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Objectives
BITS Pilani
Pilani Campus

 Fluid vs Solid
 Pressure/stress at a point in static fluid
 The variation of pressure with height in a static
fluid
 Pressure calculations using manometer
 Calculate the forces exerted by a static fluid on
plane submerged surfaces
Pressure Distribution in a Fluid
Chapter-2 J S Rathore
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Fluid: One that can flow !! Pressure:

How to distinguish fluid from solid?  Pressure: Normal force per unit area

Substance that deforms continuously under the action of shear y

h
stress of any magnitude
A′
ΔFs = Ps(ΔsΔz)
A
Δs For a body at rest
F F Δy   
ΔFx θ
B B′ C C′
B′ B′′ C′ C′′ x  F  ma   F  0
= Px(ΔyΔz) B′
t′ t′′ θ Δz C′
t′′ > t′ B x-direction:
A z Δx C
D
 Fx  Fs sin  0
 (xyz ) g ΔFy = Py(ΔxΔz)
Solid Fluid 2
Deformation is continuous with y-direction:  F  F cos  g  xyz   0
y s
time  2 
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Pressure at a point in static Pressure at a point in static

fluid: fluid:
x-direction:  px  p y  ps ----------- (1)
y
 Fx  Fs sin  0  p x yz   ps sz  0  p x  ps
s Conclusions:
1. Pressure at a point in static fluid is same in all directions.
(Pascal’s law)
2. θ does not appear in equation (1) that means normal force per unit
 xyz 
y-direction:  Fy  Fs cos  g  0 area i.e. pressure, is independent of angular orientation of the surface
 2  and is therefore a scalar quantity.

 x   xyz 
 p y xz   ps sz    g  0
 s   2 
  y 
 lim  p y  ps  g    0  p y  ps
V 0   2 
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State of stress at a point O: State of stress at a point O:

In solids
Stress components on
m  X   xxiˆ   xy ˆj   xz kˆ
 X   xxiˆ   xy ˆj   xz kˆ positive x-face
 Y   yxiˆ   yy ˆj   yz kˆ
 Z   zx iˆ   zy ˆj   zz kˆ
n
If fluid is at rest   0
A x  ΔyΔz

 xx  xy  xz   xx 0 0   P 0 0 
   0  0    0  P 0 
Fx Fy Fz  yx  yy  yz   yy
 xx  lim  xy  lim  xz  lim  zx  zy  zz   0 0  P 
Ax 0 Ax Ax 0 Ax Ax 0 Ax    0 0  zz 
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Pressure –Height relation: Pressure –Height relation:

In static fluid
y 
Py+Δy Pz  F  0  
A′ D′

 p  g
 g xyz  
 ˆ
  p x  p x  x yz i 
A  Constant pressure lines
Px D Px+Δx  0
Δy B′
g C′ 
 
 p y  p y  y xz  ˆj 
 p p
x   g x  0
  p  p 
z  z xy k 
Δz ˆ x x
B  z
C p dp
z Δx   g y    g
Pz+Δz Py  p
 g   x  x i
 
 p x  ˆ p y  y  p y ˆ  p z  z  p z  ˆ 
j k  0 
y dy
p p
 x y z  g   g z  0
z z
p ˆ p ˆ p ˆ   
 i j  k  g  p  g g x  g z  0, g y   g
x y z
Maximum rate of change of pressure occurs in the direction of gravity
vector.
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Pressure at a point Pressure units:

PA = PB = PC = PD = PE = PF = PG = Patm + ρgh Absolute pressure: actual pressure at
1 Pa  1 N/m2 a given position. Measured with
respect to absolute vacuum (absolute
1 bar  10 Pa  0.1 MPa  100 kPa
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zero pressure)
Gage pressure: Difference between the
absolute and local atmospheric
A pressure
Pgage = Pabs - Patm
Patm

Pvac
PH  PI Pabs B

Pabs
“The pressure is same at all points on a horizontal plane in a given Absolute
fluid regardless of geometry, provided that the points are vacuum
Pabs = 0
interconnected by the same fluid” Vacuum : pressure below atmospheric

