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    SamRobinson Lecture Notes 4

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    Pigeon B
    The document discusses intermolecular forces and how they relate to the melting points and boiling points of molecules. Specifically, it covers how heavier alkanes have higher melting and boiling points due to stronger intermolecular forces. It also discusses how branching decreases melting points relative to unbranched alkanes. The document then examines different types of intermolecular forces like dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, hydrogen bonding, and how these forces affect boiling points. Several examples of predicting boiling points and naming alkyl halides are provided. Finally, it discusses solubility and how solvation relates to entropy, hydrogen bonding, and solvent miscibility.

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    SamRobinson Lecture Notes 4

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    Pigeon B
    20 views33 pages
    The document discusses intermolecular forces and how they relate to the melting points and boiling points of molecules. Specifically, it covers how heavier alkanes have higher melting and boiling points due to stronger intermolecular forces. It also discusses how branching decreases melting points relative to unbranched alkanes. The document then examines different types of intermolecular forces like dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, hydrogen bonding, and how these forces affect boiling points. Several examples of predicting boiling points and naming alkyl halides are provided. Finally, it discusses solubility and how solvation relates to entropy, hydrogen bonding, and solvent miscibility.

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    The document discusses intermolecular forces and how they relate to the melting points and boiling points of molecules. Specifically, it covers how heavier alkanes have higher melting and boiling points due to stronger intermolecular forces. It also discusses how branching decreases melting points relative to unbranched alkanes. The document then examines different types of intermolecular forces like dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, hydrogen bonding, and how these forces affect boiling points. Several examples of predicting boiling points and naming alkyl halides are provided. Finally, it discusses solubility and how solvation relates to entropy, hydrogen bonding, and solvent miscibility.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    20 views33 pages

    SamRobinson Lecture Notes 4

    Uploaded by

    Pigeon B
    The document discusses intermolecular forces and how they relate to the melting points and boiling points of molecules. Specifically, it covers how heavier alkanes have higher melting and boiling points due to stronger intermolecular forces. It also discusses how branching decreases melting points relative to unbranched alkanes. The document then examines different types of intermolecular forces like dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, hydrogen bonding, and how these forces affect boiling points. Several examples of predicting boiling points and naming alkyl halides are provided. Finally, it discusses solubility and how solvation relates to entropy, hydrogen bonding, and solvent miscibility.

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    Chapter 08

    Properties of Molecules: Boiling Points & Melting Points


    Intermolecular Forces
    Naming molecules with functional groups:
    alkyl halides, alcohols, thiols, ethers, sulfides
    General Trends
    Heavier alkanes have higher melting & boiling points
    • Table 2.1 on Page 71 (7th ed, pg 47 6th ed) shows melting and boiling
    points for C1-C12, C20
    • Generally speaking, see 20-30 °C increase in BP per carbon atom

    Alkanes with 4 or fewer C atoms are gases at room temp.


    • Most common alkanes are liquid at room temperature (C5-C17)

    Melting points:
    • “Stair-step” between even and odd # of C atoms
    • Branched alkanes have lower MP than unbranched
    Intermolecular Forces: Dispersion
    van der Waals interactions
    Polarizability Effects:
    Intermolecular Forces
    Dipole-Dipole
    Dispersion & Dipole Considerations

    Which do you expect has the highest boiling point?

    A
    F F
    B F F

    C F F

    Respond at pollev.com/sjconnel or in the PollEverywhere app


    Intermolecular Forces
    Hydrogen Bonding
    Intermolecular Forces: Boiling point
    Boiling Points

    Which do you expect has the LOWEST boiling point?

    A 4-ethylnonane

    B 4-ethylheptane

    C 2-bromopropane

    D 4-ethyloctane

    Respond at pollev.com/sjconnel or in the PollEverywhere app


    Boiling Points

    Which do you expect has the LOWEST boiling point?

    A 4-ethylnonane

    B 4-ethylheptane

    C 2-bromopropane

    D 4-ethyloctane

    Respond at pollev.com/sjconnel or in the PollEverywhere app


    Melting Points:
    Highest melting point?
    The melting points of these compounds are approx. 170 °C, 145 °C,
    -75 °C, and -157 °C.
    Which is the compound that melts at 170 °C?

    A O

    B OH

    OH

    Respond at pollev.com/sjconnel or in the PollEverywhere app


    Alkyl halide classification
    Alkyl Halide naming

    What is the IUPAC name of this molecule?


    F3C Cl

    A 2-bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane Br

    B 1-bromo-1-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoromethane

    C 1-chloro-1-bromo-2,2,2-trifluoroethane

    D 1-bromo-1-chloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane

    Respond at pollev.com/sjconnel or in the PollEverywhere app


    Alcohols & Thiols
    Ethers & Sulfides
    Solutions: Solutes & Solvents

    Soluble Immiscible
    Insoluble (one homogeneous phase)
    (the case w/ 2 liquids
    appearing as 2 phases)
    Intermolecular interactions of dissolution:
    All of the A-A solute intermolecular interactions are replaced
    with S-A interactions in the solution.
    Entropic contribution to dissolution:
    If the system has gone from a less probable state to a more
    probable state, the entropy has increased (spontaneous).
    Hydrocarbons in water
    Less favorable entropy of dissolution because water
    molecules experience increased order.
    Water solubility for organic solvents

    Is the molecule a hydrogen bond donor or acceptor?

    How much of the hydrocarbon chain is present?


    Solvent Miscibility Table
    Dipole-induced dipoles: miscibility
    Pentane & Dichloromethane are miscible:
    Solvation of ionic compounds in water
    Cation-Binding Molecules
    Cryptands & Crown Ethers
    Applications: Transport across cell membranes
    Hydrophobic & Hydrophilic phospholipids:
    spontaneous formation of a bilayer
    Different Solvent Types (not mutually exclusive)

    Protic vs. Aprotic

    Polar vs. Apolar

    Dipolar Solvents vs. nonpolar

    Donor vs. non-donor

    LOUDON – Chapter 8.6b – See Table 8.2


    Different Solvent Types (not mutually exclusive)

    Protic vs. Aprotic

    LOUDON – Chapter 8.6b – See Table 8.2


    Different Solvent Types (not mutually exclusive)

    Polar vs. Apolar

    LOUDON – Chapter 8.6b – See Table 8.2


    Different Solvent Types (not mutually exclusive)

    Dipolar Solvents vs. nonpolar

    LOUDON – Chapter 8.6b – See Table 8.2


    Different Solvent Types (not mutually exclusive)

    Donor vs. non-donor

    LOUDON – Chapter 8.6b – See Table 8.2


    Poll Question

    Which of these does not describe acetone?

    A protic C dipolar

    B polar (ε = 21) D donor

    Respond at pollev.com/sjconnel or in the PollEverywhere app


    Poll Question

    Which do you expect is immiscible with the others?

    A Pentane

    B DMSO (dimethylsulfoxide)

    C Formic Acid (HCOOH)

    D Water

    Respond at pollev.com/sjconnel or in the PollEverywhere app

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