NSP

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Copyright © National Security Division 2022

TABLE OF CONTENTS
MESSAGE BY THE PRIME MINISTER...................................................... i
MESSAGE BY THE NATIONAL SECURITY ADVISER........................... ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS........................................................................... iii
IMPORTANT TERMS................................................................................... v
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY............................................................................. vi
I. POLICY FORMULATION..........................................................................1
The Need............................................................................................................................2
The Process........................................................................................................................2
Periodic Review of National Security Policy.................................................................3
II. NATIONAL SECURITY FRAMEWORK................................................. 5
National Security Vision...................................................................................................6
Conceptualising National Security..................................................................................6
Principles of Policy Implementation..............................................................................8
III. NATIONAL COHESION....................................................................... 11
Opportunities and Challenges...................................................................................... 12
Policy Guidelines............................................................................................................ 13
IV. SECURING OUR ECONOMIC FUTURE............................................ 15
V. DEFENCE AND TERRITORIAL INTEGRITY....................................23
VI. INTERNAL SECURITY.........................................................................29
VII. FOREIGN POLICY IN A CHANGING WORLD...............................33
External Context............................................................................................................ 35
VIII. HUMAN SECURITY...........................................................................43
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................48
MESSAGE BY THE
PRIME MINISTER
Bold visions and big ideas lie at the heart of human progress and prosperity. Policies
that encapsulate these contribute towards galvanising national sentiments in line with
the vision and goals a nation sets for itself. Pakistan’s first comprehensive National
Security Policy is an important milestone in this respect.
The National Security Policy 2022-2026 centres on my government’s vision, which

believes that the security of Pakistan rests in the security of its citizens. This citizen-
centric approach to national security prioritises national cohesion and the prosperity
of people, while guaranteeing fundamental rights and social justice without
discrimination.
Realising the symbiotic relationship between economic, human, and traditional

security is now imperative for Pakistan’s long-term development. Domestic stability
and regional peace based on mutual co-existence, regional connectivity, and shared
prosperity are essential prerequisites to optimising national security. Moreover, to
achieve the vast potential of our citizens, it is necessary to promote delivery-based
good governance through strengthening of institutions, rule of law, transparency,
accountability, and openness.
This National Security Policy contains our boldly defined and clearly articulated
goals as a self-respecting, sovereign, and inclusive state. I am confident that effective
implementation of this Policy will contribute immensely to our country’s economic
security, human welfare on the lines of Riasat-e-Medina, and a stronger defence
capability.
i
MESSAGE BY THE
NATIONAL SECURITY ADVISER
Pakistan’s approach to national security is broad, proactive, and resolute and aims
to ensure the security of our most vulnerable citizens. Rather than being set in an
archaic guns versus butter debate, our national security thinking seeks to identify
means of expanding economic resources such that Pakistan can simultaneously
strengthen its traditional and non-traditional security. The most prudent approach
is to keep economic security at the core, and judiciously transfer the dividends of a
strong economy to further strengthen our defence and human security. This is the
vision that the National Security Policy strives to pursue.
Cognizant of Pakistan’s complex security requirements, the National Security Policy