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Manometer : Exercise #1
1. Commonly used to measure small and moderate pressure The water in a tank is pressurized by air, and the pressure is
differences. measured by a multi-fluid manometer as shown in Fig.
2. A manometer contains one or more fluids such as mercury, Determine the air pressure in the tank if h1 = 0.1 m, h2 = 0.2 m
water, alcohol, or oil. and h3 = 0.35 m. Take the densities of water, oil and mercury to
patm be 1000 kg/m3, 850 kg/m3 and 13600 kg/m3, respectively.
D
Determine the pressure at point A.
p2 = patm = 101 kPa
dp D D
d2
   g   dp    gdy
dy C C
d1
B C D C′ B′
 p2  mercury gh 3  oil gh 2   water gh1  p1
 Patm  PC    2 g ( y D  yC )  Patm  PC    2 gd2
A A  PA  Patm   2 gd2  1 gd1
C B A   p1 gage  44.05 kPa
  dp    1 gdy  PA  PB   1gd1
B B
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Hydrostatic Forces on submerged

Ex # 2 plane surfaces
Determine the pressure difference between point A and B. Horizontal plane surface :
Benzene: 8640 N/m3
Kerosene: 7885 N/m3
F Mercury: 133100 N/m3
dp
Water: 9790 N/m3    g  p  gh
Air: 12 N/m3    g dy
I
E  pabs  patm  gh
C G H
D  p gage  gh

(ρ)ben g (0.2)  (ρ) mer g0.08  Patm

FR  ( gh) A
 PA   (ρ) ker g0.32  (ρ) wat g0.26  PB  PA  PB   8.9 kPa
 (ρ) air g0.09 
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Vertical plane surface : Vertical plane surface :

O z O x
When analyzing hydrostatic forces on submerged surfaces, the atmospheric
pressure can be subtracted for simplicity as it acts on both sides of the structure. h1
gh1 Pressure
y prism
ycp y
Centroid of the pressure
diagram dA h2 dA

dF  ( gy)dA F cg

 F  g  ( ydA)   g y A
y gh2
y
Distance between free
surface and CG of the  y or ycg
submerged plane surface
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Vertical plane surface : Vertical plane surface :

O z O x
gh1 Pressure
h1
y prism
y ycp
ycp y
cg Fg yA dA h2

F F cg

gh2 y

y
Moment of resultant force must be equal to ( F ) ycp   (dF ) y
moment of distributed force.
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Vertical plane surface : Vertical plane surface :

O x
( F ) ycp   (dF ) y dF  ( gy)dA
y

g  y 2 dA y
y ycp
 ycp  dA
F cg Fg yA
2 cg
 y dA F
I xx
 ycp   I cg
yA yA ycp  y 
y
yA
Second moment of area OR
Area moment of inertia OR I cg  Ay 2 I cg
Moment of Inertia of plane area   y
yA yA
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Revise:
BITS Pilani
Pilani Campus

(1)  px  p y  ps   xx   yy   zz   p

 xx  xy  xz   xx 0 0   P 0 0 
 
(2)
 yx  yy  yz    0  yy 0    0  P 0 
 zx  zy  zz   0 0  zz   0 0  P 
 

p ˆ p ˆ p ˆ    Hydrostatic
(3) 
x
i
y
j  k  g
z
 p  g stress condition
1. No shear stress
2. Normal stresses are
dp equal & compressive
(4)    g
Lecture - 2 dy
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Ex 1 (2.61): Home assignment (2.62):

Gate AB in Fig is 1.5 m wide into the paper, hinged at A, and For the Gate of problem 2.61, stop ‘B’ breaks if the force on it
restrained by a stop at B. Compute (a) the force on stop B and (b) equals 40 kN. For what water depth h is this condition reached ?
the reactions at A if the water depth h = 3 m.

