Long Span Structures

LONG SPAN
STRUCTURES
CHATURYA
GEETHA
DO WE NEED
LONG SPAN
STRUCTURE?
LONG SPANS IN ARCHITECTURE
▪ Architects sometimes feel restricted when
designing spaces with long-span structures.
▪ Generally, the maximum span for beams in
building construction depends on the
beams’ material compositions along with
their vertical and horizontal thicknesses.
▪ Generally, the longer the depth of the
beam, the higher possibility to have a
longer span.
▪ This consequently makes many architects
feel restricted in their designs and unable
to let out their creativity. Yet, Architectural
Structures Shape The Buildings’ Elegance
and Aesthetics when given time and effort.
INTRODUCTION TO LONG SPAN STRUCTURES
• The start date of using long-span
structures is the nineteen century.
• Which generated the need for long span
enclosures at a time when the
technology of cast iron structures was
sufficiently advanced to be able to
provide them.
• Progress from cast iron to wrought iron,
then steel in quick succession provided
the means to build longer and larger
structures. Long-span buildings create
unobstructed, column-free spaces
greater than 30 metres (100 feet) for a
variety of functions.
AT PRESENT USE OF LARGE SPAN STRUCTURES
• Long span structures are today widely applied mainly
for sport buildings as stadia, sport halls, swimming
pools, ice tracks and skating rinks and indoor
athletics.
• There is a wide range of different structural systems
for long span sheds. Steel is by far the most common
structural material used in their construction.
• There has been an increasing demand for longer
column free spaces to provide maximum flexibility of
the interior space.
• The structure can be clad in a variety of ways, with
profiled steel sheeting a common choice. The design
of large sheds provides a wealth of opportunities for
the designer to explore technology. Large flexible
spaces can be provided to suit a wide range of uses.
THINK…..
WHERE CAN WE
USE LONG SPAN
STRUCTURES???
WHAT IS A LONG SPAN
• What we consider long span structures are
structures with spans larger than 20 TO
30meters.
• The most common types of long-span
structures are trusses, folded plates, shell
structures, frames, and tent structures or
tensile structures.
• Also, another alternative for large-span
structures is the diagrid systems commonly
used in high-rise buildings.
• Here, we showcase 3 projects with long-span
structures where architects did not sacrifice
their clear and spacious halls.
LET’S SEE AN EXAMPLE
https://www.youtube.com/watch
?v=JpN6GAouo2Q
LONG SPAN STRUCTURE
• Structure with span larger than 20-30meters are regarded to as LONG SPAN STRUCTURES.
• For such structures span is unable to be achieved with ordinary RCC construction.
• Generally long spans result in flexible, column-free internal spaces, reduces substructure
costs and time to erect the structure.
COMMON STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS FOR LONG SPAN

STRUCTURE
1. LONG SPAN BEAMS
2. LONG SPAN TRUSSES
3. LONG SPAN ROOF STRUCTURES
▪ TENSILE STRUCTURES
▪ FOLDED PLATES
▪ SHELL STRUCTURES
▪ PORTAL FRAMES
LONG SPAN BEAMS
1. LONG SPAN BEAMS: IF A BEAM IS GREATER THAN 30M IN SPAN
▪ The use of long span beams results in a range of
benefits, including flexible, column-free internal
spaces, reduced foundation costs, and reduced
steel erection times.
▪ Many long span solutions are also well adapted to
facilitate the integration of services without
increasing the overall floor depth.
▪ The design of long span steel and composite
beams is generally carried out in accordance with
the IS
TYPES OF LONG SPAN BEAMS:

▪ Parallel beam approach
▪ Composite beams with web opening
▪ Cellular composite beams
▪ Tapered girders
▪ Haunched composite beams
PARALLEL BEAM APPROACH
• The parallel beam approach is effective
for spans up to around 20m. Floor grids
comprise two layers of fully continuous
beams running in orthogonal
directions.
• Services running in either directions
can be integrated within these two
layers, so that services passing in any
direction can be accommodated within
the structural floor depth.
• A further benefit is that being fully
continuous, the depth of the beam
themselves is reduced without
incurring the expense and complexity
of rigid, full strength connections.
COMPOSITE BEAMS WITH WEB OPENINGS
▪ Web openings are typically formed
in beams to allow services to pass
through the beam, reducing the
effective overall depth of floor
construction for a given spanning
capability or for aesthetic reasons
Span:10 to 16m.
▪ The alternative way of forming the
web openings is simply to cut
them into the plate used to form
the web of a rolled section.
▪ The openings introduce a number
of potential failure modes not
found in solid web beams. Large
openings may require stiffening to
avoid instability(buckling) of the
web posts.
COMPOSITE BEAMS WITH WEB OPENINGS
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
CELLULAR COMPOSITE BEAMS
▪ Cellular beams are a form of beam with multiple regular web openings, formed by splitting two rolled sections
longitudinally, to form two tee sections.
▪ The two tees, which may not come from the same donor section are then welded together to form an I-
section with web opening which have a characteristic shape( normally, but not necessarily, circular)
▪ Clearly one of the prices to pay for the spanning ability is that fabrication cost is higher than for a plain beam.
TAPERED GIRDERS
• Tapered girders can be a cost effective solution in the
span range 15m to 25m.They are another solution that
allows services to be accommodated within the
structural floor zone.
• The depth of the girder increases towards mid-span,
where applied moments are greatest, and there by
facilitating hanging services under the shallower
regions near the beam supports.It is also possible to
form web openings in tapered girders in region of low
shear, towards mid span. These provide more options
for service integration.
TAPERED GIRDERS
HAUNCHED COMPOSITE BEAMS
• Haunches may be added at the ends of a composite
beam to provide moment continuity. The stiffness
and strength of the connections mean that the rest
of the span can be shallower (the bending moment
diagram is lifted and the effective stiffness of the
beam substantially increased), and services passed
under it.
• In buildings where the services are likely to need
frequent replacement (for example in hospitals),
hanging the services under the beams rather than
passing them through holes in the webs, or through
a truss, can be advantageous. Span in excess of 20-
30m can readily be achieved.
LONG SPAN TRUSS
WHAT IS LONG SAPN TRUSS
GENERAL GEOMETRY:
For Efficiency structural performance, the ratio of span to truss depth should be chosen in the range 10 to 15.
The architectural design of the building determines its external geometry and governs the slope given to the
top of chord of the truss. The intended use of the internal space can lead either to the choice of a horizontal
bottom chord, the following are advisable:
➢The inclination of the diagonal

