PRACTICAL

NO.-2
PLOTTING THE CHARACTERISTICS FOR
THE FIRST ORDER PDE

\\ Ques1 : Find the characteristics of the equation

Hu - yL ux + yuy = x + y
Solution : The characteristic system is

. Using H1L + H3L = H2L,

dx dy du
= =
u-y y x+y

= c1, is a first integral. from H1L + H2L = H3L,

u+x
we have then
y
it follows that Hx + yL2 - u2 = c2 is a second integral where c1 and c2 are
arbitrary constants. Let the ratios be denoted by H1L, H2L, H3L respectively.
\\ the value of function like 5 y - x ,
u+x
10 y - x ... so on occurs when we take any value of c1 or c2 in the equation =
y
c1 or Hx + yL2 - u2 = c2 respectively.

f0 = Plot3D@- x, 8x, 0, 1<, 8y, 0, 1<, PlotPoints ® 10D;

H*the value of function 5y-x occurs when we take c1=0 in the equation
u+x
y
=5*L
f1 = Plot3D@5 y - x, 8x, 0, 1<, 8y, 0, 1<, PlotPoints ® 10D;H*c1=5*L
f2 = Plot3D@10 y - x, 8x, 0, 1<, 8y, 0, 1<, PlotPoints ® 10D;H*c1=10*L
g1 = Show@f0, f1, f2D
h0 = Plot3D@y + x, 8x, 0, 1<, 8y, 0, 1<, PlotPoints ® 10D;H*c2=0*L
h1 = Plot3DASqrtAHx + yL2 + 5E, 8x, 0, 1<, 8y, 0, 1<, PlotPoints ® 10E;H*c2=-5*L
h2 = Plot3DASqrtAHx + yL2 + 10E, 8x, 0, 1<, 8y, 0, 1<, PlotPoints ® 10E;H*c2=-10*L
g2 = Show@h0, h1, h2D
GraphicsGrid@88g1, g2<<D
2 Sudhanshu 17026 Prac_2.nb

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-1.0
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0.0 2.0
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-0.5 1.0 1.0 1.0
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-1.0 0.0
0.0 0.5 0.0 0.5

0.5 0.5
0.0 0.0
1.0 1.0

\\ Ques2 : Find the characteristics of the equation

uux + uy = u
 Sudhanshu 17026 Prac_2.nb 3

Solution : The characteristic system is

. Using H1L and H3L, we have then Hx - uL = c1,

dx dy du
= =
u 1 u
is a first integral. from H2L and H3L,
it follows that uã-y = c2 is a second integral where c1 and c2 are arbitrary
constants. Let the ratios be denoted by H1L, H2L, H3L respectively.

f0 = Plot3D@0, 8x, 0, 1<, 8y, 0, 1<, PlotPoints ® 10D;H*c2=0*L

f1 = Plot3D@5 ãy , 8x, 0, 1<, 8y, 0, 1<, PlotPoints ® 10D;H*c2=5*L
f2 = Plot3D@10 ãy , 8x, 0, 1<, 8y, 0, 1<, PlotPoints ® 10D;H*c2=10*L
g1 = Show@f0, f1, f2D
h0 = Plot3D@x, 8x, 0, 1<, 8y, 0, 1<, PlotPoints ® 10D;H*c1=0*L
h1 = Plot3D@x - 5, 8x, 0, 1<, 8y, 0, 1<, PlotPoints ® 10D;H*c1=5*L
h2 = Plot3D@x - 10, 8x, 0, 1<, 8y, 0, 1<, PlotPoints ® 10D;H*c1=10*L
g2 = Show@h0, h1, h2D
GraphicsGrid@88g1, g2<<D

1.0

0.5
1.0
0.0

-0.5

-1.0
0.0 0.5

0.5

0.0
1.0
4 Sudhanshu 17026 Prac_2.nb

1.0

1.0
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0.0
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0.5