adopts a directional tone, providing strategic guidance on priority areas for policy
action while identifying opportunities for and challenges to our national security in
the medium and long term. The Policy conveys a clear and bold vision, emphasising
a geo-economic paradigm that supplements our geo-strategic approach, laying down
a broad roadmap on how to actualise the chosen path.
Like all such guiding documents, the National Security Policy is aspirational in some
respects. One of the key focus areas for policymakers must therefore be to bridge the
gap between the ambition and reality of attaining comprehensive national security in
the shortest possible time period. Ensuring this will be an important benchmark of
success of the Policy.
As drafters of the first National Security Policy, my team and I wish to thank the
Prime Minister and the broader civil and military leadership for their constant
support to the effort. Besides the National Security Division, current and former
officials from many other parts of the government worked diligently to mature the
National Security Policy document over the years. I wish to recognise each one of
them for their contribution.
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The National Security Policy 2022-2026 is the fruition of a devoted ambition towards
servicing Pakistan with a guiding national security vision. Years of dedicated work
and numerous consultations have resulted in the formulation of a document we
hope the people of Pakistan will take pride in.
This achievement would not have been possible without the support of multiple
individuals and offices. At the outset, we are thankful to the Prime Minister for
his constant leadership. His guidance and vision were crucial for steering the
policy process. We would also like to thank Federal Ministers, Chief Ministers, and
governments of Gilgit-Baltistan and Azad Jammu and Kashmir for their constant
support, as well as all other civilian and military stakeholders for providing valuable
input throughout the process. Their participation and productive engagement helped
coalesce varied views on national security.
We would also like to thank our in-house experts of the Strategic Policy Planning Cell
(SPPC) at the National Security Division (NSD), who spearheaded the process of
collating input from all stakeholders and drafting a final cohesive policy document.
The SPPC team also undertook tireless efforts in engaging independent experts
across Pakistan in multiple rounds of consultations. In particular, we would like to
thank and congratulate Syed Hassan Akbar, Senior Policy Specialist on Traditional
Security, for taking the lead in the policy drafting process.
The officers of the NSD deserve our utmost gratitude for steering numerous inter-
ministerial consultations and providing administrative support to this entire effort.
Yet, these acknowledgements will be incomplete without recognising the efforts
of the former leadership of the NSD, particularly the former National Security
Advisers and Secretaries.
It is also important to acknowledge the contribution and input of NSD’s Advisory
Board, academic institutions, particularly the National Defence University, think
tank experts, independent analysts, ulema, university students, and the broader civil
society from across Pakistan. Throughout the formulation process, the NSD reached
out to these essential stakeholders to make the policy document inclusive.
Finally, the National Security Policy is dedicated to its prime audience: the citizens
of Pakistan. The Policy links the security of Pakistan with the economic and social
well-being of its people. The spirit, passion, and resilience of the people of Pakistan
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have been decisive in facing national challenges. The National Security Policy seeks
to strengthen this spirit.
Dr. Moeed W. Yusuf Eng. Aamir Hasan

