HANDOUT

RATE OF REACTION

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 RATE OF REACTION

INDIKATORS :

1. Explaining the reaction rate law with curiosity, logical and thorough.
2. Determining the factors that affect the rate of reaction carefully and curiosity.
3. Analyze factors that affect the rate of reaction by experiment or trial data are
communicative and accurate.
4. Interpret graphs of experimental data about the factors that affect the rate of reaction
with honesty and responsibility.
5. Determining the reaction order based on the results of experiments are communicative
and cooperative.
6. Summing pegaruh concentration, reactivity, temperature, and catalyst surface area
critically and responsibilities.
7. Provide examples of the application of SETS vision about the effect of concentration,
temperature, and surface area of the touchpad in everyday life with curiosity and
creative

THE RATE OF REACTION

Many reactions that take place around us fast, medium and slow, even very slow. For
example, firecrackers are lit, decaying fruits and other foods, and cooking with fruit after
brooded. Can you cite examples of reactions that take place in daily life is very fast, medium,
or slow?

rusty car rocket ignition

If you notice in the pictures above, you can distinguish the time required for each of these
events? Terms of what is used as a measure for determining the rate of reaction and why there
are fast and slow reactions? The concept of reaction rate and the factors that affect the rate of
reaction will answer that question. Furthermore, the reaction rate theory will provide an
overview of the course of the reaction and will explain the reasons why a variety of factors
can affect the rate of reaction. Knowledge of the reaction rate is very beneficial for the
activity (industry) that use a variety of chemical reactions in the production process. Because
of time, effort, and cost is very significant, then the reaction rate is rapid and uncontrolled will
benefit the industry.
 CONCEPT OF REACTION RATES

A. MOLARITY
Molarity stated number of moles of a substance dissolved in one liter of solution. Molarity
is represented by the notation M and the unit is mol / liter (James E. Brady, 2000). The
formula used to find the molarity of the solution is:

If the substance to be searched molarity exist in grams and volume in milliliters, then
molarity can be calculated by the formula:

With :

M = molarity of solution (mol / liter)

n = moles of solute

v = volume of solution (liters)

g = mass of solute (g)

Mr = relative molecular mass of solute (g / mol)

Often in the laboratory, which is available at the same molarity solution does not fit with
what we want. If the solution is available at the same molarity greater than we need, then
we have to do dilution. Dilution causes the volume and molarity of the solution changed,
but the number of moles of solute does not change. The formula used is:

with:

V1 = volume of solution before dilution

V2 = volume of the solution after dilution

M1 = molarity of solution before dilution

M2 = molarity of solution after dilutionB. Definition of reaction rate

Chemical reactions take place at different speeds. The bursting of firecrackers, is an
example of a reaction that takes place in a short time. Perkaratan process iron, fruit
ripening on the tree, and the rest of the fossilization of organisms are chemical events that
take place very slowly.

A chemical reaction always associated with a change from a reagent (reactant) into the
reaction results (products).

Reagent (reactant) → reaction product (product)

The reaction rate can be expressed as a reduction in the amount (concentration) of reactant
per unit time or increasing the amount (concentration) reaction product per unit time. The
rate of reaction is symbolized by the reaction rate r that means.

concentration versus time graph changes

Based on the chart above, then:

(The negative sign indicates that the reactant concentration decreases, while a positive
sign indicates that the concentration of the product increases)

For example the reaction of substances A to B can be written as follows.

A→B

A reaction rate:
B reaction rate:

The reaction rate equation can be written:

For reactions with different coefficients as the following reaction.

aA → bB

reaction rate can be written

REACTION RATE EQUATION

Quantitative relationship between changes in the concentration of the reaction rate is

expressed by the equation reaction rate or reaction rate law. Experimentally proved that
the temperature remains overall reaction rate is proportional to the multiplication molarity
of the reactants that react with a specific rank. For example, the reaction:

aA + bB → cC

Reaction rate equation (r) can be written as follows.

with:

k = reaction rate constant

x = the order or the level of reaction to a substance

y = the order or the level of reaction to a substance B

Reaction rate equation states the quantitative relationship between the rate of reaction with
reactant molarity. Reaction rate equation is known as the law of the reaction rate. Will you
notice the reaction rate equation. Do you know, what is the reaction rate constant and
reaction order?
Symbolized by the reaction rate constant k. K depends on the type of reaction and
temperature. Each type of reaction has a particular value of k. If the reaction is rapid, then
the large value of k. Vice versa. If the reactions are slow, then the price of a small k.

In addition to the price of k, the rate equation of the reaction was the reaction order. What
is the order of the reaction? Rank order of the reaction is the molarity of the reaction rate
equation. Order of reaction is called the reaction rate. Means x is the order of the reaction
of A and y is the reaction order B. Addition of each reactant is a total order of the reaction,
is x + y.

