General Math o Inverse Function: f −1 (x) =

x−1
3
First Semester – Final Term - Domain: {𝑦 | 𝑦 = ℝ}
Lesson 1: Inverse of One-to-One Function - Range: {𝑥 | 𝑥 = ℝ}

• Inverse of f(x): Relation reversing the • To determine whether the given (Original)
process performed by any function f(x). function is a One-to-One function, use
o The domain of the inverse is the range of horizontal line test.
the original function and vice versa. - If the line only intersected once, it
means that it is a One-to-One function
Example:

Original Function: y = 2x – 1

x -4 -3 -2 -1
y -9 -7 -5 -3

Inverse Relation:

x -9 -7 -5 -3
y -4 -3 -2 -1

• Inverse One-to-One Function: • To check if the Inverse function is correct,

Let f be a one-to-one with domain A and use composition of functions:
range B. Then the inverse of f, denoted 𝑓 −1 ,
is a function with domain B and range A x − 1
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟏 || g(x) =
defined by 𝑓 −1 (𝑦) = 𝑥 if and only if 𝑓 (𝑥) = 3
𝑦 for any y in B. 𝒇(𝒈(𝒙)) = 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟏
 A function has an inverse if and only if it is x − 1
= 𝟑( )+𝟏
one-to-one. 3
= 𝒙 − 𝟏 + 𝟏
• To find the inverse of a one-to-one = 𝒙
function:
1. Write the function in the form y = f(x)
2. Interchange the x and y variables. x − 1
3. Solve for y in terms of x. 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟏 || g(x) =
3
x − 1
Example: 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟏 𝒈(𝒇(𝒙)) =
3
3x + 1 − 1
𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 1 =
𝑥 = 3𝑦 + 1 3
3x
𝑥 − 1 = 3𝑦 =
𝑥 − 1 3
= 𝑦 = 𝒙
3
𝒙 − 𝟏
𝒇−𝟏 (𝒙) =
𝟑
- Since they have the same composition, it
• Finding the Domain and Range: means the inverse function is correct.
o Original Function: 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟏
- Domain: {𝑥 | 𝑥 = ℝ}
- Range: {𝑦 | 𝑦 = ℝ}

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Example No. 2 of finding the Inverse • Inverse Function:
Function: 𝑔 (𝑥) = 𝑥 3 – 2 4
- Domain: {𝑥 | 𝑥 ≠ }
3
4
𝑦 = 𝒙 –𝟐 𝟑 - Range: {𝑦 | 𝑦 ≠ }
3
𝒙 = 𝒚𝟑 – 𝟐
Lesson 2: Solving Real-Life Problems
𝑥 + 2 = 𝒚𝟑
3
Involving Inverse Function
𝑦 = √(𝑥 + 2
Word Problem 1: The formula for converting
𝒈−𝟏 (𝒙) = 𝟑√(𝒙 + 𝟐 9
Celsius to Fahrenheit is given by 𝐹 = 𝐶 +
5
• Original Function: 32 where C is the temperature in degree
- Domain: {𝑥 | 𝑥 = ℝ} Celsius and F is the temperature in degrees
- Range: {𝑦 | 𝑦 = ℝ} Fahrenheit.
• Inverse Function:
- Domain: {𝑦 | 𝑦 = ℝ} a. Find the Inverse of the function.
- Range: {𝑥 | 𝑥 = ℝ}
9
Example No. 3 of finding the Inverse 𝐹 = 𝐶 + 32
2𝑥+1 5
Function: 𝑓(𝑥) = 5𝐹 = 9𝐶 + 32
3𝑥 − 4
(Cross Multiplication, 32 is fixed in its place.)
2𝑥 + 1 5𝐹 9𝐶
𝑦= = + 32
3𝑥 − 4 9 9
2𝑦 + 1 (Divide by 9 to isolate C.)
𝑥=
3𝑦 − 4 𝟓
𝑥(3𝑦 − 4) = 2𝑦 + 1 𝑪 = (𝑭 – 𝟑𝟐)
𝟗
(𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑦) (32 became negative because it was transposed.)
3𝑥𝑦 − 4𝑥 = 2𝑦 + 1
3𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑦 = 1 + 4𝑥
(𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑚 𝑏𝑦 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔)
b. Find the equivalent temperature in
𝑦 (3𝑥 − 2) = 1 + 4𝑥
(𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 3𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑦) degrees Fahrenheit of 25 degree
𝑦(3𝑥 − 2) 1 + 4𝑥 Celsius.
=
3𝑥 − 2 2𝑥 − 2
1 + 4𝑥 9
𝑦= 𝐹 = 𝐶 + 32
2𝑥 − 2 5
−𝟏
𝟏 + 𝟒𝒙 9
𝒇 (𝒙) = 𝐹 = (25) + 32
𝟐𝒙 − 𝟐 5
9
• Original Function: 𝐹 = (25) + 32
5
- Domain: {𝑥 | 𝑥 ≠ }
4 225
3 𝐹 = + 32
5
 To determine the domain, find 𝐹 = 45 + 32
restricted value by equating the 𝑭 = 𝟕𝟕 𝒅𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒆𝒔
denominator by 0.
4
- Range: {𝑦 | 𝑦 ≠ }
3
 To determine the Range, find the
horizontal asymptote by looking at its
degree and co-efficient.
on < d → y = 0
o n = d → y = a/b
o n > d → No horizontal asymptote