RAy
A RAx
(ycp- 1.8)
(1.5  1.23 )
y ycp  2.4  12 y
Fh cp 2.4(1.5  1.2)
RB

cg 1.2 m cg 1.2 m
 M A  0  Fh ( ycp  1.8)  RB 1.2
 Fx  0  R Ax  ?
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Ex 3: Ex 4 (2.65):
The flow of water from a reservoir is controlled by a 1.8 m (wide Semicircular plane gate AB is hinged along B and held by a
into the paper) L-shaped gate hinged at point A as shown in Fig. horizontal force P applied at A. What force P is required for
If it is desired that the gate open when the water height is 3.6 m, equilibrium ?
determine the mass of required weight placed at B.

c x R 2
4R A
y 2
3
I xc  0.11R 4

ycp

B B’
 M A  0  Fh ( ycp  0.9)  (mg ) 1.5
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Area moment of inertia: Plane surfaces : Page 82

Area moment of Inertia
 Geometrical property of an area which reflects how its points are distributed
with regard to an arbitrary axis. A  bL A  R 2
2nd moment of area about x-axis  I xx   y dA 2 c x bL3 c x R 4
I xc  I xc 
y 12 y 4
 I yy   x 2 dA I xyc  0 I xyc  0
 I xy   xydA

bL
A
c x 2
A  bL 4R
y R 2 bL3
c x bh3 3 A  I xc 
2
y x I xxc  36
y 12 I xc  0.10976R 4 b(b  2 s ) L2
I xyc  0 I xyc 
z I xyc  0 72
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Inclined plane surface : Inclined plane surface :

 FR   dF   gydA   g ( y sin ) dA
A A A
y
gh1 ycp y y y
ycp  FR  g sin  y dA
A
gh2 x
 FR  g sin yA
x Where y is the y coordinate of
the centroid measured from x′
axis which passes through O.

 FR  gyA
y
xcpx    y(dF )
( FR ) ycp
A
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Inclined plane surface : Inclined plane surface :

Moment of resultant force must be equal to moment of distributed force.
Similarly, x coordinate, xcp, for the resultant force can be determined by
   y(dF )   g sin ( y) 2 dA
( FR ) ycp summing moments about y-axis .
A A
   x(dF )   g sin xydA
( FR ) xcp
 ( y) dA
2
y y
A A
ycp y y y  
 ycp A ycp y y y
ycp y A ycp
x  xydA I   I    Ax y 
x I I  A( y ) 2  
 xcp A
  xy  xyc
 xcp
  xx  xc
 ycp x
y A y A y A
y A y A
x
I xc I xyc
  y 
 ycp y
xcpx   x 
 xcp
y A y A
y I xc sin 2  where, Ix′y′c is the product of inertia with respect to an orthogonal
xcpx  ycp  y  coordinate system passing through the centroid of area and formed by a
yA translation of x-y coordinate system.
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Ex 1: Inclined plane surface :

The car shown, has just fallen into a lake during an accident and lands at Similarly, x coordinate, xcp, for the resultant force can be determined by
the bottom of the lake on its wheels such that its inner pressure is equal to summing moments about y-axis .
the atmospheric pressure Po. The shape of car door can be approximated by
a rectangle with the sides a (1.2 m) and b (1 m). The height of water above    x(dF )   g sin xydA
( FR ) xcp
the top edge of the door is H (4 m). (Take density of water 1000 kg/m3 and y
A A
g = 9.81 m/s2.) ycp y y y
ycp
 xydA
1. Locate center of pressure (xcp,ycp).
I   I    Ax y 
x
2. Calculate the force F necessary to open the door.
Assume that the force F is normal to the door surface  
 xcp A
  xy  xyc
 xcp
and acts at a distance 0.75 b from the hinge.
x
y A y A y A
3. Up to which height h must the water rise inside the car
to allow the driver with a muscle force F (850 N) to H=4m
I xyc
open the door? y
xcpx   x 
 xcp
Justify your answer and discuss if driver can open the door. y A
where, Ix′y′c is the product of inertia with respect to an orthogonal
coordinate system passing through the centroid of area and formed by a
translation of x-y coordinate system.
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Ex 2: Submerged curved surfaces:

The 4 m diameter circular gate (see Fig below) is located in the inclined FBD of the liquid block enclosed by
wall of a large reservoir containing water (ρg = 9.81 kN/m3). The gate is 1. the curved surface of interest &
mounted on a shaft along its horizontal diameter, and the water depth is 2. the horizontal and vertical
10 m above the shaft. Determine (a) the magnitude and location of the projections of this surface
resultant force exerted on the gate by the water and (b) the moment that A B
would have to be applied to the shaft to open the gate.

