Answers: Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 (INT) Q4 (UK) Q5
Answers: Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 (INT) Q4 (UK) Q5
Answers: Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 (INT) Q4 (UK) Q5
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KAPLAN P UBLI S H I N G 15
ACCA SBR I N T AN D UK : S TRA TE GI C BUSINE SS RE POR TIN G
1 BREAD
Key answer tips
Question 1 will always require discussion. The SBR examining team have stated that
students will not pass this question if they solely focus on numbers and calculations. If you
have struggled to put your answer into words then read the model answer thoroughly.
Adjustments do not need to be provided in journal format. You can talk about ‘increases’ or
‘decreases’ if you prefer.
Goodwill does not generate independent cash flows and so must be tested for
impairment as part of a cash‐generating unit. The cash generating unit is
impaired if the carrying amount of its assets exceed the recoverable amount.
(1 mark)
The goodwill arising on the acquisition of Butter was calculated using the
proportionate method. In order to be comparable with the recoverable
amount, it must be grossed up to include the NCI’s share of the goodwill.
(1 mark)
The calculation of the impairment loss is as follows:
$m $m
Goodwill 144
Notional NCI ($144m × 20/80) 36
–––––
Total notional goodwill 180
Net assets at reporting date 1,192
–––––
Total carrying amount of assets 1,372
Recoverable amount (1,328)
––––––
Impairment 44
––––––
(2 marks if correct, 1 mark if principles correct but some errors)
Impairments of cash generating units are allocated initially to goodwill.(1 mark)
Only 80% of the total notional goodwill was recognised in the consolidated
financial statements, so only 80% of the impairment is recognised. This
amounts to $35.2 million ($44m × 80%). (1 mark)
Goodwill is reduced by $35.2 million to $108.8 million ($144m – $35.2m) and
this impairment expense is charged to the statement of profit or loss. The
expense is wholly attributable to Bread’s equity owners. (1 mark)
(Part (a) (i): 9 marks max)
(ii) Pudding
According to IFRS 10 Consolidated Financial Statements, an investor controls
an investee if the investor has:
Power over the investee
Exposure, or rights, to variable returns from its involvement with the
investee
The ability to use its power over the investee to affect the amount of the
investor’s returns (1 mark)
When assessing control, an investor considers its potential voting rights, such
as those arising from convertible instruments or options. (1 mark)
Potential voting rights are considered only if the rights are substantive. This
would mean that the rights need to be currently exercisable. (1 mark)
Other factors that should be considered in determining whether potential
voting rights are substantive include:
Whether the exercise price would prevent (or deter) the holder from
exercising its rights
Whether the party that holds the rights would benefit from exercising
them (1 mark each)
A 60% holding would normally suggest that the investor has power over the
investee and that they can use that power to affect their returns (such as
dividends). (1 mark)
However, Raisin holds options that are currently exercisable and which could
increase its holding to 70%. If considered substantive, this would mean that
Raisin has control over Pudding. (1 mark)
Raisin’s options are deeply out of the money (i.e. the exercise price is
significantly higher than the fair value of the shares). Hence the exercise price
creates a financial barrier that would prevent Raisin from exercising the
options. (1 mark)
This means that the potential voting rights are not substantive and should not
be considered when assessing control. Therefore Raisin does not control
Pudding. (1 mark)
Based on the above information, Bread controls Pudding. The directors are
therefore correct in treating Pudding as a subsidiary in the consolidated
financial statements. (1 mark)
(Part (a) (ii): 7 marks max)
(iii) Manufacturing facility
IFRS 11 Joint Arrangements defines a joint arrangement as one which is subject
to joint control. (1 mark)
The manufacturing facility is under joint control because key decisions require
unanimous consent from the group of investors. (1 mark)
The joint arrangement should be classified as a joint operation because the
venturers have rights to the assets, and obligations for the liabilities, of the
facility. (1 mark)
Each investor should recognise its share of the assets, liabilities, income and
expenses of the facility. (1 mark)
Bread should record one quarter of the facility’s revenue, which amounts to
$14.3 million ($57m × 25%), and one quarter of the facility’s operating
expenses, which amount to $9 million ($36m × 25%). (1 mark)