ORDER REACTION

Reaction order stating the influence of reactant concentration on reaction rate. Reaction
order can not be written from the equation, but must be of the data eksperimen.Pada
generally, the price reaction order is a simple integer, ie 1, 2, or 3, but sometimes there are
also reagents that have a reaction order of 0, ½, or even negative.

Some common reaction order contained in the chemical equation and its meaning as
follows:

a) The zero-order reaction In the graph, which has a zero-order

A chemical reaction is said to have reaction can be seen in the side
order zero, if the magnitude of the
reaction rate is not influenced by
the concentration of reactants. That
is, no matter how elevated
concentrations of the reactants will
not affect the magnitude of the
reaction rate.
zero-order reaction graph

b) A first order reaction A chemical reaction is said to have

first order, if the magnitude of the
 reaction rate is directly proportional
to the amount of reactant
concentrations. That is, if the
concentration of the reactants is
increased two times previously,
then the reaction rate will also
increase the amount of as much as
(2) 1 or 2 times the original as well. first order reaction graph
In the graph, first order reaction
can be described
as shown in the graph at right

c) A second order reaction reactants is raised 3 times the

A reaction is said to have the original, then the reaction rate will
second order, if the magnitude of be (3) rank 2 or 9 times before.
the reaction rate is the square of the
increase in the concentration of
pereaksinya. That is, if the
concentration of the reactants is
increased 2 times the original, then
the reaction rate will increase by
(2) a power of 2 or 4 times the
original. If the concentration of
second-order reaction graph

d) negative-order reaction
A chemical reaction is said to have a negative order, if the magnitude of the rate of
reaction is proportional to the concentration of reactants. That is, if the concentration
of the reactants is increased or enlarged, the reaction rate will be smaller.
 RAW RATE DETERMINATION

In order to determine the reaction rate formula, not only to see the reaction of the full
course, but it should be on trial. Ie at the time of trial and performed at a constant
temperature. Determination of the reaction rate formula can be seen in the following
example.

Rate equation of the reaction aA → bB, can be written as follows.

From the experimental data obtained following

Define: reaction order, reaction rate constant (k), and the reaction rate equation.

Answer

Order of reactions; If the reaction is of the order of a reaction to a = 1,

then the reaction rate is proportional to the molarity of [A], ie r = k [A]. It is not possible,
because the initial molarity number 2 when the initial molarity increased 2 times, the
initial rate 4 times greater.

Reaction order can be searched by comparing the reaction rates of each of the following
experiments.
because of the three values of a fixed ratio of the two, it can be concluded that the reaction
order with respect to A is two.

The reaction rate constant (k)

Price reaction constants can be calculated by entering the reaction order value was found
in one of the equations to the experimental results.

Example of experiment number 1

From the experiments number 3

Thus, the reaction rate constant prices for

Reaction rate equation

 FACTORS AFFECTING THE RATE OF REACTION

1 ) Concentration

Solution with a concentration of large ( dense ) particles containing more dense , when
compared to the aqueous solution . The higher concentration means more molecules per
unit area in the room , as a result of collisions between molecules occur more frequently
and the reaction proceeds more rapidly .

The higher the concentration of a solution , the greater the rate of reaction .

2 ) The surface area of the touch

A substance will react when mixed and collide . In the mixing of reactants consisting of
two or more phases , the collision took place on the surface of the substance . The solid
form of a fine powder having a surface area of the touchpad is larger than the plate
-shaped or granular solids . The more surface area of the particles , the collision frequency
is likely to be higher so that the reaction can take place more quickly .

The reaction rate is proportional to the surface area of the reactants .

3 ) Temperature

Each particle is always moving . As the temperature increases , the energy of motion
( kinetic ) particle also increased so that more particles having kinetic energy above the
price of energy of activation ( Ea ) .

The increase in temperature will increase the reaction rate .

4 ) Catalyst

Catalysts are substances that can increase the reaction rate , but do not undergo chemical
changes permanently , so that at the end of the reaction to these substances can be
recovered . Catalysts speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy prices ( Ea ) .
Catalysis is the event of an increase in the reaction rate as a result of the addition of a
catalyst . Although the catalyst lowers the activation energy of the reaction , but it does
not affect the energy difference between products and reactants . In other words , the use
of a catalyst will not change the reaction enthalpy .
 graphic activation energy decreases with the presence of a catalyst

ROLE OF CATALYST IN LIVING THINGS AND INDUSTRY

1 ) ROLE OF CATALYST IN LIVING THINGS

It is known that the reaction rate will increase sharply as the temperature increases . If a
particular reaction is not fast enough at normal temperatures , we can be accelerated by
increasing the reaction temperature . However, sometimes the effort is not worth doing .
For example , the cells of living organisms are designed to operate at a temperature of
about 37oC. However , many biochemical reactions in the body that would take place too
slowly at this temperature when there is no interference of other substances .