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Word Problem 2: Your mom called you and Lesson 3: Exponential Functions
told you that your little brother has 105.8 ͦF
• Exponential function can be written as:
temperature. Do you have any reason to worry for
𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑏 𝑥
your brother?
where b > 0, b ≠ 1, and x is any real
number.
𝟓 o b is constant called the base.
𝐂 = (𝐅 – 𝟑𝟐)
𝟗 o x is an independent variable called the
5
C = (105.8 – 32) exponent.
9
5  𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑦; meaning 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑏 𝑥 is the
C = (73.8) same as 𝑦 = 𝑏 𝑥 
9
369
C = Idk example ba ‘to?
9
𝐂 = 𝟒𝟏°
𝑦 = 9𝑥 → exponential function
𝑦 = 53𝑥 → exponential function
Word Problem 3: The SCB officers of Paco
𝑦 = 𝑥 9 → not exponential function
Catholic School are planning for a JS Prom.
𝑦 = (−4) 𝑥 → not exponential function
The allocated budget for decorations, Just check whether it follows the rule ng exponential
sounds, and other miscellaneous expenses is function.
Php. 20,000 and an additional Php 150.00 for
Exponential Equation
meal expenses for each guest. The
organization received an amount of Php • An equation involving exponential
100,000 from its external stakeholders. expressions.
Example:
a. Identify the function.
𝑓 (𝑥) = 20,000 + 150𝑥 3𝑥+1 = 35 3𝑥−1 = 9
𝑥+4 2𝑥
4 = 4
b. Find the inverse function.
Solving Exponential Equations
𝑓 (𝑥) = 20,000 + 150𝑥
𝑦 = 20,000 + 150𝑥 • Have the same base by finding their LCD.
𝑥 = 20,000 + 150𝑦 • Then find the value of x.
𝑥 − 20,000 = 150𝑦 Example No. 1:
𝑥 − 20,000 150𝑦
=
150 150 2𝑥 = 4
𝑥 − 20,000 2 𝑥 = 22
𝑦=
150 (Have the same base.)
𝑥 2
2 =2
−𝟏
𝒙 − 𝟐𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 (Same base = cancel them both. Leaving the exponents.)
𝒇 (𝒙) =
𝟏𝟓𝟎 𝒙 = 𝟐
Check:
𝑥
2 = 4
c. Find the possible number of guests for 22 = 4
a budget of Php 100,000 𝟒 = 𝟒 (x = 2 is correct)

𝑥 − 20,000
𝑓 −1 (𝑥) =
150
100,000 − 20,000
𝑓 −1 (𝑥) =
150
80,000
𝑓 −1 (𝑥) =
150
𝒇−𝟏 (𝒙) = 𝟓𝟑𝟑. 𝟑 𝒐𝒓 𝟓𝟑𝟑 𝒈𝒖𝒆𝒔𝒕𝒔