Bread should recognise a receivable for $14.3 million and a payable for $9
million. (1 mark)
Bread has correctly included its $50m share of the facility within property,
plant and equipment. (1 mark)
However the asset should have been depreciated from 31 March 20X7
because the facility was ready for use on this date. The depreciation
adjustment required is $1.9m ($50m/20 × 9/12). This should be recorded in
operating expenses, and it will reduce the carrying amount of the PPE to
$48.1 million ($50m – $1.9m). (1 mark)
The adjustment required is as follows:
Dr Receivables $14.3m
Dr Operating expenses ($9m + $1.9m) $10.9m
Cr Property, plant and equipment $1.9m
Cr Revenue $14.3m
Cr Payables $9.0m (1 mark)
(Part (a) (iii): 7 marks max)
(b) Airline tickets
According to IFRS 15 Revenue from Contracts with Customers an entity is a principal if
it controls the good or service before it is transferred to the customer. (1 mark)
Control of an asset refers to the ability to direct the use an asset and to obtain
substantially all of its remaining benefits. (1 mark)
Control also refers to the ability to prevent others from being able to benefit from an
asset. (1 mark)
The good being sold is the right to a seat on an airplane. (1 mark)
Bread does not fulfil this promise. Rather the airline is responsible for providing a
seat on an airplane. This may suggest that Bread acts on behalf of the airline and so is
an agent. (1 mark)
However, despite the above, it would appear that Bread controls the good before the
sale because:
Bread can hold the ticket, rather than sell it, preventing others from
benefitting from it
Bread can obtain benefits by choosing to sell the ticket to a customer and
receiving consideration in return
Bread can use the ticket itself and benefit from being able to travel from one
country to another. (1 mark each)
With regards to the airline tickets, Bread has risk because it commits itself to
purchase a ticket before it has entered into a contract to a customer. This provides
further evidence that Bread controls the good before it is transferred. (1 mark)
Bread has discretion in setting the price that the customer pays. This suggests that
Bread controls the good because it has the ability to obtain substantially all of its
remaining benefits. (1 mark)
Based on the above, Bread is the principal. (1 mark)
(Part (b): 7 marks max)
Marking scheme
Marks
(a) (i) Goodwill impairment 9
(ii) Control 7
(ii) Joint operation 7
(b) Principal or agent 7
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Total 30
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2 LEON
Key answer tips
Discuss each of the financial reporting issues in turn. Use subheadings to structure your
answer.
Make sure that your answer to the ethics requirement is specific to Leon. Generic
discussions of ethics will score poorly. Make specific reference to the scenario, Leon’s
finance director, and the errors in Leon’s financial statements.
(a) Share option scheme
According to IFRS 2 Share‐based Payment, the share option scheme is an equity‐
settled share‐based payment because Leon is transferring share options in exchange
for employee service. (1 mark)
The expense should be measured using the fair value of each option at the grant date
($8) and calculated based on the best estimate of the number of options expected to
vest. The expense should be spread to profit or loss over the three year vesting
period, with a corresponding adjustment made to equity. (1 mark)
By the end of December 20X6, the expense and equity component that should have
been recognised was:
(10,000 – 980 – 1,700) × 200 × $8 × 1/3 = $3.9 million. (1 mark)
The fact that no entries were made in 20X6 constitutes a prior period error, in
accordance with IAS 8 Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates, and
Errors. (1 mark)
In the current year financial statements, the comparatives for the year ended
31 December 20X6 should be amended. Expenses should be increased by $3.9 million
and equity reduced by the same amount. As such, the opening balance on retained
earnings in the current year will decrease by £3.9 million. (1 mark)
By the end of December 20X7, the equity component that should have been
recognised was:
(10,000 – 980 – 950 – 920) × 200 × $8 × 2/3 = $7.6 million. (1 mark)
The expense that should be recognised in the current period is therefore $3.7 million
($7.6m – $3.9m). (1 mark)
(Share option scheme: 5 max)
Investment property
IAS 36 Impairment of Assets defines value in use as the present value of the cash
inflows and outflows expected from the continuing use of the asset. This includes its
eventual disposal. (1 mark)
The cash flow projections made by the finance director incorrectly includes cash
outflows on improvements to the building and the resulting increased cash inflows.
