Worksheet that you have created as per design/data shown
above on a single A4 Page and put your signature adjacent to your printed Name
with Current Date. Please ensure that the file name with complete path, current
date and time, are visible on the printout. Please ensure that your Roll Number &
Name, are also appearing clearly in the printout at appropriate places.
9. PLEASE NOTE: Exercised XLS Worksheet Printout without correct Roll Number,
Name, Handwritten Signature and Handwritten Date, will be summarily rejected
and thus you will be awarded ZERO Marks.
 78. First Salary and Increment (X-city)

Test in Microsoft Excel

1. Start "Microsoft Excel" program and open new worksheet.
2. Enter your Name and Roll Number in first two rows of the Worksheet as shown
below. Enter the rest of the content as per instruction below in the same cells.
A B C D E
1 Name Your Name
2 Roll No XXXXXXXXXX
3
4 First Salary and Increment (for X-city)
5 Grade Pay Gross Salary Gross Salary Absolute Percent
(Initially) after an year Increase/ Increase/
(if DA=17%) (if DA=23%) Decrease Decrease
6 2400 40,167 43,089
7 2800 45,384 48,675
8 4200 54,126 58,083
9 4600 67,521 72,342
10 4800 71,328 76,458

3. Format the cells such that the Text size is 12, Font is Arial for all the cells. The
Title row (4) should be Bold , Italiced and Underlined with Font size 14. Merge
and centre the cells in the Title row, so that the Title appears as shown above. The
Table Heading’s row (5) should be either Left or Centre or Right aligned as shown
above.
4. Create the border only for the cells that have a solid line shown above.
5. Use appropriate Formulae to calculate the following and populate the shaded cells
shown above:
 Absolute Increase/Decrease from Values of Column B to Column C for each
parameter with proper sign.
 Percent Increase/Decrease (upto 2 decimal places) w.r.t. Value of Column B
for each Parameter.
6. After preparing the worksheet as shown above, save it on your assigned Desktop &
Naming the file as “SSC_” followed by your Roll number e.g. if your Roll Number
is 1001001000, then the name of the file should be SSC_1001001000.
7. Insert a Header for the page with [file path] on left hand corner and
&[Time]/&[Date] on right hand corner.
8. Take a print of the XLS Worksheet that you have created as per design/data shown
above on a single A4 Page and put your signature adjacent to your printed Name
with Current Date. Please ensure that the file name with complete path, current
date and time, are visible on the printout. Please ensure that your Roll Number &
Name, are also appearing clearly in the printout at appropriate places.
9. PLEASE NOTE: Exercised XLS Worksheet Printout without correct Roll Number,
Name, Handwritten Signature and Handwritten Date, will be summarily rejected
and thus you will be awarded ZERO Marks.
 79. Gazette Holidays
Test in Microsoft Power Point
Start “Microsoft Power Point” program and create a Blank Slide, Reproduce the
content as mentioned in the Sample Slide given below:

1. Use the default Slide Type having 2 Sections i.e. “Add Title” and “Add Sub-Title”.
2. Use “Century” as the Font Type for both “Title” as well as “Sub-Title”.
3. Use Font Size of “40 Point” for “Title”
4. Use Font Size of “24 Point” for the “Sub-Title”.
5. Size of the Font should be 20 Points in “Century” Font.
6. Text Content should be bold, italic, underline, aligned and bulleted as per the given
sample slide.
7. Insert Footer with Date, Roll Number and Name on their respective locations as
shown in the sample slide. Size of the Font should be 14 Points in “Arial” Font.
8. After preparing your Slide as shown above, save it on your assigned Desktop &
Naming the file as SSC_followed by your Roll Number (e.g. if your Roll Number
us 1001001000, then the name of the file should be SSC_1001001000.
9. Take a print of your slide as per design/text shown in the sample slide above on a
single A4 Page and put your Signature adjacent to your printed Name with Current
Date. Please ensure that the current date and time are visible on the printout. Please
ensure that your Roll Number & Name are also appearing clearly in the printout at
appropriate places.
10. PLEASE NOTE: Your prepared Slide’s Printout without correct Roll Number,
Name, Handwritten Signature and Handwritten Date will be summarily rejected
and therefore, you will be awarded ZERO Marks automatically.
 80. Restricted Holidays
Test in Microsoft Power Point
Start “Microsoft Power Point” program and create a Blank Slide, Reproduce the
content as mentioned in the Sample Slide given below:

1. Use the default Slide Type having 2 Sections i.e. “Add Title” and “Add Sub-Title”.
2. Use “Calibri” as the Font Type for both “Title” as well as “Sub-Title”.
3. Use Font Size of “48 Point” for “Title”
4. Use Font Size of “32 Point” for the “Sub-Title”.
5. Size of the Font should be 24 Points in “Calibri” Font.
6. Text Content should be bold, italic, underline, aligned and bulleted as per the given
sample slide.
7. Insert Footer with Date, Roll Number and Name on their respective locations as
shown in the sample slide. Size of the Font should be 14 Points in “Arial” Font.
8. After preparing your Slide as shown above, save it on your assigned Desktop &
Naming the file as SSC_followed by your Roll Number (e.g. if your Roll Number
us 1001001000, then the name of the file should be SSC_1001001000.
9. Take a print of your slide as per design/text shown in the sample slide above on a
single A4 Page and put your Signature adjacent to your printed Name with Current
Date. Please ensure that the current date and time are visible on the printout. Please
ensure that your Roll Number & Name are also appearing clearly in the printout at
appropriate places.
10. PLEASE NOTE: Your prepared Slide’s Printout without correct Roll Number,
Name, Handwritten Signature and Handwritten Date will be summarily rejected
and therefore, you will be awarded ZERO Marks automatically.
 81. Casual Leaves
Test in Microsoft Power Point
Start “Microsoft Power Point” program and create a Blank Slide, Reproduce the
content as mentioned in the Sample Slide given below:

1. Use the default Slide Type having 2 Sections i.e. “Add Title” and “Add Sub-Title”.
2. Use “Bookman Old Style” as the Font Type for both “Title” as well as “Sub-Title”.
3. Use Font Size of “44 Point” for “Title”
4. Use Font Size of “28 Point” for the “Sub-Title”.
5. Size of the Font should be 24 Points in “Bookman Old Style” Font.
6. Text Content should be bold, italic, underline, aligned and bulleted as per the given
sample slide.
7. Insert Footer with Date, Roll Number and Name on their respective locations as
shown in the sample slide. Size of the Font should be 14 Points in “Times New
Roman” Font.
8. After preparing your Slide as shown above, save it on your assigned Desktop &
Naming the file as SSC_followed by your Roll Number (e.g. if your Roll Number
us 1001001000, then the name of the file should be SSC_1001001000.
9. Take a print of your slide as per design/text shown in the sample slide above on a
single A4 Page and put your Signature adjacent to your printed Name with Current
Date. Please ensure that the current date and time are visible on the printout. Please
ensure that your Roll Number & Name are also appearing clearly in the printout at
appropriate places.
10. PLEASE NOTE: Your prepared Slide’s Printout without correct Roll Number,
Name, Handwritten Signature and Handwritten Date will be summarily rejected
and therefore, you will be awarded ZERO Marks automatically.
 82. Earned Leave and Half Pay Leave
Test in Microsoft Power Point
Start “Microsoft Power Point” program and create a Blank Slide, Reproduce the
content as mentioned in the Sample Slide given below:

1. Use the default Slide Type having 2 Sections i.e. “Add Title” and “Add Sub-Title”.
2. Use “Agency FB” as the Font Type for both “Title” as well as “Sub-Title”.
3. Use Font Size of “44 Point” for “Title”
4. Use Font Size of “28 Point” for the “Sub-Title”.
5. Size of the Font should be 24 Points in “Agency FB” Font.
6. Text Content should be bold, italic, underline, aligned and bulleted as per the given
sample slide.
7. Insert Footer with Date, Roll Number and Name on their respective locations as
shown in the sample slide. Size of the Font should be 14 Points in “Arial” Font.
8. After preparing your Slide as shown above, save it on your assigned Desktop &
Naming the file as SSC_followed by your Roll Number (e.g. if your Roll Number
us 1001001000, then the name of the file should be SSC_1001001000.
9. Take a print of your slide as per design/text shown in the sample slide above on a
single A4 Page and put your Signature adjacent to your printed Name with Current
Date. Please ensure that the current date and time are visible on the printout. Please
ensure that your Roll Number & Name are also appearing clearly in the printout at
appropriate places.
10. PLEASE NOTE: Your prepared Slide’s Printout without correct Roll Number,
Name, Handwritten Signature and Handwritten Date will be summarily rejected
and therefore, you will be awarded ZERO Marks automatically.
 83. Service Book
Test in Microsoft Power Point
Start “Microsoft Power Point” program and create a Blank Slide, Reproduce the
content as mentioned in the Sample Slide given below:

1. Use the default Slide Type having 2 Sections i.e. “Add Title” and “Add Sub-Title”.
2. Use Font Size of “48 Point” in "Algerian" Font for “Title”
3. Use Font Size of “32 Point” in "Bookman Old Style" for the “Sub-Title”.
4. Size of the Font should be 24 Points in “Bookman Old Style” Font.
5. Text Content should be bold, italic, underline, aligned and bulleted as per the given
sample slide.
6. Insert Footer with Date, Roll Number and Name on their respective locations as
shown in the sample slide. Size of the Font should be 14 Points in “Times New
Roman” Font.
7. After preparing your Slide as shown above, save it on your assigned Desktop &
Naming the file as SSC_followed by your Roll Number (e.g. if your Roll Number
us 1001001000, then the name of the file should be SSC_1001001000.
8. Take a print of your slide as per design/text shown in the sample slide above on a
single A4 Page and put your Signature adjacent to your printed Name with Current
Date. Please ensure that the current date and time are visible on the printout. Please
ensure that your Roll Number & Name are also appearing clearly in the printout at
appropriate places.
9. PLEASE NOTE: Your prepared Slide’s Printout without correct Roll Number,
Name, Handwritten Signature and Handwritten Date will be summarily rejected
and therefore, you will be awarded ZERO Marks automatically.
 84. Modified Assured Career Progressions
Test in Microsoft Power Point
Start “Microsoft Power Point” program and create a Blank Slide, Reproduce the
content as mentioned in the Sample Slide given below:

1. Use the default Slide Type having 2 Sections i.e. “Add Title” and “Add Sub-Title”.
2. Use Font Size of “40 Point” in "Agency FB" Font for “Title”
3. Use Font Size of “28 Point” in "Century" for the “Sub-Title”.
4. Size of the other Font should be 24 Points in “Century” Font.
5. Text Content should be bold, italic, underline, aligned and bulleted as per the given
sample slide.
6. Insert Footer with Date, Roll Number and Name on their respective locations as
shown in the sample slide. Size of the Font should be 14 Points in “Calibri” Font.
7. After preparing your Slide as shown above, save it on your assigned Desktop &
Naming the file as SSC_followed by your Roll Number (e.g. if your Roll Number
us 1001001000, then the name of the file should be SSC_1001001000.
8. Take a print of your slide as per design/text shown in the sample slide above on a
single A4 Page and put your Signature adjacent to your printed Name with Current
Date. Please ensure that the current date and time are visible on the printout. Please
ensure that your Roll Number & Name are also appearing clearly in the printout at
appropriate places.
9. PLEASE NOTE: Your prepared Slide’s Printout without correct Roll Number,
Name, Handwritten Signature and Handwritten Date will be summarily rejected
and therefore, you will be awarded ZERO Marks automatically.
 85. National Pension Scheme
Test in Microsoft Power Point
Start “Microsoft Power Point” program and create a Blank Slide, Reproduce the
content as mentioned in the Sample Slide given below:

1. Use the default Slide Type having 2 Sections i.e. “Add Title” and “Add Sub-Title”.
2. Use Font Size of “44 Point” in "Algerian" Font for “Title”
3. Use Font Size of “28 Point” in " Calibri " for the “Sub-Title”.
4. Size of the Font should be 24 Points in “Calibri” Font.
5. Text Content should be bold, italic, underline, aligned and bulleted as per the given
sample slide.
6. Insert Footer with Date, Roll Number and Name on their respective locations as
shown in the sample slide. Size of the Font should be 14 Points in “Calibri” Font.
7. After preparing your Slide as shown above, save it on your assigned Desktop &
Naming the file as SSC_followed by your Roll Number (e.g. if your Roll Number
us 1001001000, then the name of the file should be SSC_1001001000.
8. Take a print of your slide as per design/text shown in the sample slide above on a
single A4 Page and put your Signature adjacent to your printed Name with Current
Date. Please ensure that the current date and time are visible on the printout. Please
ensure that your Roll Number & Name are also appearing clearly in the printout at
appropriate places.
9. PLEASE NOTE: Your prepared Slide’s Printout without correct Roll Number,
Name, Handwritten Signature and Handwritten Date will be summarily rejected
and therefore, you will be awarded ZERO Marks automatically.
 86. Transport Allowance
Test in Microsoft Power Point
Start “Microsoft Power Point” program and create a Blank Slide, Reproduce the
content as mentioned in the Sample Slide given below:

1. Use Slide Type having “Title only".

2. Use Font Size of “44 Point” in "Algerian" Font for “Title”
3. Insert table and use Font Size of “24 Point” in "Calibri" for the “Table Title”.
4. Size of the Font for the body of Table should be 18 Points in “Calibri” Font.
5. Text Content should be bold, italic, underline, aligned and bulleted as per the given
sample slide.
6. Insert Footer with Date, Roll Number and Name on their respective locations as
shown in the sample slide. Size of the Font should be 14 Points in “Arial” Font.
7. After preparing your Slide as shown above, save it on your assigned Desktop &
Naming the file as SSC_followed by your Roll Number (e.g. if your Roll Number
us 1001001000, then the name of the file should be SSC_1001001000.
8. Take a print of your slide as per design/text shown in the sample slide above on a
single A4 Page and put your Signature adjacent to your printed Name with Current
Date. Please ensure that the current date and time are visible on the printout. Please
ensure that your Roll Number & Name are also appearing clearly in the printout at
appropriate places.
9. PLEASE NOTE: Your prepared Slide’s Printout without correct Roll Number,
Name, Handwritten Signature and Handwritten Date will be summarily rejected
and therefore, you will be awarded ZERO Marks automatically.
 87. Leave Travel Concession
Test in Microsoft Power Point
Start “Microsoft Power Point” program and create a Blank Slide, Reproduce the
content as mentioned in the Sample Slide given below:

1. Use the default Slide Type having 2 Sections i.e. “Add Title” and “Add Sub-Title”.
2. Use Font Size of “44 Point” in "Aharoni" Font for “Title”
3. Use Font Size of “28 Point” in "Rockwell" for the “Sub-Title”.
4. Size of the Font should be 24 Points in “Rockwell” Font.
5. Text Content should be bold, italic, underline, aligned and bulleted as per the given
sample slide.
6. Insert Footer with Date, Roll Number and Name on their respective locations as
shown in the sample slide. Size of the Font should be 14 Points in “Verdana” Font.
7. After preparing your Slide as shown above, save it on your assigned Desktop &
Naming the file as SSC_followed by your Roll Number (e.g. if your Roll Number
us 1001001000, then the name of the file should be SSC_1001001000.
8. Take a print of your slide as per design/text shown in the sample slide above on a
single A4 Page and put your Signature adjacent to your printed Name with Current
Date. Please ensure that the current date and time are visible on the printout. Please
ensure that your Roll Number & Name are also appearing clearly in the printout at
appropriate places.
9. PLEASE NOTE: Your prepared Slide’s Printout without correct Roll Number,
Name, Handwritten Signature and Handwritten Date will be summarily rejected
and therefore, you will be awarded ZERO Marks automatically.
 88. Travel Entitlement within the country
Test in Microsoft Power Point
Start “Microsoft Power Point” program and create a Blank Slide, Reproduce the
content as mentioned in the Sample Slide given below:

