Assignment #02

Subject Code:

Chemical Process Industries(Ch.E-231)

Submitted to:

Mrs.Ammara Waheed

Submitted by:

Usman Ali

Roll No:

UW-20-CHE-BSC-020

Semester:

3rd

Department of Chemical Engineering

Wah Engineering College

University of Wah

4th NOV,21

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Table of Contents:

Abstract---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3

Introduction----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3

Energy Sector of Pakistan-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------4

Estimated Energy Sources-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------5

*Rewenable Energy Resources In Pakistan---------------------------------------------------------------5

i)Wind Enegy--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6

ii)Biogas Energy----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6

iii)Hydroelectric Energy-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6

iv)Solar Energy------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6

Main Problems of Energy Sector---------------------------------------------------------------------------7

Future Recommendation for overcoming Shortage------------------------------------------------------8

Conclusion-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------9

Appendix----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------9,10

References----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------11

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Abstract:

Pakistan imports nearly a third of its energy resources in the form of oil, coal, and liquefied
natural gas (LNG). An import-driven energy policy is not sustainable for Pakistan, making it
energy insecure in the long term. Besides being a drain on its foreign exchange reserves, it
exposes the economy to international energy price shocks, putting the entire economy at risk
through inflation. Inflationary pressures reduce the competitiveness of the country’s exports,
further constraining the economy’s capacity to pay for energy imports. This paper analyzes
Pakistan’s energy security under the 4As framework over the 6-year period of 2011–2017.

Introduction:

According to US government statistics, Pakistan’s energy mix is formed of 64% fossil fuels, 27%
hydropower and 9% other renewables and nuclear power.While Pakistan has strong potential
for producing renewable energy it is still far behind much of the world in developing these
sources.

Pakistan’s commercially exploitable energy resources consist of coal, gas, oil, hydel power,
nuclear power and a large base of traditional fuels in the form of fuel wood, agricultural and
animal wastes. The current energy supply matrix is a composite of various technologies. Oil and
gas form the bulk of primary commercial energy supply mix of Pakistan, contributing 75.3% (oil:
23.3%, gas: 51.6%, LPG: 0.4 %,) as shown in Figure. 1. The other sources include; coal: 6.2%,
hydro electricity: 11.3% and nuclear electricity: 1.2%.

Volumetric estimates of OOIPoriginal oil in place and OGIPoriginal gas in placeare based on a
geological model that geometrically describes the volume of hydrocarbons in the reservoir.
However, due mainly to gas evolving from the oil as pressure and temperature are decreased, oil
at the surface occupies less space than it does in the subsurface. Conversely, gas at the surface
occupies more space than it does in the subsurface because of expansion.

Pakistan’s energy resources consist of fossil fuels (coal, gas and oil), uranium and renewable
energy (hydropower, wind, solar, wood, etc). Pakistan does not have adequate oil reserves and
has to import large quantities of crude oil and petroleum products to meet more than 80% of its
oil requirements. The natural gas reserves of the country are limited, however the coal reserves
are large but yet undeveloped.
The hydro power potential of Pakistan is estimated to be 50,000 MW. Around 13.7% of the
estimated potential has been exploited. The hydro potential is located in mountainous regions,
away from load centers. High investment cost (for electricity generation and transmission),
socio-political issues, such as water allocation among the provinces and resettlement of people,
are some of the reasons for not exploiting the potential to its full capacity. Pakistan has a
considerable potential for wind energy. The economically exploitable wind potential is about
50,000 MW.

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Pakistan is facing many issues due to energy crises that include Unemployment which is the
main issue. Due to not availability of electricity many industries are bound to lay off workers.
Unemployment rate in Pakistan is 5.90% in 2016 -2017.
Generally speaking, energy crisis management requires updated facts and figures and evidence
based policy recommendations to calculate total state gas reserves and total energy demands in
particular to natural gas. According to the “Pakistan Economy’s blog” website data, Pakistan’s
recoverable reserves of natural gas have been estimated at 29.671 trillion cubic feet (January
1st 2009), 19.3 trillion in Baluchistan (2) – estimated in 1954. During July-March 2009 the
production was 3986.5 million cubic feet per day (mcfd) with an increase of 0.52% within 6
months compared to 3965.9 mcfd during the 2008. (3)

Energy Sector of Pakistan:

According to the 2018 Pakistan energy yearbook, Pakistan’s energy mix consists of 88 percent
fossil fuels (34% Natural gas, 31% Oil, 13% Coal, 9% imported LNG and 1% LPG), and 8%
hydropower and 4% other. Pakistan’s total energy supplies grew by 8 percent from a year
earlier from 80 to 86 million tons of oil equivalent, and consumption grew by 9.7 percent year on
year.