(1 mark)
Cash flow projections should instead be based on the asset’s current condition.
(1 mark)
KA PLAN PUBLISHING 21
ACCA SBR I N T AN D UK : S TRA TE GI C BUSINE SS RE POR TIN G
The director should not be forecasting specific cash flows after year five. He should
instead have extrapolated these using a steady, zero, or declining growth rate.
(1 mark)
The discount rate used should reflect current market assessments of the time value
of money and the risks specific to the asset for which the cash flow projections have
not been adjusted.The finance director has incorrectly used the risk free interest rate.
(1 mark)
Discounting cash flows at a lower interest rate will result in a higher figure for value
in use. This will reduce the likelihood of an impairment being recorded, potentially
over‐stating assets and profits. (1 mark)
The discount rate should instead represent the return that investors would expect if
they were to invest in a property which is similar to Leon’s. (1 mark)
(Investment property: 6 marks max)
Ethics
Leon’s financial statements are relied on by a range of user groups to inform
economic decisions. These users trust the directors to produce financial statements
that faithfully represent the entity’s performance and position. (1 mark)
It is vital that accountants prioritise the needs of financial statement users. As such,
they should adhere to the ACCA’s Code of Ethics and Conduct. (1 mark)
Leon’s error with regards to the share‐based payment has overstated profits in the
current and the prior year. The error with regards to the impairment review has
potentially overstated profits and assets. (1 mark)
It would seem that some of these misstatements result from the finance director’s
lack of technical knowledge. This is a breach of the ethical principle of professional
competence and due care. (1 mark)
The finance director has also made false declarations about CPD to ACCA. This
demonstrates a lack of integrity and professional behaviour. (1 mark)
The finance director should contact ACCA to inform them that his latest declaration is
incorrect. (1 mark)
He should immediately address his knowledge deficiency by enrolling on relevant
training courses. (1 mark)
The directors must fill the financial controller vacancy as soon as possible. It may be
that a higher remuneration package is required in order to attract candidates.
(1 mark)
Finally, the finance director has purposefully used the risk‐free rate to reduce the
chance of recording impairment. This will potentially overstate profits and increase
the likelihood of receiving a bonus. (1 mark)
This demonstrates a lack of objectivity. The finance director has prioritised his own
financial interests above the interests of Leon’s stakeholders. (1 mark)
(Ethics: 7 marks max)
(+ 2 professional marks if answer relates specifically to Leon)
Marking scheme
Marks
(a) (i) Share‐based payment 5
(ii) Impairment 6
(b) Ethics 7
Professional marks 2
–––
Total 20
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3 SPAMGATE
Key answer tips
This question tests financial instruments, which students generally dislike. Do not ignore
this topic – it is core and might be worth a lot of marks.
Part (b) (i) examines the Conceptual Framework. This is an important topic in SBR, that will
be examined regularly. Revisit Chapter 1 in the Study Text if needed. Remember that a
good knowledge of the principles of the Conceptual Framework will help you throughout
your SBR exam, because these principles underpin the examinable IFRS and IAS Standards.
Part (b) (iii) is concerned with materiality, a key current issue. Current issues will feature in
every SBR exam.
(a) Business models and measurement categories
The measurement of financial instruments is largely dependent on the business
model of the entity. (1 mark)
Financial assets are held at amortised cost where the entity has a business model
whose objective is to hold assets to collect contractual cash flows. (1 mark)
Having some sales activity is not necessarily inconsistent with this business model.
For example, sales which are infrequent or insignificant in value or have been made
as a result of an increase in credit risk may still be consistent with this business
model. (1 mark)
Although Spamgate will sell the preference shares as soon as it is feasible, it does not
intend to change its business model with regards to financial assets. Therefore the
preference shares should be measured at amortised cost rather than at fair value
through other comprehensive income. (1 mark)
Derecognition of Bosey loan
IFRS 9 Financial Instruments states that a financial asset should be derecognised if
the contractual rights to cash flows expire. (1 mark)
Spamgate has no rights to any further receipts from Bosey and so the financial asset
was correctly written off. (1 mark)
Initial recognition of preference shares and fair value
The initial carrying amount of the preference shares was incorrectly recorded.