 FR  gyA
W
C

ycp Fy
A
dF = pdA B B
A B

dA FH
Fx W
C C
I sin 2  C FV θ
 ycp  y  xc 37 F
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Submerged curved surfaces: Submerged curved surfaces:

Fy Fy
B’ C’
A B A B
FH  Fx FH  Fx
FH FH
Fx W FV  Fy  W Fx W FV  Fy  W
C FV θ C FV θ B
FR FR

FR  FH  FV FR  FH  FV
2 2 2 2
C

Fy
FV FV
tan   tan  
FH FH
A B
W

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Ex 1: Ex 2:
A hemispherical object lying at the bottom of a tank. Calculate (1) the horizontal A hemispherical projection of diameter 1.2 m
force acting on one side of the object (2) net horizontal and vertical force acting on provided on one of the vertical sides of a tank.
the object. If the tank contains water to an elevation of 3
D′
D m above the centre of hemisphere. Calculate
the horizontal and vertical forces acting on the
projection.
Water Air
3m A
A′
H
Water
B O 1.2 m

B
A′ C′ C′ C
R
A C

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Ex 2: Ex 3:
A long solid cylinder of radius 0.8 m hinged at point A, is used as an
automatic gate as shown in Fig. When the water level reaches 5 m, the gate
opens by turning about the hinge at point A. Determine
1. The hydrostatic force acting on the cylinder and its line of action when
gate opens.
The hydrostatic force acting on a circular 2. Weight of the cylinder per m length.
A
surface always passes through the center of
the circle since the pressure forces are
normal to the surface and they all pass
through the center. B C

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Objectives Tutorial problem

An open tank has a vertical partition and on one side contains gasoline with a
 Hydrostatic force on curved surfaces density ρ = 700 kg/m3 at a depth of 4 m, as shown in Fig. A rectangular gate that is
4 m high and 2 m wide and hinged at one end is located in the partition. Water is
 Fluid in rigid body motion slowly added to the empty side of the tank. At what depth, h, will the gate start to
open? Also compute the reactions at hinge.
I cg
 y cpgl  y   2.667 m
yA [1.5M]
I cg 2h
 y cpw  y   [1.5M]
yA 3

 MH  0
 Fwater  (h  ycpw )  Fgl  (4  ycpgl )

 Fwater  ( g ) y w A  9810  (2h)  9.81h 2 kN [1M]  h  3.55m

h [3M]
2
 Fglycerin  (  gl g ) y gl A  700 9.81 2  (8)  109.872 kN [1M]  Rx & R y [1+1]
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Ex 4: Ex 5:
A 4 m long quarter-circular gate of radius 3 m and of negligible weight is A cylinder of diameter 2.4 m and weight 2 kN per unit length, rests on the
hinged about its upper edge A, as shown in Fig. The gate controls the flow bottom of a tank as shown in Fig. Left and right hand portions of the tank
of water over the ledge at B, where the gate is pressed by a spring. are occupied by water and oil (SG = 0.75) to depths of 0.6 m and 1.2 m
Determine the minimum spring force required to keep the gate closed when respectively.
the water level rises to A at the upper edge of the gate. Find the magnitude of horizontal and vertical force needed to be applied
externally to keep cylinder touching the tank at B.
FBD of the liquid block OAB & Gate AB :

FV
C
O FH Ay

O Ax
FV
FHW FHO
FS
FR C′ A′
FH
θ = 23.2˚
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Fluids in rigid body motion Fluids in rigid body motion

  Maximum rate of change of pressure occurs in the y′
 p  g direction of gravity vector.  A
g
θ
Pressure variation in a fluid with rigid body motion : 
a
 
