Department of Physics College of Science Mosul University
Department of Physics College of Science Mosul University
Department of Physics College of Science Mosul University
ﺃﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻴﺭﺓ ﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺌﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﺩﻨﺴﻴﺘﻭﻤﻴﺘﺭ( ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﺽ
ﻭﺃﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ 241
ﻟﻠﻔﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﻲ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ Am
ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺨﺹ
ﻴﻬﺩﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻴﺭﺓ ﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﻨﺴﻴﺘﻭﻤﻴﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻘﻴﺱ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺌﻴﺔ،
ﻤﻥ ﺍﺠل ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺄ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺤﺏ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺘﻪ ﻟﻘﺩﻤﻪ .ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻴﺭﺓ ﺃﺠﺭﻴﺕ ﻟﻠﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻡ
ﺘﺤﻤﻴﺽ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻡ ﻴﺩﻭﻴﺎ ﻭﺃﻭﺘﻭﻤﺎﺘﻴﻜﻴﺎ .ﻭﺃﺠﺭﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ.
ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ
Establishment of Calibration Curve for Optical Density
Measurement Devices for the Two Methods of Development of
X-Ray Film by 241Am and Comparison with Theoretical Results
Qusay KH. Al-Dulamey
Department of Physics
College of Science
Mosul University
ABSTRACT
The aim of this study is to find calibration curve for the densitometer that measures
the optical density, because of the error associated with the instrument measurements due
to the reduction of efficiency because of the instrument ageing. The calibration is done
for the instrument when the film is processed manually and automatically. A comparison
with the theoretical results is made.
ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ
ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ
ﻓﻠﻡ ﺍﻷﺸﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻫﻭﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺒﺭﻭﻤﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺔ ) (AgBrﺒﻬﻴﺌﺔ ﻤﺴﺘﺤﻠﺏ ﻤﺘﻨﺎﺜﺭﺓ
ﻀﻤﻥ ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺠﻼﺘﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺤﺩ ﺃﻭ ﻭﺠﻬﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻡ ،ﻋﻨﺩ ﺴﻘﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﺘﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺤﻭﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻡ
87
ﻗﺼﻲ ﺨﻁﺎﺏ ﻋﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﻟﻴﻤﻲ 88
ﻓﺈﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﺯﻭﺍﺠﺎ ﺃﻴﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﻀﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﺍﺭ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺒﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﺈﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺤﻭل ﺍﻴﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺔ Ag+ﺇﻟﻰ
ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﺘﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺒﺫﻟﻙ ﻅﻼ ﻜﺎﻤﻨﺎ ﻴﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺘﻅﻬﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻷﻨﻪ ﺨﻼل ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﺘﻅﻬﻴﺭ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﻜل ﺍﻴﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﺘﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺒﻭﺴﺎﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻅﻬﺭ ) (Developerﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﺃﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻗﺩ
ﺘﻌﺭﻀﺕ ﻟﻺﺸﻌﺎﻉ ﺍﻡ ﻻ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﻭﻱ ﻅﻼ ﻜﺎﻤﻨﺎ ﺴﻭﻑ ﺘﻅﻬﺭ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺃﺴﺭﻉ ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺘﻡ ﻭﻗﻑ
ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻅﻬﻴﺭ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺤﺩ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻡ ﺴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﻲ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻹﺸﻌﺎﻋﺎﺕ.