(1 mark)
IFRS 9 says that financial assets should be initially recognised at fair value (plus
transaction costs, unless measured at fair value through profit or loss). (1 mark)
Fair value is defined in IFRS 13 Fair Value Measurement as the price received when
selling an asset in an orderly transaction between market participants. (1 mark)
Where possible, entities should use level 1 inputs when measuring fair value. A level
1 input is a quoted price for an identical asset in an active market. (1 mark)
The preference shares are listed and so Spamgate should initially measure the
preference shares using the quoted price on the date they were received. (1 mark)
Profit or loss on disposal
The difference between the carrying amount of the loans derecognised and the fair
value of the preference shares gives rise to a profit or loss on disposal. This should be
presented in the statement of profit or loss. (1 mark)
Impairment
A loss allowance should be calculated in respect of financial assets measured at
amortised cost or fair value through other comprehensive income (unless the asset is
an investment in equity). This does not appear to have been done. (1 mark)
The preference shares have a low credit risk at the reporting date, suggesting there
has not been a significant increase in credit risk since they were acquired. The loss
allowance should be equal to 12‐month expected credit losses. (1 mark)
The loss allowance reduces the net carrying amount of the financial asset on the
statement of financial position. Increases (or decreases) in the loss allowance are
charged (or credited) to the statement of profit or loss. (1 mark)
(Part (a): 8 marks max)
(b) (i) Conceptual Framework and financial asset measurement
The aim of financial reporting is to provide useful financial information that will
help users to make decisions about whether to advance economic resources to
the reporting entity. (1 mark)
In order to make these decisions, investors need information that will help
them to assess an entity’s net future cash inflows. (1 mark)
Comparability is one of the enhancing qualitative characteristics of useful
financial information and should be maximised where possible. (1 mark)
This is because comparability enables users to compare one entity over time
and to compare one entity with another entity. Comparability therefore helps
investors to assess whether an entity’s future net cash inflows are likely to
increase or decrease, and whether other entities are likely to provide better
investment returns. (1 mark)
Comparability is important but the fundamental qualitative characteristics of
useful financial information are relevance and faithful representation.
(1 mark)
Information has relevance if it has predictive or confirmatory value.
Information that assists users when predicting an entity’s future cash flows is
therefore relevant. (1 mark)
The reporting requirements of IFRS 9 Financial Instruments provide relevant
information because measurement bases are determined by the manner in
which financial assets generate cash flows for the reporting entity i.e. the
entity’s business model. (1 mark)
Entities that realise cash flows from financial assets through sales transactions
measure financial assets at fair value. This information allows users to predict
the future cash flows that the asset will generate upon its eventual disposal.
(1 mark)
If an entity holds financial assets to collect contractual cash flows, then fair
value measurement would be inappropriate because the asset will most likely
not be sold. (1 mark)
In fact, the finance director’s assertion that IFRS 9 reduces comparability is not
valid because entities with the same business model will classify and measure
financial assets in the same way. Entities with the same business model are
therefore easily comparable. (1 mark)
Moreover, an entity can only change the measurement category used for its
financial assets if it changes its business model for managing them. As such,
year‐on‐year comparability is preserved. (1 mark)
(Part (b) (i): 7 marks max)
(ii) Impact of error
In accordance with IAS 32 Financial Instruments: Presentation the bond should
have been split into an equity component and a liability component. (1 mark)
The error means that equity is overstated and liabilities are understated.
(1 mark)
This will make Spamgate’s gearing ratio appear stronger. The financial position
of the company will therefore look less risky to investors. (1 mark)
After initial recognition, financial liabilities are normally measured at amortised
cost. Interest, charged at the effective rate, is recorded in profit or loss.