0.0
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1.0 1.0
0.5
0.0 1.0 0.5 1.0
-0.5
-1.0 0.0
0.0 0.5 0.0 0.5

0.5 0.5
0.0 0.0
1.0 1.0

\\ Ques3 : Find the characteristics of the equation

uy2 ux + u2 xuy = - xy2

Solution : The characteristic system is

. Using H2L and H3L,

dx dy du
= =
uy 2 2
u x - xy2
we have then y3 + u3 = c1, is a first integral. from H1L and H3L,
it follows that x2 + u2 = c2 is a second integral where c1 and c2 are arbitrary
constants. Let the ratios be denoted by H1L, H2L, H3L respectively.
 Sudhanshu 17026 Prac_2.nb 5

f0 = Plot3DBI1 - y3 M 3 , 8x, 0, 1<, 8y, 0, 1<, PlotPoints ® 10F;H*c1=1*L

1

f1 = Plot3DBI5 - y3 M 3 , 8x, 0, 1<, 8y, 0, 1<, PlotPoints ® 10F;H*c1=5*L

1

f2 = Plot3DBI10 - y3 M 3 , 8x, 0, 1<, 8y, 0, 1<, PlotPoints ® 10F;H*c1=10*L

1

g1 = Show@f0, f1, f2D

h0 = Plot3DBI1 - x2 M 2 , 8x, 0, 1<, 8y, 0, 1<, PlotPoints ® 10F;H*c2=1*L

1

h1 = Plot3DBI5 - x2 M 2 , 8x, 0, 1<, 8y, 0, 1<, PlotPoints ® 10F;H*c2=5*L

1

h2 = Plot3DBI10 - x2 M 2 , 8x, 0, 1<, 8y, 0, 1<, PlotPoints ® 10F;H*c2=10*L

1

g2 = Show@h0, h1, h2D

GraphicsGrid@88g1, g2<<D

1.0

0.8 1.0

0.6

0.4
0.0 0.5

0.5

0.0
1.0

1.0

1.0
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0.0
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0.5

0.0
1.0
6 Sudhanshu 17026 Prac_2.nb

1.0 1.0
0.8 1.0 1.0
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0.6
0.4 0.0
0.0 0.5 0.0 0.5

0.5 0.5
0.0 0.0
1.0 1.0

\\ Ques4 : Find the characteristics of the equation

Hy - xuL ux + Hx + yuL uy = x2 + y2

Solution : The characteristic system is

. Using x H1L - y H2L + u H3L,

dx dy du
= =
y - xu x + yu x2 + y2

we have u = Ic1 - x2 + y2 M 2 , is a first integral. Using y H1L + x H2L = H3L,

1

it follows that xy - u = c2 is a second integral where c1 and c2 are arbitrary

constants. Let the ratios be denoted by H1L, H2L, H3L respectively.

f0 = Plot3DBI- x2 + y2 M 2 , 8x, 0, 1<, 8y, 0, 1<, PlotPoints ® 10F;H*c1=0*L

1

f1 = Plot3DBI5 - x2 + y2 M 2 , 8x, 0, 1<, 8y, 0, 1<, PlotPoints ® 10F;H*c1=5*L

1

f2 = Plot3DBI10 - x2 + y2 M 2 , 8x, 0, 1<, 8y, 0, 1<, PlotPoints ® 10F;H*c1=10*L

1

g1 = Show@f0, f1, f2D

h0 = Plot3D@y * x, 8x, 0, 1<, 8y, 0, 1<, PlotPoints ® 10D;H*c2=0*L
h1 = Plot3D@x * y - 5, 8x, 0, 1<, 8y, 0, 1<, PlotPoints ® 10D;H*c2=5*L
h2 = Plot3D@x * y - 10, 8x, 0, 1<, 8y, 0, 1<, PlotPoints ® 10D;H*c2=10*L
g2 = Show@h0, h1, h2D
GraphicsGrid@88g1, g2<<D
 Sudhanshu 17026 Prac_2.nb 7

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0.5 0.5
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