 F  m a  
(g  a)
Py+Δy Pz
O Constant pressure line

 g xyz   x′
 ˆ
   p x  p x  x yz i 
  
p ˆ p ˆ p ˆ
i
 
j  k   ( g  a) 
dp  
  g  a 
dp
  g 2  a2
a    xyz a
Px  Px+Δx

 
 p y  p y  y xz  ˆj 

x y z dy dy
Δy g x   p  p ˆ
 z  z xy k 
A A
  dp     g 2  a 2 dy  Patm  Po    g  a ( y A  yo )
2 2
Δz z
O O
z Δx 
p ˆ p ˆ p ˆ    
Pz+Δz Py  i j  k   ( g  a)  p   ( g  a )  Po  Patm   g 2  a 2 ( y A  yo )
x y z
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BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Fluids in rigid body motion Fluids in rigid body motion

y′
A
 A  Constant pressure line
g g
θ θ
 h1 
a a
D
  h2
(g  a)
O Constant pressure line B C
x′

p h1  h2
   a x V1  V2  h
x 2
BC
p  h1  h2  AD sin  h1, 2  h  tan 
   (g  ay ) 2
y
 BC  AD cos
p
   a z
z
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 8/22/2016

Ex 1
Objectives
An open tank, 5m square and 3 m depth contain oil up to 2 m height. What
angle does the oil surface makes with the horizontal if tank accelerates up a  Exercise problems : Ex 2.8, 2.13, 2.14
30˚ inclined plane at 3.6 m/s2. Also find the intensity of pressure at the Unsolved P2.56, 68, 70, 76, 101, 105, 155
bottom of the tank at front (i.e. point B) and rear end (i.e. point A).
 Fluid in rigid body motion

Oil a o Uniform acceleration
(ρ = 800 kg/m3) 
a  3.6 cos30iˆ  3.6 cos30 ˆj  3.12iˆ  1.8 ˆj m/s2 o Uniform rotation
B   
 p   ( g  a )

 p   (9.81ˆj  3.12iˆ 1.8 ˆj )
y
x   ( 3.12iˆ  11 .61 ˆj )

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BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Ex 2: Home assignment Fluids in rigid body rotation

An open rectangular tank, 1.5 m wide, 3 m long and 1.8 m deep contains Z
water to a height 1.2 m. Find the horizontal acceleration which may be
  
 p   ( g  a )
imparted to the tank in the direction of its length so that
A. There is no spilling of water from the tank
B. The front bottom corner of the tank is just exposed
r
C. The bottom of the tank is just exposed up to its mid point 
1. Calculate the volume of water that would spill out from the tank in Case
B and C. a r  r 2

2. Calculate the total force on front and rear end (wall) of the tank in case ho hc zfs
B.

R
θ


p
r
eˆr 
1 p
r 
p

eˆ  eˆz   g (eˆz )  r 2 (eˆr )  0eˆ  0eˆz
z

Case A
Case C
Case B 55 56
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 8/22/2016

Fluids in rigid body rotation Fluids in rigid body rotation

p
  r  2
r

p
r
eˆr 
1 p
r 
p
z

eˆ  eˆz   g (eˆz )  r 2 (eˆr )  0eˆ  0eˆz  p
 p
 2
r 2  gz  po z
po  p  2 2
 r ------ (1)
 0 2 g 2g
 Eq (1) gives the elevation of constant
p p p pressure surface.
   g
 dp  dr  dz z
r z
 dp  r 2dr  gdz
 2
 p r 2  gz  C1 a r  r 2
2 ho hc zfs
 V1  V2
The pressure variation is linear in Z
R 2
and parabolic in r-direction.  R 2 ho   2r (dr) zfs  ho  hc  R2
R 0 4g
At (r,z)  0  p  57po 58
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Fluids in rigid body rotation Ex 3

A drag racer rests her coffee mug on a
 2 po  p  2 2 horizontal tray while she accelerates at
 p r 2  gz  po z  r ------ (1) 7m/s2. The mug is 10 cm deep and 6 cm in
2 g 2g diameter and contains coffee 7 cm deep at
rest. (a) assuming rigid body acceleration of
At the free surface where r = 0
the coffee, determine whether it will spill
p  patm out of the mug. (b) Calculate the gage
 z s (0)  o  hc pressure in the corner at point A if the
g density of coffee is 1010 kg/m3.
2
 z s (r )  hc  r2 ------ (2)
2g The coffee mug in above question is removed
a r  r 2 from the drag racer, placed on a turntable,
ho hc and rotated about its central axis until a
zs
 V1  V2 rigid body mode occurs. Find (a) the angular
velocity that will cause the coffee to just
R 2
 R 2 ho   2r (dr ) z s  ho  hc  R2 reach the lip of the mug and (b) the gage
R 0 4g pressure at point A.
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