(1 mark)
As such, Spamgate’s finance costs over the duration of the bond will be
understated, meaning that profit is overstated. (1 mark)
(Part (b) (ii): 4 marks max)
(iii) Materiality
An item is material if its omission or misstatement would influence the
economic decisions of users of the financial statements. (1 mark)
An item can be material for quantitative reasons (e.g. because the transaction
comprises a high percentage of profit) or for qualitative reasons (e.g. because
the transaction is a breach of laws and regulations). (1 mark)
IAS 1 Presentation of Financial Statements states that the application of IFRS
Standards will result in financial statements that achieve a fair presentation.
(1 mark)
That said, IAS 8 Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates, and
Errors states that an entity need not apply an accounting policy if the effect of
application is immaterial. (1 mark)
No information is provided about the monetary amount of the error, or about
the profits and assets of Spamgate. As such, it is not possible to determine
whether the error is material from a quantitative perspective. (1 mark)
However, the IFRS Practice Statement: Making Materiality Judgements states
the need to consider the motivations of management when they have
intentionally departed from the requirements of an IFRS Standard. (1 mark)
Some departures may be to reduce the time and cost burden of producing
financial statements – e.g. writing off capital expenditure below $1,000 to
profit or loss. (1 mark)
If an error has been made in order to achieve a particular presentation in the
financial statements then it is material because management are attempting to
influence the economic decisions of the users of its financial statements.
(1 mark)
This means that the error must be corrected before the financial statements
are authorised for issue, regardless of the time or cost involved. (1 mark)
(Part (b) (iii): 6 marks max)
Marking scheme
Marks
(a) Financial instruments – 1 mark per point 8
(b) (i) Conceptual Framework – 1 mark per point 7
(ii) Impact of error – 1 mark per point 4
(ii) Materiality – 1 mark per point 6
–––
Total 25
–––
4 LOCO (INT VERSION)
Key answer tips
Part (a) requires strong application skills. Don’t rush into your answer – have a think about
which accounting standards apply.
Analysis and interpretation is a core topic in SBR that will feature in every exam. Two
professional marks are awarded for this question.
(a) Payment made
IAS 38 Intangible Assets provides guidance on internally generated intangible assets.
These are recognised only if, amongst other criteria, the technical feasibility of a
development project can be demonstrated. (1 mark)
Initially, Loco should record the payment to CUT as a prepayment. (1 mark)
As the research services are performed by CUT, Loco must determine if the criteria
for the capitalisation of an intangible asset have been met. (1 mark)
The services being performed by CUT appear to be of a research nature and not
development work. (1 mark)
This is because CUT has been contracted to aid and support the development of
knowledge in the field of tropical disease and to provide advice on the early
development of research proposals and design. (1 mark)
Therefore, Loco should expense the related costs as services are rendered.
(1 mark)
Payment received
According to IFRS 15 Revenue from Contracts with Customers revenue should be
recognised when or as a performance obligation is satisfied. (1 mark)
The upfront fee represents advanced payment for future services that will not
commence for at least four months (as that is the date when the contract with CUT
commences). (1 mark)
This fee should be recognised as revenue only when those future services are
provided. (1 mark)
As such, the payment received should be recorded as a contract liability. (1 mark)
(Part (a): 6 marks max)
Mixed measurement models
Lots of IFRS and IAS Standards require assets to be measured at cost – such as
IAS 2 Inventories. (1 mark)
Other accounting standards permit an entity to choose between a cost model
and a fair value model – such as IAS 16 Property, Plant and Equipment. (1 mark)
In times of rising prices, an asset measured under a cost model will be held at a
much lower carrying amount than if it was measured at fair value. (1 mark)
The fact that financial reporting adopts a mixed measurement approach –
some items measured at fair value, some are measured using cost‐based
approaches – means that financial statement subtotals (such as total assets)
actually have relatively little meaning. (1 mark)
Integrated reporting
Some entities now produce integrated reports, which explain how value is
created in the short, medium and long‐term. Value in an integrated report is
conceptualised widely, rather than in purely financial terms. Integrated reports
may help to bridge the gap between an entity’s reported net assets and its
market capitalisation. (1 mark for any mention of integrated reporting)
(Part (b) (iii): 6 marks max)
(+ 2 professional marks if all sections in part (b) attempted and if arguments
are clear and well‐structured)
Marking scheme
Marks
(a) Payment and receipt – 1 mark per point 6
(b) (i) Lease – 1 mark per point 4
(ii) Accounting treatment of lease – 1 mark per point 7
(iii) Investor query – 1 mark per point 6
Professional marks 2
–––
Total 25
–––
4 LOCO (UK VERSION)
Key answer tips
Part (a) requires strong application skills. Don’t rush into your answer – have a think about
which accounting standards apply.