National Security Adviser Secretary,
National Security Division
iv
IMPORTANT TERMS
National Security Policy
Articulates Pakistan’s national security vision, interests, and priorities while providing
a detailed implementation framework.
Comprehensive National Security
A conception of security that recognises that traditional and non-traditional threats
and opportunities together impinge on overall national security. Comprehensive
national security forms the core of Pakistan’s security vision going forward.
National Security Framework
Outlines the conceptual elements of Pakistan’s vision for comprehensive national
security.
Vital National Security Interests
Interests that are essential for the integrity and security of Pakistan.
Critical Enabling Factors
Factors that reinforce and support the fulfillment of vital national interests.
Principles of Policy Implementation
Overarching principles that reflect the state’s general approach towards policy and
guide the implementation of the National Security Policy.
v
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The National Security Policy 2022-2026 is Pakistan’s first national security policy
document. It seeks to co-locate Pakistan in emerging global trends and identifies
policy objectives and priority areas where Pakistan should invest its national resources
to ensure the most beneficial outcomes.
The Policy articulates a citizen-centric ‘Comprehensive National Security’ framework
for Pakistan whose ultimate purpose is to ensure the safety, security, dignity, and
prosperity of our people. It recognises both traditional and non-traditional security
aspects that impinge on our national security. The Policy places economic security at
the core of comprehensive national security, emphasising a geo-economic vision to
supplement the focus on geo-strategy, and recognises that sustainable and inclusive
economic growth is needed to expand our national resource pie. This will in turn
allow greater availability of resources to bolster traditional and human security.
Appreciating this symbiotic relationship between economic, traditional, and human
security allows the articulation of holistic policy actions that will prepare Pakistan to
optimise national security outcomes in the coming decades.
The Policy captures ongoing trends in the changing world order and their implications
for Pakistan. The emergence of multiple centres of economic and military power
and a move towards a multipolar world are key features of the contemporary global
landscape. Pakistan’s location at the cross-roads of historic confluence and regional
flashpoints provides unique opportunities amidst global competition for power. The
policy guidance in the document emphasises a proactive, forward-looking approach
for Pakistan’s policy makers. It recognises that a static or reactive outlook in a fluid
global environment can have negative consequences and affect not only Pakistan’s
external relations but also its internal security and societal harmony.
This public version of the National Security Policy is meant to provide an insight into
the overall vision and direction of the country’s national security. Major opportunities
and challenges as well as policy objectives for each significant aspect of national
security are described briefly. Specific details and analyses of the security landscape,
the country’s vital national security interests, priority actions, and implementation
framework have not been included in this document.
The document contains eight sections. After explaining the policy formulation
process in Section I, conceptual elements of Pakistan’s national security framework
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are explained in Section II. Six thematic sections follow, each of which provides
an assessment of the context and Pakistan’s desired goals and objectives in the
particular area of national security covered in the respective sections. Section III
on ‘National Cohesion’ examines preservation of ideology and culture, ensuring
unity and stability, and making public service responsive to the needs of citizens.
Section IV, titled ‘Securing Our Economic Future’, focuses on economic security,
specifically discussing the economy, trade, energy, education and human resource,
and emerging technologies. Section V, titled ‘Defence and Territorial Integrity’,
provides policy guidelines for ensuring defence, deterrence, and territorial integrity,
and space and cyber security. Section VI focuses on ‘Internal Security’ and examines
challenges of terrorism, violent sub-nationalisms, extremism and sectarianism, and
organized crime. Section VII on ‘Foreign Policy in a Changing World’ assesses global
realignments, Pakistan’s key bilateral and multilateral relationships, and our overall
approach towards diplomacy. Finally, Section VIII, titled ‘Human Security’, examines
population and migration, health security, climate and water security, food security,
and gender security.
The National Security Policy has been framed after seven years of diligent and
rigorous analysis and consultations led by the National Security Division. Yet, the
Policy document will continue to evolve to reflect emerging challenges to Pakistan’s
security while providing guidelines to mitigate threats and avail new opportunities
to make our country even more secure and prosperous. This public document
will contribute to the Policy’s evolution by generating an intellectual debate on the
notion of comprehensive national security, on which Pakistan’s future security vision
is centered. It will complement the National Security Policy’s recommendation for
a dedicated political discourse to develop a broad consensus on national security
that transcends political differences and is not affected by changes in the national
political space.
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SECTION I
POLICY FORMULATION
POLICY FORMULATION
The Need
The conception of national security has evolved over time. Many countries have
worked towards integrating defence capabilities with their economic and societal
capacities to leverage national power potentials. In Pakistan, successive governments
have articulated distinct policies on internal security, foreign policy, defence
modernisation and indigenisation, economic growth and development, food security,
and climate change, among others. These policies have contributed to enhancing
Pakistan’s security in their respective domains.
Yet, Pakistan has lacked a comprehensive security policy that brings traditional
and non-traditional strands of security under one umbrella document to provide
overarching direction and guidance. The National Security Policy has been envisioned
to fill this void, thereby allowing Pakistan to optimally leverage varied elements of
national power. Overtime, sectoral policies of strategic nature will link up with the
vision of the National Security Policy to actualise the overall national security outlook
and direction chosen by the country’s leadership.
The Process
The process of formulating the National Security Policy began in 2014. Throughout
the process, multiple rounds of consultations were held with official stakeholders,
including all federal ministries and divisions, provincial governments, governments
of Gilgit-Baltistan and Azad Jammu and Kashmir, and military institutions. Input was
also sought from intelligentsia and citizens. Salient features of the National Security
Division’s (NSD) consultations with over 120 experts through thematic working
groups under its Council of Experts were incorporated in the Policy document. In
2021, online and in-person consultations were also held with over 500 specialists and
civil society members, including university students representing the views of the
country’s future generation. At the tail end of the finalisation process, open hearings
on the key contours of the Policy were held in public and private universities. While
extensive consultations have meant a long gestation period for this document, the
fact that the National Security Policy includes buy-in from all official stakeholders
will be crucial in ensuring the sustainability of its recommendations.
2
Periodic Review of National Security Policy
Recognising the need for flexibility in a global and national security landscape marked
by fluidity, the National Security Policy is envisioned for a period of five years. Under
the guidance of the National Security Committee (NSC), and in coordination with
the Office of the National Security Adviser, the NSD will review and recommend
updates to the Policy on a yearly basis, when a new government is formed, or in case
of a major event that has far reaching implications for Pakistan’s security. This will
ensure that significant developments are accorded necessary attention and policy
priorities of any new government are adequately reflected.
The NSD is responsible for monitoring the implementation of the National Security
Policy. Its effective and efficient implementation will require a well-coordinated
whole-of-government approach. In working with all relevant stakeholders to
prioritise actions and pursue implementation plans, the NSD will ensure that existing
structures for coordination are used optimally and strengthened further.
3
4
SECTION II
NATIONAL SECURITY
FRAMEWORK
NATIONAL SECURITY FRAMEWORK
A country is as secure as its most vulnerable citizen. The safety, security, dignity, and prosperity of
citizens in all their manifestations will remain the ultimate purpose of Pakistan’s national security.
National Security Vision

