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    Central Force Motion Solution

    Uploaded by

    Saroj Shah
    Central force motion solutions can be represented by conic sections. The radius as a function of theta for a central force represents a conic section in polar coordinates. Energy conservation solutions and conic section representations are sufficient to examine spacecraft motion. Elliptical orbits are a generic conic section used to model orbits, with parameters like semi-major axis depending on total mechanical energy and eccentricity depending on both energy and angular momentum.

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    Central Force Motion Solution

    Uploaded by

    Saroj Shah
    61 views15 pages
    Central force motion solutions can be represented by conic sections. The radius as a function of theta for a central force represents a conic section in polar coordinates. Energy conservation solutions and conic section representations are sufficient to examine spacecraft motion. Elliptical orbits are a generic conic section used to model orbits, with parameters like semi-major axis depending on total mechanical energy and eccentricity depending on both energy and angular momentum.

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    Central force solution

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    Central force motion solutions can be represented by conic sections. The radius as a function of theta for a central force represents a conic section in polar coordinates. Energy conservation solutions and conic section representations are sufficient to examine spacecraft motion. Elliptical orbits are a generic conic section used to model orbits, with parameters like semi-major axis depending on total mechanical energy and eccentricity depending on both energy and angular momentum.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    61 views15 pages

    Central Force Motion Solution

    Uploaded by

    Saroj Shah
    Central force motion solutions can be represented by conic sections. The radius as a function of theta for a central force represents a conic section in polar coordinates. Energy conservation solutions and conic section representations are sufficient to examine spacecraft motion. Elliptical orbits are a generic conic section used to model orbits, with parameters like semi-major axis depending on total mechanical energy and eccentricity depending on both energy and angular momentum.

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    Central Force Motion Solution

    Central Force Motion Solution

    We first define the vector product concept employed for


    N-body case, as shown below.
    Central Force Motion Trajectory

    Next, we take scalar product of the result with vector ‘r’


    and simplify the expression, as follows.

    We now have a solution for radius magnitude in terms of


    θ ’, with ‘e’ and ‘µ’ as constants.
    ‘θ
    Central Force Motion Features
    Solution obtained for ‘r’ as a function of ‘θ’, represents
    the equation of a ‘conic’ section in polar coordinates.
    ‘Conic’ sections are geometries that are created from
    intersection of a plane with a cone, as shown below.
    Energy Conservation Solution

    We can also obtain the solution for energy conservation,


    as outlined below.

    Conic section solution, along with energy conservation


    solution, are sufficient to examine spacecraft motion.
    Conic Section Features

    r(t) is a vector drawn from focus, with ‘θ(t)’ (Positive


    anti-clockwise), measured with respect to vector ‘e’,
    which is taken as one axis of plane.
    Ellipse is the most generic ‘conic section’ that is used in
    orbit solutions, as it is able to capture the features of the
    other conic sections e.g. circle, parabola and hyperbola.
    Basic Orbital Solution
    Elliptic Orbit Parameters

    Consider general elliptical geometry, as shown below


    .
    We can relate the ellipse
    parameters with the motion
    variables, as given below.
    Ellipse as Generic Conic Section

    Ellipse is the basic conic section that is applicable to


    orbits. Following are the orbit related parameters.

    Here, ‘εε’ & ‘h’ are related to the burnout parameters of


    the corresponding ascent mission performance.
    Orbit Nature & Parameters

    We see that ‘a’, which denotes orbit size, depends only on


    total mechanical energy imparted by the ascent mission.
    However, we note that ‘e’, which denotes the shape of the
    orbit, depends on both energy & angular momentum.
    Orbit Nature & Parameters

    We also note that all missions that have ‘e’ between 0


    and 1, will form the orbits.
    Therefore, we can arrive at the conditions for either r
    and v, or for h and ε, for forming an orbit, for designing
    the ascent mission.
    Bound on Orbits

    It should be noted here that e = 0 represents lower limit


    that degenerates into a circle, as shown below.

    Similarly, e = 1 represents the upper limit that


    degenerates into a parabola, as shown below.
    Orbit Nature & Parameters

    However, there are many missions in which there is no


    orbit (e.g. sounding rockets, inter-planetary travel, re-
    entry etc.) so that either e > 1 or e < 0.
    This can be achieved by appropriately designing the
    energy ‘εε’ and angular momentum ‘h’.
    Non-orbital Trajectories

    In case of e > 1, equation of conic corresponds to a


    hyperbola, as follows.

    In all such cases, the spacecraft escapes from earth’s


    gravitational field and attains inter-planetary path.
    Non-orbital Trajectories

    However, in case of e < 0, definitions of ‘ra’ and ‘rp’


    inter-change, resulting in a reformulation of problem.
    This can be understood by assuming that (2εεh2/µµ2) < -1
    so that e2 < 0, making ‘e’ a complex number, and leading
    to situations where a < RE.
    Thus, in such cases, the object will fall back to earth, as
    per the various forces and entry initial conditions.

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