If you are sitting the UK paper, then UK content will always be tested in section B. You must
read Chapter 24 of the Study Text and learn it off by heart.
(a) Payment made
IAS 38 Intangible Assets provides guidance on internally generated intangible assets.
These are recognised only if, amongst other criteria, the technical feasibility of a
development project can be demonstrated. (1 mark)
Initially, Loco should record the payment to CUT as a prepayment. (1 mark)
As the research services are performed by CUT, Loco must determine if the criteria
for the capitalisation of an intangible asset have been met. (1 mark)
The services being performed by CUT appear to be of a research nature and not
development work. (1 mark)
This is because CUT has been contracted to aid and support the development of
knowledge in the field of tropical disease and to provide advice on the early
development of research proposals and design. (1 mark)
Therefore, Loco should expense the related costs as services are rendered. (1 mark)
Payment received
According to IFRS 15 Revenue from Contracts with Customers revenue should be
recognised when or as a performance obligation is satisfied. (1 mark)
The upfront fee represents advanced payment for future services that will not
commence for at least four months (as that is the date when the contract with CUT
commences). (1 mark)
This fee should be recognised as revenue only when those future services are
provided. (1 mark)
As such, the payment received should be recorded as a contract liability. (1 mark)
(Part (a): 6 marks max)
(ii) Recognition criteria
Liability
FRS 102 defines a liability as a present obligation that results from a past event
and from which an outflow of economic benefits is expected to occur. (1 mark)
FRS 102 states that an element is recognised if it is likely that benefits will flow
to or from the reporting entity, and its cost or fair value can be measured
reliably. (1 mark)
The lease contract signed by Loco is legally binding. Once the asset is provided
by Sorrento, Loco has an obligation to transfer economic resources – annual
payments of $0.5 million. (1 mark)
The liability can be measured reliably because the payment terms are specified
in the contract. (1 mark)
In accordance with FRS 102 no liability is recognised in relation to Loco’s lease.
This appears to be inconsistent with the recognition criteria in FRS 102.
(1 mark)
Asset
FRS 102 defines an asset as an economic resource that results from a past
event from which future economic benefits are expected to flow to the entity.
(1 mark)
FRS 102 states that an element is recognised if it is likely that benefits will flow
to or from the reporting entity, and its cost or fair value can be measured
reliably. (1 mark if not already mentioned)
Signing the lease agreement allows Loco to control the use of the machine for
five years. Loco can use the machine to generate economic benefits. (1 mark)
The cost of the asset to Loco can be measured because the lease contract
specifies the payment terms. (1 mark)
In accordance with FRS 102 no asset is recognised in relation to Loco’s lease.
This appears to be inconsistent with the recognition criteria in FRS 102.
(1 mark)
(Part (b) (ii): 6 marks max)
(+ 2 professional marks if all sections in part (b) attempted and if discussions
are clear and well‐structured)
Marking scheme
Marks
(a) Payment and receipt – 1 mark per point 6
(b) (i) Lease accounting – 1 mark per point 11
(ii) Leases and recognition criteria – 1 mark per point 6
Professional marks 2
–––
Total 25
–––
5 GORILLA
Key answer tips
This question is included in the QBD to provide further exposure to core accounting
standards.
As ever, keep a close eye on the clock. It would be easy to over‐run on this question.