In our body , various biochemical processes accelerated by catalysts called enzymes

( biocatalysts ) . These enzymes specifically always work ; a reaction can only be
accelerated by specific enzymes , like a keyhole with key child . The enzyme forms a
complex with the substrate ( a substance that will be accelerated reaction ) , then the
compound decomposes produce the desired substance , while the enzyme returned to its
original shape .

Example :

 Oxidase enzymes accelerate the oxidation reaction

 Hydrolase enzymes speed up the breakdown of food through the hydrolysis reaction .

The mechanism of action of the enzyme can be described as follows :

2) ROLE OF CATALYST IN THE INDUSTRY

In industrial processes, the use of higher temperatures to accelerate the reaction as the
Haber process for ammonia synthesis could be done, but the operational costs will be very
expensive. In the chemical indutsri, increasing the temperature means increasing costs for
energy supply. Therefore, we need a substance that is capable of speeding up the reaction
without having to increase the temperature or pressure so that the cost of production
becomes cheaper. The substance is a catalyst.

a. Contact process (manufacture of sulfuric acid)

The reaction of sulfuric acid manufacture is done in several stages:

1) S + O2 → SO2

2) 2SO2 + O2 → 2SO3

3) SO3 + H2O → H2SO4

Reaction step ( 2 ) takes place very slowly , so it needs to be added catalyst vanadium
( V ) oxide , V2O5

b. Haber - Bosch process ( manufacture of ammonia )

Ammonia is one of the compounds that are needed in the fertilizer industry . These
compounds are prepared by the reaction between nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas .

N2 ( g ) + 3H2 ( g ) → 2NH3 ( g )

The reaction runs very slowly at low temperatures , whereas at high temperature NH3
gas produced tends to decompose back into nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas . On this
basis , we need a condition that allows for the reaction to take place rapidly at low
temperatures .

After doing research for a long time , in 1905 Fritz Haber found a way to make
efficient NH3 gas , ie by adding a catalyst such as iron powder ( iron plus ) . The
catalyst is made of iron mixed with a little potassium and aluminum oxide . The
addition of Fe catalyst causes the production of ammonia gas can take place
effectively at a temperature of 500oC . This process is to be known as the Haber
Process .
 WORKSHEET

1. Which statement is true about the rate of the reaction is ....

a. change in the amount reagent

b. changing the amount of reaction products
c. increasing reactant substance per unit time
d. reduced substance per unit time results
e. substances reduced reactant substance or substances increase per unit time results

2. The following factors affect the rate of reaction, except ....

a. The concentration
b. temperature
c. The surface area
d. of catalyst
e. color of a substance

3. The most rapid reaction rate found in ....

A. 250 mL HCl 0,5 M + 250 mL NaOH 0,5 M

B. 250 mL HCl 0,4 M + 250 mL NaOH 0,4 M
C. 250 mL HCl 0,3 M + 250 mL NaOH 0,3 M
D. 500 mL HCl 0,2 M + 500 mL NaOH 0,2 M
E. 500 mL HCl 0,1 M + 500 mL NaOH 0,1 M

4. The reaction A → B has a reaction rate at a temperature = 25° C. When every temperature
rise of 10° C the reaction rate becomes 3 time, then the reaction rate at a temperature of
55° C is for ....

A. 3a D. 27a
B. 8a E. 30a
C. 9a

5. The concentration is raised or lowered, but the reaction rate is not changed or fixed, then
the order of the reaction is ....

A. 0 D. 2,5
B. 1 E. 3
C. 2

6. For the reaction: A + B → substances outcome, if known:

a. Initial concentration of A is increased 2-fold at a concentration of B is fixed, then the

reaction rate becomes twice as large.

b. Initial concentration of A and B respectively is increased 2-fold, then the reaction to be 8

times larger.
The formulation of the reaction rate equation is ..
7. The experimental data:

No. Mg metal [HCl] Temperature

1 Bars 0,1 M 20 °C
2 Particle 0,1 M 20 °C
3 Particle 0,2 M 30 °C
4 Powder 0,2 M 30 °C
5 Bars 0,2 M 30 °C

The most rapid rate of reaction was ....