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Example No. 2: o If the base is greater than 1, then the
direction of the inequality is retained.
125𝑥−1 = 25𝑥+3 o If the base is greater than 0 but less than
53(𝑥−1) = 52(𝑥+3) 1, then the direction of the inequality is
(Have the same base. Cancel, leaving the exponents.)
reversed.
3(𝑥 − 1) = 2 (𝑥 + 3)
o REMEMBER: Symbols and markers
3𝑥 − 3 = 2𝑥 + 6
(Distribute/Simplify.) - Solid circle = included [ ] ≤, ≥
3𝑥 − 2𝑥 = 6 + 3 - Open Circle = not included ( ) <, >
(Transpose same signs/variables.)
𝒙 = 𝟗 Example No. 1:
(Simplify.)
Check:
𝑥−1 3𝑥+1 > 81
125 = 25𝑥+3
125 9−1
= 259+3
3𝑥+1 > 34
(Have the same base. Cancel, leaving the exponents.)
1258 = 2512 (Retained since 3>1.)
𝟓. 𝟗𝟔 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟔 = 𝟓. 𝟗𝟔 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟔 (x = 9 is correct) 𝑥+1>4
(Transpose.)
𝑥 > 4– 1
Example No. 3: 𝒙 > 𝟑
Solution Set:
23𝑥 = 161−𝑥
(3, ∞)
23𝑥 = 24(1−𝑥)
(Have the same base. Cancel.)
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
3𝑥 = 4(1 − 𝑥)
3𝑥 = 4 − 4𝑥
(Distribute/Simplify.)
4𝑥 + 3𝑥 = 4
7𝑥 4 Example No. 2:
=
7 7
(Cancel and Simplify.) 3𝑥 < 9𝑥−2
𝟒 3𝑥 < 32(𝑥−2)
𝒙 =
𝟕 (Have the same base. Cancel, leaving the exponents.)
(Cancel and Simplify.) (Retained.)
Check:
3𝑥 𝑥 < 2(𝑥 − 2)
2 = 161−𝑥 (Distribute/Simplify)
4 4
)
23(7 = 161−7 𝑥 < 2𝑥 – 4
12 3 (Transpose.)
2 7 = 167 −2𝑥 + 𝑥 < −4
𝟑. 𝟐𝟖 = 𝟑. 𝟐𝟖 −𝑥 −4
<
−1 −1
Exponential Inequalities 𝒙 > 𝟒
(Reverse,, kasi sabi ni sir T^T)
• An inequality involving exponential Solution Set:
expressions. <, >, ≥, ≤ (4, ∞)
Example:
5𝑥+3 > 25 1213𝑥 ≥ 11𝑥+1 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
𝑥+2
3 < 27 25𝑥+1 ≤ 125𝑥

Solving Exponential Inequalities

• Property of Exponential Inequality

o If b > 1 and x > y, then 𝑏 𝑥 > 𝑏 𝑦 .
Otherwise, if 0 < b < 1, then 𝑏 𝑥 < 𝑏 𝑦 .

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Example No. 3: The following are not exponential functions:

1 1 3𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 → The base is a variable

( )𝑥+5 ≥ ( )
10 100 𝑓(𝑥) = 1𝑥 → The base is of an
1 1 exponential function must be a positive
( )𝑥+5 ≥ ( )2(3𝑥)
10 10 constant other than 1.
(Have the same base. Cancel, leaving the exponents.)
(Reversed because x>1/10)
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑥 → Both the base and
𝑥 + 5 ≤ 2(3𝑥) exponent are variables.
(Distribute/Simplify)
𝑥 + 5 ≤ 6𝑥 Properties of Exponential Functions and their
(Transpose.) Graphs
−6𝑥 + 𝑥 ≤ −5
−5𝑥 −5 • Let 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑏 𝑥 , b > 0, and b ≠ 1
≤ 1. The domain is the set of real numbers,
−5 −5
(-∞, ∞)
𝑥 ≥ 1
(Reversed,, pag naiiba ata yung sign nung x, nirereverse.) 2. The range is the set of positive real
Solution Set: numbers, (0, ∞)
[1, ∞) 3. The function passes through the point
(0, 1) because of 𝑓 (0) = 𝑏 0 = 1.
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
4. The graph approaches but does not
reach the x-axis. The x-axis is the
horizontal asymptote.
Review of Law of Exponents 5. If b > 1, f is an increasing exponential
function. If 0 < b < 1, f is a decreasing
• Zero as an Exponent: If a ≠ 0, then 𝑎0 = 1
exponential function.
• Negative Exponent:
o If n is any integer, and a and b are not Different Transformations
equal to zero, then:
1 −𝑛 1 𝑎 −𝑛 𝑏 𝑛 • Transformation: The process of moving a
𝑎−𝑛 = ( ) = 𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ( ) = ( ) figure from the starting position to some
𝑎 𝑎 𝑏 𝑎
o The negative exponent does not make ending position without changing its size
the answer negative. and shape.
a. Horizontal Translation
Example: b. Vertical Translation
1 1 c. Vertical Stretching or Shrinking
• 2−2 = 2 =
2
1
4
1
d. Reflection
• 3−2 = = o Translation: A shift or movement in a
32 9
figure’s location without changing its
• Fractional Exponent → Radicals: shape.
o Reflection: A transformation that
Example: produces a new figure, which is a mirror
𝟏
• 𝒙𝟐 = √ 𝒙 image of the original figure.
𝟏
• 𝟒𝟒 = √𝟒 = 𝟐
a. Horizontal Translation: 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑏 𝑥+𝑐
• Shifts the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑏 𝑥 c units to the
left if c > 0
• Shifts the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑏 𝑥 c units to the
right if c < 0
Sa exponent nag-aadd.