ﻭﺘﻤﺘﺎﺯ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻓﻼﻡ ﺒﺤﺴﺎﺴﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺘﻭﺯﻉ ﺒﻠﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺒﺭﻭﻤﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺔ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜﺎﻓﺔ
ﺃﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻠﻭﺯﻴﺔ ﻟﻐﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻭﻀﻊ
ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﻔﻡ ﻟﻐﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺭ ﻓﻀﻼ ﻋﻥ ﺍﺤﺘﻭﺍﺀﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺸﻭﺍﺌﺏ ﻭﺒﻨﺴﺏ ﻀﺌﻴﻠﺔ ﺠﺩﺍ ﺍﺫ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﺏ
ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻘﺎﻭﺓ ﺘﺎﻤﺔ ﻷﻴﺔ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﻭﺍﺌﺏ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻤﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺔ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ .ﺇﻥ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﻭﺍﺌﺏ
ﻭﺒﻨﺴﺏ ﻤﺘﻔﺎﻭﺘﺔ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺒﺄﺸﻜﺎل ﻫﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ ﻋﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻭﺒﺈﺤﺠﺎﻡ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻴﺨﻠﻕ ﺇﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻓﻼﻡ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﻴﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺠﺔ ﻭﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل.
ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻠﻡ ﺍﻷﺸﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﻋﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺹ ﻓﻲ ﻁﺏ ﺍﻷﺴﻨﺎﻥ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﻡ
ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﻜﻤﺭﺍﻗﺏ ﻟﻸﺸﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ) (Meredith and Massy, 1977ﻜﻤﺎ
ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻭﻴﺔ ﻜﺒﺎﺝ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻟﻐﺭﺽ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺠﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺭﺍﻜﻤﺔ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ
ﺍﻟﻌﻤل )ﺍﻷﺤﻤﺩ (1993 ،ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻟﻤﺎ ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻴﻪ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﻤﻤﻴﺯﺍﺕ ﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﻜﻭﻨﻪ ﺭﺨﻴﺹ ﺍﻟﺜﻤﻥ ﻭﻤﺘﻭﻓﺭ ﻭﻻ
ﻴﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﺸﻌﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﺍﻷ ﺃﻥ
ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻡ ﻻﺘﺘﻡ ﺇﻻ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ .ﺘﻡ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻓﻠﻡ ﺍﻷﺸﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ
ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻭﺙ ﻜﻜﺎﺸﻑ ﻟﻸﺸﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺒﻼﻨﺘﻭﻥ ) (Blanton, 2003ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻡ ﻜﻜﺎﺸﻑ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺒﻌﺩﻴﻥ
ﻟﻸﺸﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻴﺔ ) ((XRD)X-Ray Diffractionﻭﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﺩﻟﻴﻤﻲ )(Al-Dulayme, 2004
ﻜﻜﺎﺸﻑ ﻟﻸﺸﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺒﻌﺜﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻔﺯﻴﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻭﻥ ﻭﺃﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺽ )ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺴﺒﺎﺕ( ﻓﻀﻼ ﻋﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻪ
ﻟﺘﻌﻴﻴﻥ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻁﺏ ﺍﻷﺴﻨﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻙ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﺠﻪ ﺤﺴﺏ
)ﺍﻟﺯﺒﻴﺩﻱ .(2005 ،ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻠﻡ ﺍﻷﺸﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺤﺴﺏ ) Queensland Government and Queensland
(Healh, 2005ﻜﻜﺎﺸﻑ ﻟﻸﺸﻌﺔ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻔﺴﺠﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ) (UVCﻭﺍﻷﺸﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ
ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻁﺌﺔ ﺃﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺹ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻡ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻟﻭﺤﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺜﻴﻑ ﻟﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺌﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻡ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﻟﻠﺠﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻹﺸﻌﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻗل ﻤﺎﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ
ﻓﻲ ﺩﻴﺴﻤﺒﺭ ) ،(Kodak, 2005ﺇﻥ ﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻡ ﺃﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻁﺏ ﺍﻷﺴﻨﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ
ﻫﻭ ﻹﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻠﻡ ﺃﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﻲ ﻤﻊ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺴﻭﺍﺀ
ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻴﺩﻭﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻭﺘﻭﻤﺎﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺠﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻹﺸﻌﺎﻋﻴﺔ
ﻟﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻅﺭﻭﻑ.
89 ﺃﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻴﺭﺓ ﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺌﻴﺔ ...