1. Use Slide Type having “Title only".

2. Use Font Size of “40 Point” in " Calibri" Font for “Title”
3. Insert table and use Font Size of “24 Point” in "Calibri" for the “Table Title”.
4. Size of the Font for the body of Table should be 20 Points in “Calibri” Font.
5. Text Content should be bold, italic, underline, aligned and bulleted as per the given
sample slide.
6. Insert Footer with Date, Roll Number and Name on their respective locations as
shown in the sample slide. Size of the Font should be 14 Points in “Rockwell”
Font.
7. After preparing your Slide as shown above, save it on your assigned Desktop &
Naming the file as SSC_followed by your Roll Number (e.g. if your Roll Number
us 1001001000, then the name of the file should be SSC_1001001000.
8. Take a print of your slide as per design/text shown in the sample slide above on a
single A4 Page and put your Signature adjacent to your printed Name with Current
Date. Please ensure that the current date and time are visible on the printout. Please
ensure that your Roll Number & Name are also appearing clearly in the printout at
appropriate places.
9. PLEASE NOTE: Your prepared Slide’s Printout without correct Roll Number,
Name, Handwritten Signature and Handwritten Date will be summarily rejected
and therefore, you will be awarded ZERO Marks automatically.
 89. Briefcase Allowance
Test in Microsoft Power Point
Start “Microsoft Power Point” program and create a Blank Slide, Reproduce the
content as mentioned in the Sample Slide given below:

1. Use the default Slide Type having 2 Sections i.e. “Add Title” and “Add Sub-Title”.
2. Use Font Size of “44 Point” in "Century" Font for “Title”
3. Use Font Size of “24 Point” in "Times New Roman" for the “Sub-Title”.
4. Insert Table within the "Sub-Title" box.
5. Use Font Size of “24 Point” in "Times New Roman" for the “Table Title”.
6. Size of the Font for the body of Table should be 20 Points in “Times New Roman”
Font.
7. Text Content should be bold, italic, underline, aligned and bulleted as per the given
sample slide.
8. Insert Footer with Date, Roll Number and Name on their respective locations as
shown in the sample slide. Size of the Font should be 14 Points in “Arial” Font.
9. After preparing your Slide as shown above, save it on your assigned Desktop &
Naming the file as SSC_followed by your Roll Number (e.g. if your Roll Number
us 1001001000, then the name of the file should be SSC_1001001000.
10. Take a print of your slide as per design/text shown in the sample slide above on a
single A4 Page and put your Signature adjacent to your printed Name with Current
Date. Please ensure that the current date and time are visible on the printout. Please
ensure that your Roll Number & Name are also appearing clearly in the printout at
appropriate places.
11. PLEASE NOTE: Your prepared Slide’s Printout without correct Roll Number,
Name, Handwritten Signature and Handwritten Date will be summarily rejected
and therefore, you will be awarded ZERO Marks automatically.
 90. Children Education Allowance
Test in Microsoft Power Point
Start “Microsoft Power Point” program and create a Blank Slide, Reproduce the
content as mentioned in the Sample Slide given below:

1. Use the default Slide Type having 2 Sections i.e. “Add Title” and “Add Sub-Title”.
2. Use Font Size of “44 Point” in "Agency FB" Font for “Title”
3. Use Font Size of “28 Point” in "Calibri" for the “Sub-Title”.
4. Size of the Font should be 24 Points in “Calibri” Font.
5. Text Content should be bold, italic, underline, aligned and bulleted as per the given
sample slide.
6. Insert Footer with Date, Roll Number and Name on their respective locations as
shown in the sample slide. Size of the Font should be 14 Points in “Arial” Font.
7. After preparing your Slide as shown above, save it on your assigned Desktop &
Naming the file as SSC_followed by your Roll Number (e.g. if your Roll Number
us 1001001000, then the name of the file should be SSC_1001001000.
8. Take a print of your slide as per design/text shown in the sample slide above on a
single A4 Page and put your Signature adjacent to your printed Name with Current
Date. Please ensure that the current date and time are visible on the printout. Please
ensure that your Roll Number & Name are also appearing clearly in the printout at
appropriate places.
9. PLEASE NOTE: Your prepared Slide’s Printout without correct Roll Number,
Name, Handwritten Signature and Handwritten Date will be summarily rejected
and therefore, you will be awarded ZERO Marks automatically.
 91. Daily Allowance
Test in Microsoft Power Point
Start “Microsoft Power Point” program and create a Blank Slide, Reproduce the
content as mentioned in the Sample Slide given below:

1. Use the default Slide Type having 2 Sections i.e. “Add Title” and “Add Sub-Title”.
2. Use Font Size of “44 Point” in "Bookman Old Style" Font for “Title”
3. Use Font Size of “28 Point” in "Arial" for Bulleted points.
4. Size of the Font should be 24 Points in “Arial” Font for sub-bulleted points.
5. Text Content should be bold, italic, underline, aligned and bulleted as per the given
sample slide.
6. Insert Footer with Date, Roll Number and Name on their respective locations as
shown in the sample slide. Size of the Font should be 14 Points in “Times New
Roman” Font.
7. After preparing your Slide as shown above, save it on your assigned Desktop &
Naming the file as SSC_followed by your Roll Number (e.g. if your Roll Number
us 1001001000, then the name of the file should be SSC_1001001000.
8. Take a print of your slide as per design/text shown in the sample slide above on a
single A4 Page and put your Signature adjacent to your printed Name with Current
Date. Please ensure that the current date and time are visible on the printout. Please
ensure that your Roll Number & Name are also appearing clearly in the printout at
appropriate places.
9. PLEASE NOTE: Your prepared Slide’s Printout without correct Roll Number,
Name, Handwritten Signature and Handwritten Date will be summarily rejected
and therefore, you will be awarded ZERO Marks automatically.
 92. Reimbursement of staying accommodation charges
Test in Microsoft Power Point
Start “Microsoft Power Point” program and create a Blank Slide, Reproduce the
content as mentioned in the Sample Slide given below:

1. Use Slide Type having “Title only".

2. Use Font Size of “36 Point” in "Agency FB" Font for “Title”
3. Insert table and use Font Size of “24 Point” in "Arial Narrow".
4. Text Content should be bold, italic, underline, aligned and bulleted as per the given
sample slide.
5. Insert Footer with Date, Roll Number and Name on their respective locations as
shown in the sample slide. Size of the Font should be 14 Points in “Calibri” Font..
6. After preparing your Slide as shown above, save it on your assigned Desktop &
Naming the file as SSC_followed by your Roll Number (e.g. if your Roll Number
us 1001001000, then the name of the file should be SSC_1001001000.
7. Take a print of your slide as per design/text shown in the sample slide above on a
single A4 Page and put your Signature adjacent to your printed Name with Current
Date. Please ensure that the current date and time are visible on the printout. Please
ensure that your Roll Number & Name are also appearing clearly in the printout at
appropriate places.
8. PLEASE NOTE: Your prepared Slide’s Printout without correct Roll Number,
Name, Handwritten Signature and Handwritten Date will be summarily rejected
and therefore, you will be awarded ZERO Marks automatically.
 93. Reimbursement of travelling charges
Test in Microsoft Power Point
Start “Microsoft Power Point” program and create a Blank Slide, Reproduce the
content as mentioned in the Sample Slide given below:

1. Use Slide Type having “Title only".

2. Use Font Size of “40 Point” in "Times New Roman" Font for “Title”
3. Insert table and use Font Size of “24 Point” in "Calibri" Font.
4. Text Content should be bold, italic, underline, aligned and bulleted as per the given
sample slide.
5. Insert Footer with Date, Roll Number and Name on their respective locations as
shown in the sample slide. Size of the Font should be 16 Points in “Century” Font..
6. After preparing your Slide as shown above, save it on your assigned Desktop &
Naming the file as SSC_followed by your Roll Number (e.g. if your Roll Number
us 1001001000, then the name of the file should be SSC_1001001000.
7. Take a print of your slide as per design/text shown in the sample slide above on a
single A4 Page and put your Signature adjacent to your printed Name with Current
Date. Please ensure that the current date and time are visible on the printout. Please
ensure that your Roll Number & Name are also appearing clearly in the printout at
appropriate places.
8. PLEASE NOTE: Your prepared Slide’s Printout without correct Roll Number,
Name, Handwritten Signature and Handwritten Date will be summarily rejected
and therefore, you will be awarded ZERO Marks automatically.
 94. Interest Bearing Advances
Test in Microsoft Power Point
Start “Microsoft Power Point” program and create a Blank Slide, Reproduce the
content as mentioned in the Sample Slide given below:

1. Use the default Slide Type having 2 Sections i.e. “Add Title” and “Add Sub-Title”.
2. Use Font Size of “40 Point” in "Algerian" Font for “Title”
3. Use Font Size of “24 Point” in "Calibri" for Bulleted points.
4. Size of the Font should be 20 Points in “Calibri” Font for sub-bulleted points.
5. Use Line-spacing of 2.0 for "Sub-Title".
6. Text Content should be bold, italic, underline, aligned and bulleted as per the given
sample slide.
7. Insert Footer with Date, Roll Number and Name on their respective locations as
shown in the sample slide. Size of the Font should be 14 Points in “Times New
Roman” Font.
8. After preparing your Slide as shown above, save it on your assigned Desktop &
Naming the file as SSC_followed by your Roll Number (e.g. if your Roll Number
us 1001001000, then the name of the file should be SSC_1001001000.
9. Take a print of your slide as per design/text shown in the sample slide above on a
single A4 Page and put your Signature adjacent to your printed Name with Current
Date. Please ensure that the current date and time are visible on the printout. Please
ensure that your Roll Number & Name are also appearing clearly in the printout at
appropriate places.
10. PLEASE NOTE: Your prepared Slide’s Printout without correct Roll Number,
Name, Handwritten Signature and Handwritten Date will be summarily rejected
and therefore, you will be awarded ZERO Marks automatically.
 95. Advance for purchase of Personal Computer
Test in Microsoft Power Point
Start “Microsoft Power Point” program and create a Blank Slide, Reproduce the
content as mentioned in the Sample Slide given below:

1. Use the default Slide Type having 2 Sections i.e. “Add Title” and “Add Sub-Title”.
2. Use Font Size of “40 Point” in "Agency FB" Font for “Title”
3. Use Font Size of “28 Point” in "Rockwell" for the “Sub-Title”.
4. Size of the Font should be 24 Points in “Rockwell” Font.
5. Text Content should be bold, italic, underline, aligned and bulleted as per the given
sample slide.
6. Insert Footer with Date, Roll Number and Name on their respective locations as
shown in the sample slide. Size of the Font should be 14 Points in “Verdana” Font.
7. After preparing your Slide as shown above, save it on your assigned Desktop &
Naming the file as SSC_followed by your Roll Number (e.g. if your Roll Number
us 1001001000, then the name of the file should be SSC_1001001000.
8. Take a print of your slide as per design/text shown in the sample slide above on a
single A4 Page and put your Signature adjacent to your printed Name with Current
Date. Please ensure that the current date and time are visible on the printout. Please
ensure that your Roll Number & Name are also appearing clearly in the printout at
appropriate places.
9. PLEASE NOTE: Your prepared Slide’s Printout without correct Roll Number,
Name, Handwritten Signature and Handwritten Date will be summarily rejected
and therefore, you will be awarded ZERO Marks automatically.
 96. House Building Advance (HBA)
Test in Microsoft Power Point
Start “Microsoft Power Point” program and create a Blank Slide, Reproduce the
content as mentioned in the Sample Slide given below:

1. Use the default Slide Type having 2 Sections i.e. “Add Title” and “Add Sub-Title”.
2. Use Font Size of “44 Point” in "Calibri" Font for “Title”
3. Use Font Size of “28 Point” in "Rockwell" for Bulleted points.
4. Size of the Font should be 24 Points in “Rockwell” Font for sub-bulleted points.
5. Text Content should be bold, italic, underline, aligned and bulleted as per the given
sample slide.
6. Insert Footer with Date, Roll Number and Name on their respective locations as
shown in the sample slide. Size of the Font should be 14 Points in “Times New
Roman” Font.
7. After preparing your Slide as shown above, save it on your assigned Desktop &
Naming the file as SSC_followed by your Roll Number (e.g. if your Roll Number
us 1001001000, then the name of the file should be SSC_1001001000.
8. Take a print of your slide as per design/text shown in the sample slide above on a
single A4 Page and put your Signature adjacent to your printed Name with Current
Date. Please ensure that the current date and time are visible on the printout. Please
ensure that your Roll Number & Name are also appearing clearly in the printout at
appropriate places.
9. PLEASE NOTE: Your prepared Slide’s Printout without correct Roll Number,
Name, Handwritten Signature and Handwritten Date will be summarily rejected
and therefore, you will be awarded ZERO Marks automatically.
 97. No Internet
Test in Microsoft Power Point
Start “Microsoft Power Point” program and create a Blank Slide, Reproduce the
content as mentioned in the Sample Slide given below:

1. Use the default Slide Type having 2 Sections i.e. “Add Title” and “Add Sub-Title”.
2. Use Font Size of “54 Point” in "Algerian" Font for “Title”
3. Use Font Size of “28 Point” in "Century" for the “Sub-Title”.
4. Size of the Font should be 24 Points in “Century” Font.
5. Text Content should be bold, italic, underline, aligned and bulleted as per the given
sample slide.
6. Insert Footer with Date, Roll Number and Name on their respective locations as
shown in the sample slide. Size of the Font should be 14 Points in “Agency FB”
Font.
7. After preparing your Slide as shown above, save it on your assigned Desktop &
Naming the file as SSC_followed by your Roll Number (e.g. if your Roll Number
us 1001001000, then the name of the file should be SSC_1001001000.
8. Take a print of your slide as per design/text shown in the sample slide above on a
single A4 Page and put your Signature adjacent to your printed Name with Current
Date. Please ensure that the current date and time are visible on the printout. Please
ensure that your Roll Number & Name are also appearing clearly in the printout at
appropriate places.
9. PLEASE NOTE: Your prepared Slide’s Printout without correct Roll Number,
Name, Handwritten Signature and Handwritten Date will be summarily rejected
and therefore, you will be awarded ZERO Marks automatically.
 98. Feedback
Test in Microsoft Power Point
Start “Microsoft Power Point” program and create a Blank Slide, Reproduce the
content as mentioned in the Sample Slide given below:

1. Use the default Slide Type having 2 Sections i.e. “Add Title” and “Add Sub-Title”.
2. Use Font Size of “44 Point” in "Algerian" Font for “Title”
3. Use Font Size of “24 Point” in "Rockwell" for Bulleted points.
4. Size of the Font should be 20 Points in “Rockwell” Font for sub-bulleted points.
5. Text Content should be bold, italic, underline, aligned and bulleted as per the given
sample slide.
6. Insert Footer with Date, Roll Number and Name on their respective locations as
shown in the sample slide. Size of the Font should be 14 Points in “Bookman Old
Style” Font.
7. After preparing your Slide as shown above, save it on your assigned Desktop &
Naming the file as SSC_followed by your Roll Number (e.g. if your Roll Number
us 1001001000, then the name of the file should be SSC_1001001000.
8. Take a print of your slide as per design/text shown in the sample slide above on a
single A4 Page and put your Signature adjacent to your printed Name with Current
Date. Please ensure that the current date and time are visible on the printout. Please
ensure that your Roll Number & Name are also appearing clearly in the printout at
appropriate places.
9. PLEASE NOTE: Your prepared Slide’s Printout without correct Roll Number,
Name, Handwritten Signature and Handwritten Date will be summarily rejected
and therefore, you will be awarded ZERO Marks automatically.
99. Actual Typing Exercise of SSC CGLE Exam
100. Actual Excel Exercise of SSC CGLE Exam
101. Actual PowerPoint Exercise of SSC CGLE Exam