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b. Vertical Translation: 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑏 𝑥 + 𝑐 Review Law of Exponents
• Shifts the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑏 𝑥 c units
• See page 5, middle to bottom left po :)
upward if c > 0.
• Shifts the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑏 𝑥 c units Solving Logarithmic Expressions
downward if c < 0.
Sa base nag-aadd • To solve the value of the unknown or x:
1. Equate the expression to x
c. Vertical Stretching or Shrinking: 𝑓(𝑥) = 2. Change to exponential equation.
𝑐𝑏 𝑥 3. Solve exponential equation to find x.
• Multiplying y-coordinates 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑏 𝑥 𝑏𝑦 𝑐 (Check solving exponential equation, pg. 3 – Right side)
• Stretches the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑏 𝑥
Example No. 1:
vertically if c > 1
• Shrink the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑏 𝑥 vertically if log 4 64
0<c<1 log 4 64 = 𝑥
Multiplication (Equate the expression to x.)
4𝑥 = 64
d. Reflection: 𝑓(𝑥) = −𝑏 𝑥 (Change to Exponential Equation.)
• Reflects the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑏 𝑥 about 4 𝑥 = 43
the x-axis (Apply solving exponential equation.)

• Reflects the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑏 𝑥 about x=3

the y-axis
Multiply a negative constant to have the Example No. 2:
mirror/reflection.
log 6 216
Lesson 4: Logarithmic Functions log 6 216 = 𝑥
(Equate the expression to x.)
• Logarithm: The inverse function to 6𝑥 = 216
exponentiation. (Change to Exponential Equation.)
• Logarithmic Function: The inverse function 6 𝑥 = 63
of exponential function. (Apply solving exponential equation.)

log 𝑏 𝑥 = 𝑦 x=3
Logarithm of “x” to the base “b” is equal to “y”
Example No. 3:
• Converting Logarithmic expressions to
exponential expressions: 1
log 3
log 𝑏 𝑥 = 𝑦 → 𝑏 𝑦 = 𝑥 27
1
log 3 = 𝑥
For Example: 27
(Equate the expression to x.)
• log 2 16 = 4 → 24 = 16 1
• log 3 𝑥 = 2 → 32 = 𝑥 3𝑥 =
27
• 33 = 27 → log 3 27 = 3 (Change to Exponential Equation.)
1
3𝑥 =
• Logarithmic Function: Function of the form 33
𝑓(𝑥) = log 𝑏 𝑥 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 = log 𝑏 𝑥 where b > 0, b ≠ (Apply solving exponential equation and negative exponent)

1 3𝑥 = 3−3
• Logarithmic Equation: An equation x = -3
involving logarithms
• Logarithmic Inequality: Inequality involving
logarithms

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Example No. 4: • Subtraction Property/ Logarithm of
Quotients:
log 27 3 𝑀
log 27 3 = 𝑥 log 𝑏 𝑀 − log 𝑏 𝑁 = log 𝑏
𝑁
(Equate the expression to x.)
27𝑥 = 3 Example: Condensing/Expanding
(Change to Exponential Equation.)
3 3𝑥
=3 1 o log 𝑎 𝑥 − log 𝑎 (2𝑥 − 1) =
𝑥
(Apply solving exponential equation and negative exponent) log 𝑎
2𝑥−1
3𝑥 = 1 o log 𝑏 80 − log 𝑏 5 = log 𝑏
80
→ log 𝑏 16
3𝑥 1 50
5
= o log 7 = log 7 50 − log 7 3
3 3 3
2𝑥
𝟏 o log 𝑎 = log 𝑎 2𝑥 − log 𝑎 𝑦
𝒙= 𝑦
𝟑
Addition Property
• To solve the value of the argument or = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝟐 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝒙 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝒚
result:
Power Property/ Logarithm of Power:
log 4 𝑥 = 3 log 𝑏 𝑀𝑁 = Nlog 𝑏 𝑀
43 = 𝑥 Example: Condensing/ Expanding
(Change to Exponential Equation.) 1 1
3
4 = 64 o log 𝑏 (𝑥 + 3)2 = log 𝑏 (𝑥 + 3)
2
1
(Solve/Simplify.) 1
o log 𝑏 (𝑥 + 3)2 (2𝑥) = log 𝑏 (𝑥 + 3) (2𝑥)
x = 64 2