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1 / 5 mm
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ﺍﻟﺸﻜل : 1ﻴﻤﺜل ﺭﺴﻡ ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁﻲ ﻟﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﻋﺭﻀﻲ ﻟﻔﻠﻡ ﺸﻌﺎﻋﻲ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﻼﺀ.
)(Meredith and Massy, 1977
ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ) (1ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ) (1ﺘﻤﺜل ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻡ ) (The Film Baseﻭﻓﺎﺌﺩﺘﻬﺎ ﺇﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﻌﻤل ﻜﺄﺴﺎﺱ ﻟﻐﺭﺽ
ﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺤﻠﺏ ) (Emulsionﺍﻟﻤﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺠﻼﺘﻴﻨﻴﺔ .ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ) (2ﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﺒﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺤﻠﺏ ﻭﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﻠﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺤﺴﺎﺴﺔ ﻟﻺﺸﻌﺎﻉ ﻤﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﺠﻼﺘﻴﻥ ﻭﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻤﺎ ﺘﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﺒﻠﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺒﺭﻭﻤﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺔ
) (Silver Bromideﻟﻬﺩﺍ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺽ .ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ) (3ﻓﻬﻲ ﺘﻤﺜل ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺜﺎﻨﻭﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﺕ ﻭﻟﺼﻕ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ
ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺤﻠﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻡ .ﻭﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭﺓ ) (4ﻓﻬﻲ ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﻟﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﺠﺎﻨﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔ.
ﺇﻥ ﺴﻤﻙ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﻤﺜﺒﺘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ) (1ﻭﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﻬﺎ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ )(0.29 mm
).(Meredith and Massy, 1977
ﻗﺼﻲ ﺨﻁﺎﺏ ﻋﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﻟﻴﻤﻲ 90
ﺇﻥ ﺒﻠﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺒﺭﻭﻤﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺔ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺘﻭﺯﻉ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭ ﺩﺍﺨل ﻁﺒﻘﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺤﻠﺏ ﻟﻐﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻡ .ﻜﻤﺎ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﺘﻭﻏﺭﺍﻓﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻭﺤﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﻼﺀ ﺃﻱ ﺍﻨﻪ
ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﻤﺴﺘﺤﻠﺏ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ .ﺃﻭ ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﻼﺀ ﺃﻱ ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻁﺒﻘﺘﻴﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺤﻠﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﺎﻨﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻡ.
ﻓﻌﻨﺩ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﺽ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻡ ﻟﺤﺯﻤﺔ ﺇﺸﻌﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺒﻠﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺒﺭﻭﻤﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺄﺜﺭﺓ ﺒﺎﻹﺸﻌﺎﻉ ﺘﺘﺤﻭل ﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺎ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺔ
ﻅﻼل ﻤﺴﺘﺘﺭﺓ ) (Latent Imageﻻﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻅﻬﺭ ﻗﺒل ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻡ .ﺇﻥ
ﻤﺭﺍﺤل ﺇﻅﻬﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻡ ﺘﺘﻠﺨﺹ ﺒﻤﺭﺤﻠﺘﻴﻥ:
ﺍﻟﻤﺭ ﺤﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ :ﻫﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﺽ) ،(Developingﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺇﻅﻬﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻀﻼل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ
ﺘﻜﻭﻨﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻀﺔ ﻟﻺﺸﻌﺎﻉ.
ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ :ﻫﻲ ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﺕ ) (Fixingﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺒﻠﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺒﺭﻭﻤﻴـﺩ ﺍﻟﻔـﻀﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻴـﺭ ﻤﺘـﺄﺜﺭﺓ
ﺒﺎﻹﺸﻌﺎﻉ ﻭﻓﺼﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺤﻠﺏ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺘﺭﻙ ﻤﻜﺎﻨﺎ ﺨﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﻭﺸﻔﺎﻓﺎ ﻴﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻥ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﻟﻺﺸﻌﺎﻉ ﻓﻲ
ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ .ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻅﻬﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻡ ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺴـﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻭﺫﻟـﻙ ﻻﻥ ﺍﻷﺠـﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻀـﺔ
ﻟﻺﺸﻌﺎﻉ ﺘﻅﻬﺭ ﺩﺍﻜﻨﺔ )ﺴﻭﺩﺍﺀ( ﻓﻲ ﺤﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺭ ﻤﻌﺭﻀﺔ ﻟﻺﺸﻌﺎﻉ ﺘﻅﻬﺭ ﺸﻔﺎﻓﺔ.
ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﺫﻜﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻹﻅﻬﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﻲ ﺘﻡ ﺍﺨﺘﺼﺎﺭﻩ ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻜﺒﻴـﺭﺓ
ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻤﻌﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻡ ﺍﻷﻭﺘﻭﻤﺎﺘﻴﻜﻲ ).(Processor Automatic
ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل
ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺌﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﻲ ،ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺩﻨﺴﻴﺘﻭﻤﻴﺘﺭ
) .(Densitometerﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻭﻉ ،DT 1105ﻭﻫﻭ ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻔﻠﻡ ﺍﻷﺸﻌﺔ
ﻤﻥ ﺒﻘﻌﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻥ ﻓﻠﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺁﺨﺭ .ﻭﻴﺘﻀﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻭﺤﺩﺘﻴﻥ :ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﻨﻭﻉ ،305ﻭﻭﺤﺩﺓ
ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺌﻲ ﻨﻭﻉ .205ﺇﻥ ﺸﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﺨﻼل ﻓﻠﻡ ﺍﻷﺸﻌﺔ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻗﻴﺎﺴﻬﺎ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺌﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺌﻲ
) .(Photodiodeﺇﻥ ﻭﻅﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺌﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺌﻲ ﻫﻭ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺀ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻨﺒﻀﺎﺕ ﻜﻬﺭ ﺒﺎﺌﻴﺔ )ﺇﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ( ﻟﻴﺘﻡ
ﺘﻜﺒﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺒﺭ ) ،(Amplifierﻭﺘﺤﻭﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺸﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻤﻴﺔ )Digital Panel Meter (D.P.M
ﺒﺸﻜل ﺃﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺘﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺌﻴﺔ .ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﻲ ﻴﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ
ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ:
Io
D = Log10 )(1
It
ﺤﻴﺙ ﺇﻥ Ioﺘﻤﺜل ﺸﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺌﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻗﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻡ ﻭﺘﻤﺜل ) (Itﺸﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺀ
ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻤﺭ ﺨﻼل ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻔﻠﻡ ﺍﻷﺸﻌﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻡ ﺘﻤﺜل ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺴ ﹰﺎ
ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﻭﺩﺍﺩ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ.
91 ﺃﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻴﺭﺓ ﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺌﻴﺔ ...
ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺀ
ﺒﻌﺩ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﺤﺎﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﺽ ﻟﻠﻔﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﻲ ﻴﺩﻭﻴﺎ ﻭﺃﻭﺘﻭﻤﺎﺘﻴﻜﻴﺎ ﻟﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﻭﻤﻥ
ﺜﻡ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﻭﺩﺍﺩ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺌﻴﺔ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﺭﺠﻭﻉ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ
ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺓ mRﻟﻠﻔﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﻲ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻨﻌﺔ ﻟﻸﻓﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﻴﺔ
ﻜﻭﺩﺍﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ ) (3ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻤﺎ ﺘﻘﺎﺒﻠﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺠﺭﻋﺔ ﺸﻌﺎﻋﻴﺔ ).(Kodak, 2002
ﻗﺼﻲ ﺨﻁﺎﺏ ﻋﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﻟﻴﻤﻲ 92
Sensitometric curve
8
6
Optical Density
y1 Manual
4
y2 Automatic
2
0
0 50 100 150
)Exposure in ( mR
ﺍﻟﺸﻜل : 3ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﻓﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺓ mRﻟﺨﻁﻭﻁ
ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﻤﺩﺓ.