(a) Functional currency
IAS 21 The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates states that functional
currency is the currency of the primary economic environment in which the entity
operates. (1 mark)
An entity’s management should consider the following factors (primary indicators) in
determining its functional currency:
the currency which mainly influences sales prices for goods and services
the currency of the country whose competitive forces and regulations mainly
determine the sales prices of goods and services; and
the currency which mainly influences labour, material and other costs of
providing goods and services. (2 marks for full discussion, 1 mark if partial)
Further factors (secondary indicators), which may also provide evidence of an entity’s
functional currency, are the currency in which funds from financing activities are
generated and in which receipts from operating activities are retained. (1 mark)
Other factors when determining the functional currency of a foreign operation
include the autonomy of a foreign operation from the reporting entity, the level of
transactions between the entities, whether the foreign operation generates sufficient
cash flows to meet its debt obligations, and whether its cash flows directly affect
those of the reporting entity. (1 mark)
(Knowledge: 3 marks max)
The costs of the products from Gorilla are influenced by the dollar. Also all selling
price changes have to be approved by Gorilla. (1 mark)
However, the euro is the currency in which Minor’s sales prices are set, denominated
and settled. Minor’s sales prices are also affected by the local legal and business
conditions in Portugal and all other costs of providing goods are in euros. Movements
in the exchange rate between the euro and the dollar influence those selling prices.
(1 mark)
The above indicators are not conclusive so the secondary factors should be
considered. (1 mark)
Funds from financing activities are generated primarily in dollars, suggesting that the
dollar may be the functional currency. (1 mark)
Minor is not autonomous. Transactions with the parent are a high proportion of the
subsidiary’s activities as Gorilla is the subsidiary’s only supplier. Cash flows from the
activities of Minor directly affect the cash flows of Gorilla and are readily available for
remittance to it. (1 mark)
Thus it appears that Minor has the same functional currency as Gorilla – the dollar.
(1 mark)
(Part (a): 7 marks max)
(b) Deferred tax
IAS 12 Income Taxes allows a deferred tax asset to be recognised on unused tax
losses if it is probable that future taxable profits will be available against which the
losses can be utilised. (1 mark)
Entities should consider a number of factors when making this assessment:
whether the losses will expire before taxable profits become available
whether the cause of the loss is likely to recur
whether tax planning opportunities are available. (1 mark each)
When calculating deferred tax, an entity should apply the rate that is expected to
apply when the balance is realised. (1 mark)
(Knowledge: 2 marks max)
Gorilla’s loss has arisen from operating activities, rather than one‐off events, so
caution should be exercised when determining whether to recognise a deferred tax
asset. This is because an entity’s operating activities are recurring suggesting that,
without internal change or market change, further losses may be made. (1 mark)
However, it would seem that the market situation has improved meaning that the
losses are unlikely to recur and that taxable profits will be made in future periods.
(1 mark)
The deferred tax asset recognised should only be based on the $1 million taxable
trading profits that can be reliably forecast. (1 mark)
Gorilla’s losses can be used to relieve trading profits and thus will save tax at 20%.
This should be the rate used when calculating the deferred tax balance. (1 mark)
The deferred tax asset to be recognised is $0.2 million ($1m × 20%) along with a
corresponding credit to income tax in the statement of profit or loss. (1 mark)
(Part (b): 6 marks max)
(c) Presentation of loan
According to IAS 1 Presentation of Financial Statements, an entity should classify a
liability as current if:
the liability is settled as part of the normal operating cycle
the liability is held for trading
the liability falls due within 12 months from the reporting date
the entity does not have an unconditional right to defer settlement of the
liability for 12 months from the reporting date. (1 mark each)
IAS 10 Events after the Reporting Period defines an adjusting event as one that occurs
after the reporting date but before the date the financial statements are authorised
and which provides evidence about conditions existing as at the reporting date.