• To solve the value of the missing base:

Addition Property

log 𝑥 625 = 4 𝟏
= 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 (𝒙 + 𝟑) + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝟐 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝒙
𝑥 4 = 625 𝟐
√𝑎 + 2
(Change to Exponential Equation.) o log 𝑥 3
(Solve/Simplify.) √𝑎 + 3
x=5
check: Subtraction Property
4
= log 𝑥 √𝑎 + 2 − log 𝑥 √𝑎 + 3
3
𝒙 = 625
𝟓4 = 625 1 1
625 = 625 = log 𝑥 (𝑎 + 2)2 − log 𝑥 (𝑎 + 3)3

Properties of Logarithm
Power Property
• Addition Property/ Logarithm of Products:
log 𝑏 𝑀 + log 𝑏 𝑁 = log 𝑏 𝑀 ∙ 𝑁 𝟏 𝟏
= 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 (𝒂 + 𝟐) − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 (𝒂 + 𝟑)
Example: Condensing/Expanding 𝟐 𝟑

o log 5 𝑥 + log 5 10 = log 5 10𝑥𝑦  Make sure to simplify all equation.

o log 𝑏 60 + log 𝑏 3 = log 𝑏 180
o log 2 5𝑎𝑏 = log 2 5 + log 2 𝑎 + log 2 𝑏 Solving Logarithmic Equations
o log 𝑥 (2𝑝)(3𝑞) = log 𝑥 2 + log 𝑥 𝑝 + log 𝑥 3 + (Principle of Logarithmic Equality)
log 𝑥 𝑞
1. If the equation has the same base,
cancel the base.
2. Solve for x with the help of solving
exponential function.

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Example No. 1 Example No. 4

2
log 3(𝑥 + 2) = log 3 (5𝑥 + 4) 6log6 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 30
log 3(𝑥 + 2) = log 3 (5𝑥 + 4) 6𝑥+30 = log 6 𝑥 2
(Have the same base, cancel.) (Change into exponential equation.)
𝑥 + 2 = 5𝑥 + 4 log 6(𝑥 + 30) = log 6 𝑥 2
2 − 4 = 5𝑥 – 𝑥 𝑥 + 30 = 𝑥 2
(Transpose.)
−2 4𝑥 𝑥 2 = 𝑥 + 30
= 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 30 = 0
4 4
(Simplify.) (𝑥 − 6) (𝑥 + 5)
−𝟐 −𝟏 (Use factoring.)
𝒙 = 𝒐𝒓 𝒙 = 𝟔; 𝒙 = −𝟓
𝟒 𝟐
Check:
𝑥 + 2 = 5𝑥 + 4 Solving Logarithmic Inequalities
−1 −1
+ 2 = 5( )+ 4 Example No. 1
2 2
−5 log 2 (3𝑥 + 2) > log 2 (𝑥 + 4)
1.5 = +4
2 (Have the same base, cancel.)
1.5 = −2.5 + 4 3𝑥 + 2 > 𝑥 + 4
1.5 = 1.5 3𝑥 − 𝑥 > 4 – 2
(Transpose.)

Example No. 2 2𝑥 2
>
2 2
(Simplify.)
log 2 (4𝑥) + log 2 9 = log 2 72
𝒙>𝟐
log 2 (4𝑥) = log 2 72 − log 2 9
(Isolate the x.)
72 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
log 2 (4𝑥) = log 2 (1, ∞)
9
(Have the same base by applying subtraction property, cancel and Check: 3𝑥 + 2 > 𝑥 + 4
simplify.)
Let x = 2 Let x =3
4𝑥 = 8 1(2) + 2 > 2+4 3 (3) + 2 > 3 + 4
4𝑥 8 6+2>6 9+2>7
=
4 4 8>2 11 > 7
𝒙 = 𝟐
Example No. 2
Example No. 3
log 3 (𝑥) + log 3(𝑥 + 2) > 1
3log 3 𝑥 = log 3 9 + log 3 9 log 3 (𝑥)(𝑥 + 2) > 1
3log 3 𝑥 = log 3 81 (Apply addition property.)
(Condense by using addition property.) (𝑥)(𝑥 + 2) > 31
log 3 𝑥 3 = log 3 81 (Change to Exponential Inequality)
(Condense by using power property..) 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 > 3
3
log 3 𝑥 = log 3 81 (Simplify.)
(Have the same base, cancel.) 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3 > 0
𝑥 3 = 81 (Transpose.)
3 (𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 1) > 0
√𝑥 3 = 3√81 (Use factoring.)
3
𝑥 = √81 𝒙 > −𝟑; 𝒙 > 𝟏
𝒙 ≈ 𝟒. 𝟑𝟑