A
χ& ( R / h) = Γ )....................(2
d2
ﺤﻴﺙ ﺇﻥ:
m2R
Aﻴﻘﺎﺱ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻭﺭﻱ ) d ،(Ciﺘﻘﺎﺱ ﺒـ ) Γ ،(mﺘﻘﺎﺱ ﺒـ
hCi
93 ﺃﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻴﺭﺓ ﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺌﻴﺔ ...
ﺍﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻻﻤﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﻲ ﻷﺍﺸﻌﺔ ﻜﺎﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺒﻌﺜﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻊ Am241ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ
ﺍﻟﻭﺴﻁ ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﻫﻲ ) (325x10-5 m2/kgﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺭﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل
ﺍﻻﻤﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﻲ ﻤﻊ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﺸﻌﺔ ﻜﺎﻤﺎ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜل ).(4
0.16
0.14
)µen/ρ (cm2/g
0.12
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
keV
ﻹﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﺽ ) ( Γﻻﺸﻌﺔ ﻜﺎﻤﺎ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ 59.5 keVﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺒﻌﺙ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻊ
،Amﻨﺠﺩ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﺤﻼل fiﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﺍﻭل )ﻋﻁﻴﺔ ﻭﺠﻤﺎﻋﺘﻪ (1990 ،ﻭﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺒﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺸﻌﺎﻋﻴﺔ 241
ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﻌﻭﻴﺽ ﻋﻥ ) ( Γﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) (2ﻨﺠﺩ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﺽ ) X& ( R / hﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ
) (0.7 mR/hﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ) (3 cmﻴﺒﻌﺩ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﻲ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻊ .Am241
ﺘﻡ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﺽ ) X& ( R / hﻭﻻﺯﻤﺎﻥ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ).(1
ﺇﻥ ﺍﻷﺨﻁﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺘﺒﻁﺔ ﺒﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺭﻋﺔ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺓ ) (mRﻭﺤﺴﺎﺒﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻗﻊ ) (3 cmﻴﻌﺯﻯ ﺇﻟﻰ
ﻼ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻁﺄ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻔﻠﻡ ﺍﻷﺸﻌﺔ
ﺨﻁﺄ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺌﻴﺔ ﻷﺤﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻤﺜ ﹰ
ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﻭﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺴﻜﻭﺍﻴﺭﺯ ) (Squires, 1968ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺤﻭﻱ ﺠﺩﻭ ﹰ
ﻻ ﻟﻠﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﺨﻁﺎﺀ .ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺄ
ﻓﻲ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺃﻱ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻀﻭﺌﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺩﻨﺴﻴﺘﻭﻤﻴﺘﺭ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ،± 0.01ﺇﺫﻥ ﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺄ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻴﺔ
ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ:
ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻥ:
∆Dfﻴﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺄ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻔﻠﻡ ﻤﻌﻴﻥ.
∆D1ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺄ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻡ.
∆D2ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺄ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻔﻠﻡ ﺍﻷﺸﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻔﻴﺔ.
(∆Df)2 = (0.01)2+(0.01)2
∴∆Df = ±0.014
ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻥ ) ( ± 0.014ﺘﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﻨﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺎ ﺍﻟﻨـﺴﺒﻲ ﻓـﻲ
ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺌﻴﺔ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻻﺘﻴﺔ:
∆O.D
)× 100%......................................(5
O.D
95 ﺃﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻴﺭﺓ ﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺌﻴﺔ ...