According to the 2018 Pakistan Energy factbook, the country has recoverable oil reserves of
(1,247 million barrels), gas (57.4 Trillion Cubic Feet (TCF)), and coal (186 billion tons). Out of
the total 57 TCF of gas discovered so far, 38 TCF has been extracted, leaving 19 TCF. These
remaining proven reserves are expected to last for a further 13 to 14 years.

Proven reserves indicate the amount of a resource that can be produced economically under
current prices and technologies. Reserves can change annually with discoveries, through
appraisal of existing fields, and production of existing resources. Pakistan’s most recent sizeable
gas discoveries (considered higher than 1tcf) were Qadirpur, Sindh, in 1995, and later Gurguri,
KPK, in 1998.

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Estimated Total Reserves:

The resource with its estimated total reserve of 175 billion tonnes is large by world standards, is
reasonably close to the major population and load centres of Hyderabad and Karachi, and can
be connected to the main Pakistan electricity and gas grids.

Proved energy reserves are estimated quantities of energy sources that analysis of geologic and
engineering data demonstrates with reasonable certainty are recoverable under existing
economic and operating conditions. The location, quantity, and grade of the energy source are
usually considered to be well established in such reserves. This term is equivalent to "Measured
reserves" as defined in the resource/reserve classification contained in the U.S. Geological
Survey Circular 831, 1980. Measured and indicated reserves, when combined, constitute
demonstrated reserves.

Renewable Energy Resources in Pakistan:

Pakistan’s energy sector remains one of the main obstacles to economic growth. Like other
developing countries in the region, Pakistan facing acute energy deficit. It generates its power
from an energy mix that includes oil, gas (natural gas and liquefied natural gas, LNG), coal,
renewable sources (solar, wind and hydro energy), nuclear, and biomass. Pakistan’s 64% of
energy comes from thermal (fossil fuels), 27% from hydro and 9% from renewable and nuclear.
Country’s current demand and supply gap stands approximately 2000 MW in peak season as
country’s demand has grown at an annual consumption growth rate of under 7 percent.

Alternate Energy Development Board (AEDB):

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AEDB, started in May 2010, has a development mandate for exploration and implementation of
renewable commercial projects, involving both public and private sectors.

Wind Energy:
Pakistan has considerable potential for using wind energy in the coastal belt of Sindh
and Baluchistan (in southern Pakistan). The GOP has developed a wind power energy corridor
along the southern coastal regions of Sindh and Baluchistan.

Biogas Energy:
Pakistan produces a large amount of municipal waste (up to 50,000 tons/day) animal waste, and
agricultural waste in the form of solid waste, livestock dung, cotton sticks, and rice husk.
Converting this waste into energy can generate up to 5,000MW of power.
PCRET has installed 4015 biogas plants with net generation capacity of 17980 million cubic
meters per day on a cost-sharing basis with the private sector throughout the country.

Small/Mini/Micro Hydroelectric Energy:

Solar Energy:
Pakistan has an average of nine and a half hours of sunlight daily. Opportunities are unlimited
in this sector but there are challenges. The biggest challenge to an on-grid solution is the
unsolidified renewable energy policy and its implementation through an autonomous energy
authority. An unpredictable Feed-in-Tariff and challenges to getting an LOI dampens
enthusiasm for investment in this sector. However, scalable and off-grid solutions have huge
potential.