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 Check:
Let x = -2 Let x = 0 I I I
𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3 > 0 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3 > 0 p = r = t =
rt pt pr
(−2)2 + 2(−2) − 3 > 0 02 + 0𝑥 − 3 > 0
4 + (-4) – 3 > 0 -3 > 0
-3 > 0 False
False Example 1: Find I
Let x = 2 Ian is investing Php 4,000 for 2 years. The
𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3 > 0
interest rate is 5.5%. How much interest will
(2)2 + 2(2) − 3 > 0
4+4–3>0 Ian earn after 2 years?
8-3>0
Given:
5>0
I = Prt I = (4,000) (0.055) (2)
True P = Php 4,000 I = Php 440
t = 2 years
r = 5.5% ≈ 0.055 F = P + 1 = 4,000 + 440
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
F = Php 4,440
Example 2: Find r
Lesson 5: Simple Interest Shiela got a Php 1,200 loan for 2 years. She
paid Php 90 in interest. What was the interest
• Simple Interest: Interest calculated on the rate?
principal portion of a loan or the original
contribution to a savings account. Simple Given:
I = Php 90 r=
90
interest does not compound. P = Php 1,200 (1200)(2)
t = 2 years r = 0.0375
Definition of Terms I r = 3.75%
r=
pt
• Interest (I): The payment for the use of
Example 3: Find P
borrowed money or the amount earned on
Mike made a 3-year investment. The interest
invested money.
rate was 4.5%. After 3 years, he earned Php
• Principal/Presented Value (P): The amount
675 in interest. How much was his original
borrowed or invested.
investment?
• Rate of Interest (r): A fractional part of the
principal that is paid on loan or investment. Given:
• Time (t): The number of years for which the I = Php 675 p =
675

money is borrowed or invested. r = 4.5% ≈ 0.045 (0.0045)(3)

t = 3 years p = Php 5,000

• Final Amount/Future Value/Maturity Value I
p =
(F): The sum of the principal and the interest rt

earned within the time. Example 4: Find t

Kim got a loan for Php 4,700 to buy a
secondhand phone. The interest rate was
• Simple Interest: 7.5%. She paid Php 1057.50 in interest. How
o 𝐼 = 𝑝𝑟𝑡 many years did it take her to pay off her
- I = Interest loan?
o F = 𝑝 + i
Given:
- F = Maturity Value or Future Value I = Php 1057.50 1057.50
t =
(4,700)(0.75)
P = Php 4,700
t = 3 years
r = 7.5% ≈ 0.075
I
t =
pr

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Example 5: Example 8:
How much interest is charged when Php Find the maturity value of a Php 720,000
50,000 is borrowed for 9 months at an annual investment from June 26, 2016 to January 10,
simple interest rate of 10%? 2018 at 8.5% simple exact interest

Given: Given: IE
I = Prt I = (50,000) (0.10) (0.75) P = Php 720,000 563
P = Php 50,000 I = Php 3,750 r = 8.5% ≈ 0.0825 = (720,000)(0.085) ( )
365
r = 10% ≈ 0.10 t = 563 days = 𝑷𝒉𝒑 94,398.90
9
t = = 0.75 F=P+I
12
= 720,000 + 94,398.90
Example 6: = Php 814, 398.90
How much is the maturity value if Php
100,000 is placed in an account earning
9.25% simple interest for 18 months? Lesson 6: Compound Interest