A. 1 D. 4
B. 2 E. 5
C. 3

8. SETS relationship with one reaction rate is the refrigerator as a result of technology. The
food in the refrigerator can last longer due. . .

a. Low temperatures may slow food spoilage reactions

b. The pressure of the high refrigerator

c. The surface area of reduced food

d. The refrigerator contains a substance that can kill bacteria in food

e. Fridge sealed so the outside air can not enter

9. If associated with SETS, the effect of detergents on the environment is. . .

a. Become fertile ground for detergent plastic wrap

b. Watershed becomes clear because foam detergent teraliri

c. Around plants become fertile

d. Surrounding areas into healthy animals

e. Land became infertile due to soil structure damaged by foam detergents flowing into the
soil and waste plastic wrap detergent

10. Wash with detergent to make clothes more cleaner faster because. . .
a. The water temperature increased
b. The volume of water to be larger
c. Pressure on clothes is reduced
d. Can expand the clothing surface
e. Concentration increases cleaners
 PRACTICUM

FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE RATE OF REACTION

A. Destination :
Observing the effect of concentration, temperature, surface area, and catalysts on the rate
of reaction

B. Equipment and Materials

Experiment 1:
 3 beaker
 10 mL solution of HCl 1 M, 2 M, 3 M
 3 Mg tape measure 2 cm
 Stopwatch

Experiment 2:

 Pieces of CaCO3 0.5 g

 Powder CaCO3 0.5 g
 10 mL of 2 M HCl
 3 test tubes
 Paper, Pens
 Stopwatch

Experiment 3:

 20 mL of 0.2 M Na2S2O3
 3 beaker
 5 mL of 2 M HCl solution
 Thermometers
 Stopwatch
 The white paper marked with a large cross
 heater (light spirits and three feet)

Experiment 4:

 50 mL of 5% H2O2
 3 beaker
 0.1 M NaCl solution
 0.1 M solution of FeCl
 Pipette
C. How it Works
Experiment 1: Observing the effect of concentration
1. 3 beaker supplied each containing 10 mL of 1 M HCl concentration, 2 M, 3 M
2. 3 Mg ribbon measuring 2 cm is provided.
3. Metal Mg reacted with M HCl, the time is recorded until completely reacted Mg metal.
4. The experiment was repeated for the other 2 HCl concentration.

Experiment 2: Observing the effect of surface area

1. Pieces of CaCO3 powder and 2 g of each is provided.
2. Measure each 5 mL of 2 M HCl and then put in a second test tube.
3. Pieces of 2 g CaCO3 and CaCO3 powder 2g each reacted and put in a test tube 2.
4. The time is recorded when the addition of CaCO3 until completely reacted.

Experiment 3: Observing the effects of temperature

1. A cross is made on a piece of paper.
2. 20 mL of 0.2 M Na2S2O3 solution is put into a beaker. Then the beaker is placed on the
paper cross. The temperature was measured and recorded. Then add 5 mL of 2 M HCl solution
Measure and record the time from the addition of HCl solution until a cross is not visible
anymore.
3. 20 mL of 0.2 M Na2S2O3 solution is put into a beaker lain.Panaskan to 35. Temperature is
recorded, the beaker is placed on the paper cross, then add 10 mL of 2 M HCl solution and
record the time to cross invisible again.
4. The experiment was repeated with a temperature of 45.

Experiment 4: Viewing catalyst

1. Each brackish g 50 mL of 5% H2O2 solution. Incorporated into the 3 beaker. Observe the
speed of onset of gas bubbles in both the glass and note.
2. 20 drops of 0.1 M NaCl solution was added to the beaker 1 and 20 drops of 0.1 M FeCl3
solution in the beaker to beaker 2 and the last one left. See the onset velocity of gas bubbles in
the third beaker. Observe and record.

D. Observations
Experiment 1

Beaker Glass HCl Solution Mg (cm) Time (s)

1 10 mL HCl 1 M 2
2 10 mL HCl 2 M 2
3 10 mL HCl 3 M 2
Experiment 2

Test Tube 2 gram CaCO3 Time (s)

1 Fragment
2 Powder
Experiment 3

Beaker Temperature Volume Volume of HCl Time (s)

Glass ( ) Na2S2O3 (mL) (mL)
0C
1 Room 20 10
Temperature (32)
2 35 20 10
3 45 20 10

Experiment 4

No. Solution Observation

1 H2O2
2 H2O2 NaCl
3 H2O2 FeCl3 Ø 

E. Questions

1. Explain the effect of concentration on the rate of reaction?

2. Determine the manipulated variable, respond, and control in the experiment?
3. How big wide prmukaan CaCO3 on trial?
4. Explain the effect of surface area on the rate of reaction of touch?
5. How does the effect of temperature on the rate of reaction?
6. Substances Which works as a catalyst in the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide, NaCl, or
FeCl3? Explain.
7. Was the substance changes during hydrogen peroxide decomposition experience?