(1 mark)
(Knowledge: 2 marks max)
The bank confirmation was received post year‐end and does not provide evidence of
conditions existing at the reporting date. (1 mark)
As at the reporting date, Gorilla did not have an unconditional right to defer the
payment of the loan liability for 12 months (alternatively: at the reporting date, the
loan liability was potentially repayable within 12 months). (1 mark)
In the statement of financial position, the loan liability should be classified as a
current liability. (1 mark)
If management believe that there is a material uncertainty surrounding the going
concern status of Gorilla as a result of the loan covenant breaches then this must be
adequately disclosed. (1 mark)
(Part (c): 5 marks max)
(d) Uncertainties
Lamyard should provide high quality narrative information which supplements the
financial statements and details the entity’s exposure to risks. (1 mark)
Particular attention should be given to disclosures related to liquidity risks or debt
repayments due to breaches of covenants. (1 mark)
Under IAS 1 Presentation of Financial Statements, an entity should disclose
information about the assumptions it makes about the future, as well as other major
sources of estimation uncertainty at the end of the reporting period, which have a
significant risk of resulting in a material adjustment to the carrying amounts of assets
and liabilities within the next financial year. (1 mark)
There is a potential reduction of estimated cash flows, changes in the supply chain
costs or the volatility of the financial markets and exchange currency rates because
of the exiting from the agreement. Thus, Lamyard should assess the assumptions
used in the valuation of assets and liabilities and, where applicable, recognise
impairment losses. (1 mark)
Assets measured at fair value under IFRS 13 Fair Value Measurement will need
review. Lower growth forecasts may lead to fair value declines. (1 mark)
Credit risk associated with financial assets may have increased. In accordance with
IFRS 9 Financial Instruments, increases in loss allowances may be required. (1 mark)
A downturn in the wider economic environment is, per IAS 36 Impairment of Assets,
an indicator of impairment. Impairment reviews should be performed. (1 mark)
Recoverable amounts, determined in accordance with IAS 36, might decrease
significantly, resulting in material impairment losses. (1 mark)
Exchange gains and losses
IAS 21 The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates specifies only that the
amount of exchange differences should be disclosed. (1 mark)
However, when making decisions about aggregation, preparers of financial
statements should consider if aggregation leads to a material loss of detail. (1 mark)
The fact that a large loss was incurred from speculative activity is likely to be of
interest to stakeholders when assessing management’s stewardship of the entity’s
assets. As such, aggregation of the gain and loss may mean that relevant information
is lost. (1 mark)
(Part (d): 7 marks max)
Marking scheme
Marks
(a) Functional currency 7
(b) Deferred tax 6
(c) Loan presentation 5
(d) Uncertainties and forex netting 7
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Total 25
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REFERENCES
This document references IFRS® Standards and IAS® Standards, which are authored by the
International Accounting Standards Board (the Board), and published in the 2019 IFRS Standards
Red Book.
The Board (2019) Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting. London: IFRS Foundation.
The Board (2019) IAS 1 Presentation of Financial Statements. London: IFRS Foundation.
The Board (2019) IAS 2 Inventories. London: IFRS Foundation.
The Board (2019) IAS 8 Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates, and Errors. London:
IFRS Foundation.
The Board (2019) IAS 10 Events after the Reporting Period. London: IFRS Foundation.
The Board (2019) IAS 12 Income Taxes. London: IFRS Foundation.
The Board (2019) IAS 16 Property, Plant and Equipment. London: IFRS Foundation.
The Board (2019) IAS 21 The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates. London: IFRS
Foundation.
The Board (2019) IAS 32 Financial Instruments: Presentation. London: IFRS Foundation.
The Board (2019) IAS 36 Impairment of Assets. London: IFRS Foundation.
The Board (2019) IAS 38 Intangible Assets. London: IFRS Foundation.
The Board (2019) IFRS 2 Share‐based Payment. London: IFRS Foundation.
The Board (2019) IFRS 3 Business Combinations. London: IFRS Foundation.
The Board (2019) IFRS 9 Financial Instruments. London: IFRS Foundation.
The Board (2019) IFRS 10 Consolidated Financial Statements. London: IFRS Foundation.
The Board (2019) IFRS 11 Joint Arrangements. London: IFRS Foundation.
The Board (2019) IFRS 13 Fair Value Measurement. London: IFRS Foundation.
The Board (2019) IFRS 15 Revenue from Contracts with Customers. London: IFRS Foundation.
The Board (2019) IFRS 16 Leases. London: IFRS Foundation.
The Board (2019) IFRS Practice Statement: Making Materiality Judgements. London: IFRS
Foundation.