Given: • Compound Interest: The addition of interest

I = Prt I = (100,000) (0.0.025) to the principal sum of a loan or deposit. An
F=P+I (1.5)
interest calculated on the initial principal,
P = Php 100,000 I = Php 13,875
r = 9.25% ≈ 0.0925 which also includes all of the accumulate
18
t = = 1.5 F = 100,000 + 13,875 interest from previous periods on a deposit
12
F = 113, 875 or loan.
Example 7: Ordinary and Exact Interest 𝐹 = 𝑃(1 + 𝑟)t
How much interest will Willy earn if he Where:
deposits an amount of Php 37,500 at 3% P = Principal or present value
interest rate for 200 days and decided to F = Final amount/ maturity/ future value/
deposit it at: compound amount
days r = interest rate
a. Ordinary Interest? IO = Pr( )
360 t = time
days
b. Exact Interest? IE = Pr( ) Example 1:
365
Find the maturity value and the compound
Given:
interest if Php 10,000 is compounded
P = Php 37,500 a. IO =
r = 3% ≈ 0.03 200
(37,500)(0.03)( )
annually at an interest rate of 2% in 5 years.
360
t = 200 days
= 𝑷𝒉𝒑 𝟔𝟐𝟓 Given: F = 𝑃(1 + 𝑟)t
b. IE =
200
P = Php 10,000 F = 10,000(1 + 0.02)5
(37,500)(0.03) ( ) r = 2% ≈ 0.02 F = Php 11,040.81
365
= 𝑷𝒉𝒑 𝟔𝟏𝟔. 𝟒𝟒 t = 5 years
CP = F – P
CP = 11,040 – 10,000
CP= Php 1,040.81

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 R NT • General Annuity: Interest conversion or
𝐹 = 𝑃 (1 + )
N compounding period is unequal or not the
same as payment interval.
Where:
F = Maturity Value For Example:
P = Principal Amount
R = Interest Rate • Simple Annuity: Nono borrows money in a
N = Number of times in a year that bank and repays by making monthly
compound is applied payments of Php 2,000 at the end of each
T = Time month for a period of 20 years at an interest
Compounding Period: of 6% compounded monthly. How much
• Quarterly = 4 did Nono Borrow?
• Semi-annually = 2 o Monthly = Monthly
• Monthly = 12 • General Annuity: Find the present value of
Example 1: an annuity due of Php 2,000 payable at the
Find the compound amount of Php 2000 end of each year for 9 years if the money is
invested for 1 year at 5% compounded worth 5% compounded quarterly.
quarterly. o Yearly ≠ Quarterly

Given: 0.05 (4)(1)

Simple Annuity
P = Php 2,000 F = 2,000 (1 + )
4
r = 5% ≈ 0.05 F = Php 2,101.89 • Simple Ordinary Annuity: Annuity in which
t = 1 year the periodic payment is made at the end of
n = quarterly = 4 CP = F – P each payment interval.
CP = 11,040 – 10,000
CP= Php 1,040.81
• Simple Annuity Due: Annuity in which the
periodic payment is made at the beginning
of each payment interval.
Lesson 7: Annuity
Simple Ordinary Annuity
• Annuity: A series of equal payments at
(1 + i)N - 1
regular intervals. FV = P [ ]
• Common Uses of Annuities: i
o Life insurance 1 - (1 + i)-N
o Loans PV = P [ ]
i
o Death benefits
o Retirement plan Where:
o Pension payments FV = Future Value
o Educational Plan PV = Present Value
r = rate of interest
t = time
r
i=
n
N = tn
n = no. of times in a year that
compounding is applied

• Simple Annuity: Interest or compounding

period is equal or the same as the payment
interval.

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 Example 1: Future Value Example 2: Present Value
If you pay Php 500 at the end of each month Momo borrows money for the renovation of
for 40 years on account that pays interest at his house and repays by making yearly
10% compounded monthly, how much payments of Php 50,000 at the beginning of
money do you have after 40 years? every quarter for a period of 10 years at an
Given: (1 +
0.10 480
) -1 interest rate of 8% compounded quarterly.
P = Php 500 12
FV = 500 [
0.10
] How much did Momo borrow?
r = 10% ≈ 0.10
t = 40 years 12 Given: 1 - (1 + 0.02)-40
FV = Php 3, 162, 039.79 PV = 50,000 [ ∙ (1 + 0.02)]
n = monthly = 12 P = Php 50,000 0.02
r 0.10 r = 8% ≈ 0.08 PV = Php 1, 395, 129.44
i= =
n 12 t = 10 years
N = tn = (40) (12) = n = quarterly = 4
480 r 0.08
i= = = 0.02
n 4
N = tn = (10) (4) = 40
Example 2: Present Value
Nono borrows money in a bank and repays
by making monthly payments of Php 2,000 at General Annuity
the end of each month for a period of 20
• General Ordinary Annuity: Annuity in which
years at an interest of 6% compounded
periodic payment is made at the end of
monthly. How much did Nono Borrow?
0.06 -240
each payment interval
Given: 1 - (1 + )
P = Php 2000 12 • General Annuity Due: Annuity in which the
PV = P [ ]
r = 6% ≈ 0.06 0.06 periodic payment is made at the beginning
12
t = 20 years
PV = Php 271, 161.54 of each payment interval.
n = monthly = 12
r 0.06
i= =
n 12
General Ordinary Annuity
N = tn = (20) (12) =
240 (1 + 𝑖)N - 1
𝐹𝑉 = 𝑃 [ ]
(1 + i)b - 1
Simple Annuity Due
(1 + i)N - 1 1 - (1 + 𝑖)-N
FV = P [ ∙ (1 + i)] P𝑉 = 𝑃 [ ]
i (1 + i)b - 1

