Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife

Department of Civil Engineering

CVE 202 : STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

TOPIC 4: PROPERTIES OF BEAM SECTIONS

Lecturer: A. B. Fajobi
 PROPERTIES OF BEAM SECTIONS

What Properties of Beam Section is ?

of the shape or profile of a beam’s section on the
- effects
beam’s resistance to the punishing forces or moments
induced by the loading.
 PROPERTIES OF BEAM SECTIONS (Cont’d)
The strength of the beam or its degree of resistance to
bending moment and to bending moment and shear
force is built in terms of:

1) the shape and size of beam’s sections;

2) the strength of the particular material of which the beam is made

Note:
The present topic considers only the shape and size of beam
sections
 PROPERTIES OF BEAM SECTIONS (cont’d)
The properties which various sections have by virtue of their shape
alone are:

1) Cross - section area 𝐴

2) Position of center of gravity or area (centroid) 𝑋𝑐 ,𝑌𝑐
3) Moment of inertia or the second moment of area 𝐼
4) Section modulus 𝑍
5) Radius of gyration 𝐾

Note:
Cross - sectional area, centroid and moment of inertia will be
treated under this topic.
 COMMON TYPES OF SECTION

Rectangular Section

Square section

Circular section

Triangular section
COMMON TYPES OF SECTION (cont’d)

T – section

I – section

Channel – section

Angular – section
Center of Gravity or Centroid

➢ Center of gravity of a body is a point in or near the

body through which the resultant attraction of the
earth i.e. the weight of the body acts for all the
positions of the body.
 Determining Position of Centroids

 Divide the body into its several parts.

 Determine the area (or volume or weight) of each part.

 Assume the area (or volume or weight) of each part to act as

its center of gravity.

 Take moments about a convenient point or axis to determine

the center of gravity of the whole body. The method is identical
with that of determining the resultant of a number of forces.
 Determining Position of Centroids (cont’d)

Example

For the channel-type section shown in Figure Q1, determine the

distance of the centroid axis from the base of the section
75 100

75
150
75
250
All dimensions are in millimetres

Figure Q1: Channel Type Section

Determining Position of Centroids (cont’d)

Solution Area 1 =
1
2
×
75
1
×
75
1
= 2,812.5 mm2
Area 2 = 100 × 75 = 11,250 mm2
Area 3 = 250 × 75 = 15,000 mm2
Total Area = 29062.5 mm2
Finding distance J to the base line A - A
1
y1 = (75) + 75 = 100 m
3
1
y2 = (75) = 37.5 m
2
1
y3 = (150) = 75 m
2
Taking moments about axis A - A
AT y = A1y1 + A2y2 + A3y3
Where AT is the total distance
y is the distance from the centroid of the body from the
base line A – A

29,062.5 (y) = (2,812.5) (100) + (11,250) (37.5) + (15,000)

(75)
= 281250 + 421,875 + 1,125,000
1,828,125
= = 62. 9mm
29,062.5
 MOMENT OF INERTIA
The moment of inertia or the second moment of area of
a shape is a property which measures:

➢ the efficiency of that shape in its resistance to

bending.

➢ the manner in which the geometric properties or

shape of a section affects its value. It takes no regard
of the strength of the material
 MOMENT OF INERTIA

Moment of inertia about an axis is the sum

of the second moments of area about
that axis
𝐼 = σ 𝑎𝑦 2

I - Moment of inertia
A – area of cross section
Y – distance to the centroid
Moment of Inertia of Common Shapes
- RECTANGLE

Rectangle about neutral axis:

𝟏
𝑰𝒙𝒙 = 𝒃𝒅𝟑
𝟏𝟐
𝟏 𝟑
𝑰𝒚𝒚 = 𝒅𝒃
𝟏𝟐
Moment of Inertia of Common Shapes
- TRIANGLE

Triangle about neutral axis:

𝟏
𝑰𝒙𝒙 = 𝒃𝒅𝟑
𝟑𝟔
Moment of Inertia of Common Shapes
- CIRCLE

Circle about neutral axis:

𝟏 𝟒
𝑰𝒙𝒙 = π𝒅
𝟔𝟒
𝟏
𝑰𝒚𝒚 = π𝒅𝟒
𝟔𝟒
Moment of Inertia of Common Shapes
- HOLLOW RECTANGLE
Hollow Rectangle about neutral
axis:

𝟏
𝑰𝒙𝒙 = (𝑩𝑫 𝟑
− 𝒃𝒅 )𝟑
𝟏𝟐

𝟏
𝑰𝒚𝒚 = (𝑫𝑩 −𝒅𝒃 )
𝟑 𝟑
𝟏𝟐
 Principle of Parallel Axes Theorem
This states that to find the moment of inertia of any shape about any axis Z-Z,
parallel to the neutral axis X-X and at a perpendicular distance of H away from the
neutral axis, the amount AH2 (area of shape multiply by distance H squared) must
be added to 𝑰𝒙𝒙 .

𝑰𝒛𝒛 = 𝑰𝒙𝒙 + 𝑨𝑯𝟐

H = distance from the centroid of section to the base line

A = are of the section
𝐼𝑥𝑥 = moment of inertia
 Moment of Inertia (cont’d)
Question
Determine the second moment of area of channel –type section
1.
in Figure Q1 with respect to the horizontal axis passing through
the centroid.
75 100

75 150

75

250

All dimensions are in millimetres

Figure Q1: Channel Type Section

 Moment of Inertia (cont’d)

Solution

Second moment of the cross- sectional area about longitudinal axis

Ixx = Icc + Ah2

Dividing the body into three parts 1, 2 and 3. Finding the area.
75 100
Where h = yi –y distance from the centroid of the sub-section to the centroid of the
body.
75 (1) (2) 150

y2

yc =62.9mm y1 75 (3) y3
hi = 100 – 62.9 = 37.1 mm
A 250
h2 = 37.5 – 62.9 = - 25.4 mm

h3 = 75 – 62.9 = 12.1 mm

Method 1

75 × 753 150 × 753 100 × 1503

Ixx = [ + 2812.5 (37.1)2] + [ + 11250 (-25.4)2] + [ + 15000
36 12 12
(12.1)2]

= [878906.25 + 3871153.125] + [5273437.5 + 7258050] + [28125000 + 2196150]

= 4750059.375 + 12531487.5 + 30321150

= 47,602,696.88 mm4

= 4.76 x 107 mm4

 Moment of Inertia (cont’d)
METHOD 2

Section Area Ai yi Aiy1 h= y-yc h2 Aihi2 Icg Ixx=Icg + Ah2

(mm2) (mm) (mm3) (mm) (mm2) (mm3) (mm4) (mm4)
1 2812.50 100.00 281250.00 37.10 1376.17 3,870,479.97 878,906.25 4,749,386.22
2 11250.00 37.50 421875.00 -25.40 645.32 7,259,893.67 5,273,437.50 12,533,331.17
3 15000.00 75.00 1125000.00 12.10 146.33 2,194,979.19 28,125,000.00 30,319,979.19

 = 29,063  =1,828,125  = 47,602,697

y= Aiyi

Ai

y= 1,828,125
29,063

y= 62.90 mm

𝑚𝑚4
Ixx = 47,602,697𝑚𝑚
QUESTIONS

?
Homework
Determine the moment of inertia of the plane areas shown below
about the centroidal XX axis (All dimensions in millimeters)
 END

OF

CLASS