Pakistan has wide spectrum of high potential of renewable energy sources, conventional and
non-conventional as well, which have not been adequately explored, exploited or developed. As a
result, the primary energy supplies today are not enough to meet even the present demand.
Moreover, a very large part of the rural areas does not have the electrification facilities because
they are either too remote and/or too expensive to connect to the national grid. So, Pakistan, like
other developing countries of the region, is facing a serious challenge of energy deficit. Only
55% and 20% of Pakistan’s population has access to electricity and natural gas respectively.
Moreover, about 80% country’s population lives in rural areas and most of them have no access
of to electricity. In Pakistan, per capita primary energy supply is only 0.33 million tons oil
equivalent (MTOE) while per capita electricity supply is about 520 kWh compared to World’s
average 2,500 kWh At present people are facing severe load shedding (about 10 hours a day)
due to shortage of 3 GW power supply. Pakistan has very low indigenous fossil fuel resource
base and with present rate of production, the indigenous recoverable reserves of oil and gas will
exhausted in 14 and 21 respectively. Though there is enormous coal reservoir (185 billion tons)
in the country but has not utilized so far due to variety of reasons. The prospect of nuclear
energy is bright in Pakistan but high cost, technology barriers and international embargoes are

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 the big hurdles in its course. This shows that conventional non renewable resources are grossly
inadequate for meeting the future energy needs of the country. Therefore, development of the
renewable energy sources can play an important role in meeting this challenge (Harijan et al.,
2008).

Pakistan stretches from 24°N to 37°N latitudes and from 61°E to 76°E longitudes. The total land
area of Pakistan is about 800,000 km². The landscape varies from lofty Karakoram and
Himalaya mountains, with the K-2 peak (second highest in the world: 8,613 meters) to the
famous desert of Thar and includes fertile plains of the river Indus and its tributaries. The
offshore covers over 231,674 km² in the Arabian Sea. In Pakistan, cropped and forest lands
cover an area of about 23 million hectares and 4 million hectares respectively.

Main Problems of the Energy Sector:

Pakistan is facing many issues due to energy crises that include

 Unemployment which is the main issue. Due to not availability of electricity many industries are
bound to lay off workers. Unemployment rate in Pakistan is 5.90% in 2016 -2017. Many peoples
have lost their jobs. This causes ultimately increase in poverty.
 Physiological and social behaviors of the people are also greatly affected today. Many people
living in the areas with high load shedding feel stress, lack of mental stability.
 Economy is not growing mainly because of energy crises. Each and every sector demand energy
to flourish. All these flaws are generated because of poor policies which were given years ago.
 Other reasons for this huge crises is mainly due to dependence on the furnace oil , natural gas
which are imported from other countries. Indigenous technologies , sources are not utilized for
the production of energy
 Pakistan population has increased in last 20 years and demand has increased for the energy.
New methods are not adopted to fulfill the demand of increasing population. each and every

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 sector consume electricity .With the passage of time new infrastructure is build for quick and
rapid production of power generation. But in Pakistan there is a lack of development of new
structure. So the production is slow and consumes more resources for power generation.
Pakistan is relying more on imported furnace oil which generate 1 unit of 12-14 rupees for
generating electricity, and hydro power generate 1 unit at 1 rupee.
 Circular debut has increased because imported furnace oil is too much expensive. Delayed
payments of bills ultimately mess up the whole scenario. other renewable sources are not
considered for power generation like wind, solar radiation, thermal, natural gas, coal which is
present in abundance in Baluchistan, and even from garbage.
 The ground realities show that there are many hurdles in transmission , adulteration in fuel
sector, inefficient distribution ,poor planning, and ineffective management , not payment of bills
all these issues leads theft in energy supply chain. There is political disagreement in every issue
causing the delay of making policies. There are numerous other factors which are contributing
of the causes of energy crises in the country. So, there are plethora of issues which couldn’t be
sum up. A Renewable Energy Policy of Pakistan was developed in 2006. This policy has great
motivations to allow the investment to be done on alternatives sources for producing power.

Future Recommendation of Overcoming Shortage:

SOLAR SOLUTION IS THE BEST OPTION FOR PAKISTAN FOR LONG RUN AND SHORT
RUN. However, these solar system must be installed on individual homes by the home owners
and subsidies from the Govt as incentive to go solar. Here's how it works; an average household
can run, lights, fans, tv, fridge on a 1500 watts solar system.
Among the 15 natural gas fields, Sui is one of the biggest natural gas fields in Pakistan – located
in Baluchistan with annual production of 800 billion cubic feet and daily production is 660
million cubic feet (4) – Sui is a backbone of the natural gas production in the country – however,
left underfunded.