P
1 - (1 + i)-N b =
PV = P [ ∙ (1 + i)] c
i
Where:
Example 1: Future Value p = number of months in a payment
Denden’s parents saved for his college interval
education by investing Php 12,000 at the c = number of months in a compounding
beginning of each year in an education plan period
that earns 6% per year compounded
annually. What is the total amount of Compounding Period No. of months
investment at the end of 16 years? Monthly = 12 Monthly = 1
Quarterly = 4 Quarterly = 3
Given: (1 + 0.06)16 - 1 Semi-annually = 2 Semi-annually = 6
P = Php 12000 FV = P [ ∙ (1 + 0.06)]
0.06 Annually = 1 Annually = 12
r = 6% ≈ 0.06 FV = Php 326,554.56
t = 16 years
n = annually = 1
r 0.06
i= = = 0.06
n 1
N = tn = (16) (1) = 16

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 Example 1: Future Value Example 1: Future Value
Php 25,000 will be invested in an account at Php 60,000 will be invested in an account at
the end of each year at 4% compounded the beginning of each year at 3%
semi-annually. Find the total amount after 15 compounded semi-annually. Find the total
years. amount after 35 years.
Given: (1 + 𝑖)N - 1 r 0.03
P = Php 25,000 𝐹𝑉 = 𝑃 [ ] Given: i= = = 0.015
(1 + i)b - 1 P = Php 60,000 n 2
r = 4% ≈ 0.04 30 N = tn = (35) (2) = 70
t = 15 years (1 + 0.02) - 1 r = 3% ≈ 0.03 p 12
𝐹𝑉 = 𝑃 [ ] t = 35 years b= = =2
n = semi-annually = 2 (1 + 0.02)2 - 1 c 6
i= =
r 0.04
= 0.02 n = semi-annually = 2
n 2
N = tn = (15) (2) = 30 FV = Php 502,080.19
p 12
(1 - 0.015)70 - 1 0.015
b= = =2 FV = 60,000 [ ][ + 0.015]
c 6 0.015 (1 + 0.015)2 - 1
FV = Php 3, 753, 713.07

Example 2: Present Value

Find the present value of an annuity of Php Example 2: Present Value
2,000 at the end of each year for 9 years if Find the present value of an annuity of Php
the money is worth 5% compounded 7,000 payable at the beginning of each year
quarterly. for 15 years if the money is worth 4%
Given: 1 - (1 + 𝑖)-N compounded quarterly.
P = Php 2,000 P𝑉 = 𝑃 [ ]
(1 + i)b - 1 Given: 𝑟 0.04
r = 5% ≈ 0.05 i= = = 0.01
P𝑉 𝑛 4
t = 9 years P = Php 7,000
1 - (1 + 0.0125)-36 N = tn = (15) (4) = 60
n = quarterly = 4
= 2000 [ ] r = 4% ≈ 0.04 𝑝 12
i= =
r 0.05
= 0.0125 (1 + 0.0125)4 - 1 t = 15 years b= = =4
n 4 𝑐 3
N = tn = (9) (4) = 36 PV = Php 14, 155.99 n = quarterly = 4
p 12
b= = =4
c 3
1 - (1 - 0.01)-60 0.01
PV = 7000 [ ][ + 0.01]
0.01 (1 + 0.01)4 - 1
PV = Php 80, 647.88
General Annuity Due
(1 - i)N - 1 i
FV = P [ ][ + i]  Just determine which formula to use
i (1 + i)b - 1 tas ifollow niyo :)
1 - (1 - i)-N i
PV = P [ ][ + i]
i (1 + i)b - 1
P
b =
c
Where:
p = number of months in a payment
interval
c = number of months in a compounding
period

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