members in relation to the chords
should be between 35 and 55
degrees.
➢Point loads should only be

applied at nodes
➢The orientation of the diagonal

members should be such that the
longest members are subject to
tension (the shorter ones being
subjected to compression)
TYPES OF TRUSS MEMBER SECTIONS
• Many solutions are available. Choice
of members depends on the
magnitude of the internal forces, ease
of connections between members,
aesthetics and any necessity to
connect prefabricated truss sections
on site. When selecting members, the
out of plane buckling resistance will
be important, together under
reversed loading, for example uplift.
• For large trusses and heavy loads,
typically found in transfer trusses in
buildings, members may be rolled
sections. Nodes are usually welded.
Any necessary connections are
completed with bolted splices within
the length between nodes.
TRUSS CONNECTIONS
• For all the types of member sections, it is possible to design either bolted or welded connections. Generally in steel work
construction, bolted site splices are preferred to welded splices for economy and speed erection. Where bolted
connections are used, it is necessary to evaluate the consequences of slack in connections. In order to reduce these
consequences (typically, the increase of the deflection), solutions are available such as use of preloaded bolts.
• Hollow sections are typically connected by welding whilst open sections are connected by bolting or welding, which will
usually involve the use of gusset plate
LONG SPAN TRUSSES
A truss is essentially a triangulated systems of straight interconnected structural elements.
The most common us of trusses in buildings, where support to roofs, the floor and internal
loading such as services and suspended ceilings, are readily provided. The main reason for
using trusses are:
• Long span
• Light weight
• Reduced deflection (compared to plain members)
• Opportunity to support considerable loads.
TYPES OF LONG SPAN TRUSSES:
▪ Pratt truss
▪ Warren truss
▪ North light truss
▪ Saw tooth truss
PRATT TRUSS
• Pratt trusses are commonly used in long span buildings ranging from 20 to 75m in span. In a
conventional Pratt truss, diagonal members are in tension for gravity loads.
• This type of truss is used where gravity loads are predominant.
• An alternative pratt truss is shown where the diagonal members are in tension for uplift
loads. This type of truss is used where uplift loads are predominant, which may be the case
in open buildings such as aircraft hangers.
It is possible to add secondary members to:
• Create intermediate support points for applied loads
• Limit the buckling length of members in compression.
WARREN TRUSS
• In this type of truss, diagonal members are alternatively in tension and in
compression. The warren truss has equal length compression and tension web
members, and fewer members than a pratt truss. A modified warren truss may
be adopted where additional members are introduced to provide a node at
(for example) purlin locations.
• Warren trusses are commonly used in long span buildings ranging from 20 to
100m in span.
• This type of truss is also used for the horizontal truss of gantry/ crane girders.
NORTH LIGHT TRUSSES/ saw and tooth truss
• North light trusses are traditionally used for short spans in industrial
workshop-type buildings. They allow maximum benefit to be gained from
natural lighting by the use of glazing on the steeper pitch which generally faces
north or north east to reduce solar gain.
• On the steeper sloping portion of the truss, it is typical to have a truss running
perpendicular to the plane of the north light truss, to provide large column
free spaces.
FINK TRUSS
• The fink truss offers economy in terms of steel weight for short span high
pitched roofs as the members are subdivided into shorter elements. There are
many ways of arranging and subdividing the chords and internal members.
• This type of truss is commonly used to construct roofs in houses

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What are some common types of long span structures?

What are the advantages of using long span structures?

LONG SPAN

COMMON STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS FOR LONG SPAN

TYPES OF LONG SPAN BEAMS:

➢The inclination of the diagonal

➢Point loads should only be

➢The orientation of the diagonal

TYPES OF LONG SPAN TRUSSES:

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