Nevertheless, the maintenance and further exploration of natural gas is one of the key growing
questions for the federal government as the growing insurgency and military operations in the
Baluchistan province are direct barriers of limiting the production and exploration capacity of

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the federal and provincial governments. Currently, further exploration of natural gas is stagnant
in Baluchistan because of numerous factors. Such as, lack of proper planning, lack of budget
availability, fragile political interest, increasing insecurity and distrust in the region between the
provincial and federal governments.

Today, Pakistan is suffering from a natural gas shortage crisis because of a lack of sustainable
development in the energy sector for the last three decades, and in particular to hunt for gas in
Baluchistan (further exploration). Pakistan’s fragile economy and insecurity conditions since the
last decade and a lack of political leadership commitment have led the economy to constantly
slow down – widening the energy catastrophe in the country in particular to the gas shortage
crisis in Baluchistan.

Generally speaking, energy crisis management requires updated facts and figures and evidence
based policy recommendations to calculate total state gas reserves and total energy demands in
particular to natural gas.

Conclusion:

“A large and sustained expansion of solar photovoltaic and wind power, alongside hydropower
and substantial investments in the grid, is both achievable and desirable,” says Najy
Benhassine, World Bank Country Director for Pakistan.

"We understand that for achieving the renewable energy targets set through Alternative and
Renewable Energy Policy 2019, we need to make sufficient investments in the transmission
system, including modern automation and control systems and a reliable forecasting
system," says Dr. Khawaja Riffat Hassan, Managing Director, National Transmission &
Despatch Company.

Appendix:

This report provides a road map to eliminate energy deficit in Pakistan in the next 3 years. It
includes a detailed set of recommendations and action plan to enable the country to achieve full
energy security and sustainability. The Pakistan Energy Sector Task Force (ESTF) comprising
members of the Friends of Democratic Pakistan (FODP) was mobilized to prepare this report on

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the energy sector inclusive of an action plan. The Asian Development Bank (ADB) was assigned
responsibility for organizing the work of the task force. A team of experts contributed by several
FODP member countries and international institutions along with focal points seconded by the
government comprised the ESTF Secretariat. The secretariat took the technical lead in
developing the report. A steering committee co-chaired by the Government of Pakistan and ADB
provided regular oversight and direction to the work of the secreteriat.The 4A methodology
attempts to measure and illustrate graphically the change in the energy security of a region by
mapping it onto four dimensions: availability, applicability, acceptability, and affordability. The
analysis indicates that Pakistan’s energy security improved initially over the first 3 years but
then deteriorated over the next 3 years. Despite significant investments in the energy
infrastructure over the last 5 years, Pakistan continues to be energy insecure. This paper
recommends the immediate and rapid adoption of green energy solutions, like distributed solar
and smart metering, and increased conservation efforts, like developing and implementing
building insulation standards to mitigate energy insecurity.

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References:

atrc.net.pk/resources/pakistan/renewable_energy/renewable_energy_pakistans…

wiki.aapg.org/Reserves_estimation…

www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/Publications/PDF/cnpp2016/countryprofiles/Pakistan…

www.technologytimes.pk/2019/07/08/energy-crisis-pakistan-issues/...

https://www.eurasiareview.com/13042021-overcoming...
www.globalvillagespace.com/pakistan-energy-mix-overview-of-gas-sector-upstream/.

embassyofpakistanusa.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Thar-Coal-Power-Generati…

https://knoema.com/atlas/Pakistan/topics/Energy/Gas/Reserves-of-natural-gas.

estimated total reserves of energy in pakistan? - Bing images.

www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/pakistan-renewable-energy.

https://www.ukessays.com/essays/environmental...

https://www.technologytimes.pk/2019/07/08/energy-crisis-pakistan-issues.
www.dawn.com/news/1275116.
https://www.eurasiareview.com/13042021-overcoming.

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