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﺒﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺄ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻲ ﻟﻠﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺌﻴﺔ ) (0.26ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ) (1ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺤﺴﺎﺒﻪ ﺤﺴﺏ
ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) ،(5ﻜﺎﻻﺘﻲ:
± 0.014O.D
× 100% = ±5.3%
0.26O.D
ﺇﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺄ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺨﻁﺄ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﺽ ) (mRﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ
ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ) (2ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻩ ﻀﻌﻑ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺄ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ) (±0.028 mRﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﺘﻡ
ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﻤﻊ ﻜل ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻗﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ) (1ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ:
∆mR
)× 100%......................................(6
mR
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﺒﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻲ ﻟﻠﺠﺭﻋﺔ ) (0.61 mRﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) (6ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ) (1ﻫﻭ:
± 0.028mR
× 100% = ±4.5%
0.61mR
ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل : 1ﻗﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﺤﺎﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﺽ ﻤﻊ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺓ ).(mR
Time Exposure rate
manual
O,D Auto. rate
Auto.
/hr
ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ ) (1ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺭﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﻟﻠﻔﻠﻡ ﺍﺸﻌﺎﻋﻲ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺓ
) mRﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺍﻋﻼﻩ( ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺘﻴﻥ )ﻴﺩﻭﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﺘﻭﻤﺎﺘﻴﻜﻴﺎ( ﻻﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﺨﻁﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ
ﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ).(5
ﻗﺼﻲ ﺨﻁﺎﺏ ﻋﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﻟﻴﻤﻲ 96
3
2
1.5
Automatic
1
manual
0.5
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Exposure in mR
ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ
ﻋﻨﺩ ﺭﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺌﻴﺔ ﻭ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﻟﺨﻁﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ ﻟﺤﺎﻟﺘﻲ
ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﺽ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﺩﻭل ) (1ﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜل )(6
4
3
2
manual ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ
ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ Automatic
1 manual ﺣﺪﻳﺜﺔ
ﺣﺪﻳﺜﺔ Automatic
0
0 50 100 150
Exposure in mR
ﺍﻟﺸﻜل : 6ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺓ mRﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻔﻠﻡ ﺍﻷﺸﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﺽ
)ﻴﺩﻭﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻭﺘﻭﻤﺎﺘﻴﻜﻴﺎ( ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎ ﻭﻨﻅﺭﻴﺎ.
97 ﺃﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻴﺭﺓ ﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺌﻴﺔ ...
ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺌﻭﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺭﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺨﻁﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ ﻭﻟﻠﺤﺎﻟﺘﻴﻥ )ﺍﻻﻭﺘﻭﻤﺎﺘﻴﻜﻲ
ﻭﺍﻟﻴﺩﻭﻱ( ﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﻤﻊ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻁﺭﺩﻱ ،ﺍﻤﺎ ﺤﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻡ )ﻤﻴل ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺔ( ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻬﻲ
ﺍﻗل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺭﺒﻤﺎ ﻴﻌﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻗﻠﺔ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺩﻨﺴﺒﺘﻭﻤﻴﺘﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻨﻪ ﻋﻨﺩ
ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ) (3 cmﻓﺎﻥ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺴﻲ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺩﻗﻴﻕ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺭﻗﻡ ) ،(2ﻭﺒﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﻔﻀل ﺩﺍﺌﻤﺎ
ﺍﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﺨﻁﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻴﺭﺓ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻜل ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﺯﻤﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻟﻜل ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ.
ﺘﻡ ﺍﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﺴﺘﻘﺭﺍﺀ ﻟﻠﺠﺭﻉ ﺍﻹﺸﻌﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻤﺎ ﺒﻌﺩ ) (70 mRﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻟﺤﺎﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﺽ
ﻟﻠﻘﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ ﻷﺠل ﺍﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ .ﺇﻥ ﺍﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺘﻲ
ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﺽ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻠﻴﻥ ) (5ﻭ) (6ﻴﻌﻭﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺇﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﺒﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﺽ ﻹﻅﻬﺎﺭ
ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﻭﺩﺍﺩ ﻟﻠﻔﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﻲ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺅﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻡ ﻟﻠﺠﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻹﺸﻌﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺍﻥ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻅﺭﻭﻑ
ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ).(Kodak, 2002
ﺍﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺨﺯﻥ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻼﺌﻤﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﻟﻠﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔ ﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ
ﻁﻭﻴﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﻜﺄﺸﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺱ ﻗﺩ ﻴﺅﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻡ ﺍﻻ ﺍﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﺘﺜﺒﻴﺕ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻭﺍﻗﻴﺎﺕ
ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﻔﻠﻡ ﺍﻻﺸﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺤﻤﺎﻴﺘﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔ.
ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜﻭﻥ ﻁﺎﻗﺘﻪ ﻗﺭﻴﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ 241
ﺍﻥ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻊ Am
ﻓﻭﺘﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺸﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﻟﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺭﻴﻎ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﻤل ﺒﻔﺭﻕ ﺠﻬﺩ
ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻩ .(Kodak, 2002) 50 kV
ﺍﻥ ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻹﺸﻌﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﺤﺎﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﺽ ﺍﻟﻴﺩﻭﻱ ﻭﺍﻻﻭﺘﻭﻤﺎﺘﻴﻜﻲ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻗﺭﻴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺤﺩ ﻤﺎ ﻤﻥ
ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺨﺼﻭﺼﺎ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﻟﻠﺠﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻁﺌﺔ ﻭﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺎ ﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﺯﺍﺩ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﻟﻠﺠﺭﻋﺔ
ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻠﻤﺔ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺒﺩﻭ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻭﺍﻀﺤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﺽ.
ﺇﻥ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻡ ﺍﻹﺸﻌﺎﻋﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ) (3 cmﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ ﻤﻨﻪ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻜﺒﺭ ﺠﺭﻋﺔ
ﺇﺸﻌﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻻﻥ ﺍﻗل ﺠﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﺸﻌﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻴﺘﺤﺴﺱ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻡ ﻫﻲ ) (Qusay, 2004) (6700 nSv/hﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ
ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻗﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﻲ ﻀﻤﻥ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﻟﻠﻔﻠﻡ ﻀﻤﻥ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﺽ
ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ .
ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻨﺘﺎﺠﺎﺕ
ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺤﺼﻠﺔ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻥ ﻨﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺒﺄﻨﻪ ﻴﺠﺏ ﻤﺭﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻤﻌﺎﻴﺭﺓ ﺨﻼل ﻓﺘﺭﺍﺕ
ﺯﻤﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﻨﺘﻅﻤﺔ ﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺌﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﺩﻨﺴﻴﺘﻭﻤﻴﺘﺭ( ﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺘﻪ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻷﺠل ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻗل
ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻸﺨﻁﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺸﻐﻴﻠﻪ.
ﻗﺼﻲ ﺨﻁﺎﺏ ﻋﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﻟﻴﻤﻲ 98
ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ
. ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل، ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺏ ﻟﻠﻁﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺸﺭ. ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ.1993 ، ﺨﺎﻟﺩ ﻋﺒﻴﺩ،ﺍﻷﺤﻤﺩ
ﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺠﺭﻉ ﺍﻹﺸﻌﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺤﺒﺔ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ.2005 ، ﺇﻴﻨﺎﺱ ﻏﺎﺯﻱ،ﺍﻟﺯﺒﻴﺩﻱ
. ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل، ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ، ﺭﺴﺎﻟﺔ ﻤﺎﺠﺴﺘﻴﺭ.ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻹﺸﻌﺎﻋﻲ ﻟﻠﻔﻙ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭﻱ
ﻤﻁﺎﺒﻊ. ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺭﻴﺒﻴﺔ.1990 ، ﻤﺎﺯﻥ ﺼﺎﻤﻭﺌﻴل ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺱ، ﺸﺫﻯ ﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﻜﺯﻟﻲ، ﻋﻠﻲ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﷲ،ﻋﻁﻴﺔ
. ﺒﻐﺩﺍﺩ،ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ
ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻷﺠﻨﺒﻴﺔ
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