Pakistan is envisioned as an Islamic welfare state, internationally relevant and aligned
with universal principles of justice, equality, and tolerance. Seeking a peaceful
neighbourhood based on mutual co-existence, regional connectivity, and shared
prosperity. A secure and economically resilient Pakistan, empowered by diversity of
culture, and demographic dividends while ensuring fundamental rights and social
justice without discrimination on the basis of caste, creed, or belief. Promoting good
governance through strengthening of institutions, transparency, accountability, and
openness as articles of faith.
Conceptualising National Security

The ultimate purpose of national security must be to ensure citizens’ safety,
security, dignity, and prosperity. The national security framework presented in this
document conceptualises the elements of policy necessary to achieve this objective
by introducing the concept of comprehensive national security. It recognises the
interconnectedness of traditional and non-traditional elements of national security
and proposes a whole-of-government approach to charting a cohesive, unified, and
responsive security policy for the coming decades. While traditional security focuses
on defence, territorial integrity, internal security, and diplomacy, non-traditional
security comprises broader elements that impinge on a country’s economic health
and citizen well-being.
Pakistan is navigating myriad national security challenges amidst a changing world
order. The nation’s resolute response to internal and external threats has helped
Pakistan overcome many of these challenges in our recent past. However, during this
period, traditional security imperatives have been compounded by emerging non-
traditional security challenges. Terrorism and growing conventional force differential
in the region have heightened threat perceptions. Equally, economic vulnerability,
deficits in public service delivery for a growing population, natural disasters, and
a pandemic have demonstrated that Pakistan’s national security is increasingly
predicated on all aspects of governance that impact the lives of citizens. A holistic
6
understanding of national security, one that encapsulates the entire spectrum of
comprehensive national security, is necessary to create sustainable solutions for
Pakistan.
Pakistan is committed to safeguarding its sovereignty in all its manifestations by

ensuring national cohesion and harmony, preserving territorial integrity, enhancing
economic independence, and ensuring the writ of the state. Our guiding principle for
national cohesion and harmony will remain ‘unity in diversity’. Territorial integrity
in land, air, and sea, as well as the space and cyber domains will be achieved through
defence, deterrence, astute diplomacy, and the building of robust space and cyber
capabilities. Sustainable and inclusive economic growth will lead to the prosperity
of citizens. Protection of the fundamental rights of all citizens as enshrined in the
Constitution will be guaranteed by ensuring rule of law.
Pakistan’s vital national security interests are best served by placing economic
security as the core element of national security. The country’s security imperatives
in the next decade will be driven by the need to realise its economic potential while
ensuring national cohesion, territorial integrity, internal security, and citizen welfare.
In the context of comprehensive national security, achieving economic security is
predicated on an expanding national resource pie and a redistributive model that can
transfer the benefits of greater availability of resources to human welfare. Sustainable
and inclusive economic growth that expands Pakistan’s global economic footprint,
reduces external economic dependency, and allows Pakistan to better leverage its
resultant economic clout will also ensure our traditional security requirements are
adequately resourced.
The challenge before us is to move away from the traditional guns versus butter
debate, instead recognising that traditional and non-traditional aspects of national
security must be linked through a symbiotic relationship.
7
Figure 1: Symbiotic Relationship Between Traditional and Non-Traditional Security
The sustained macro-economic stability needed for economic security is linked to
two interconnected elements. First, through a development and growth orientation,
regeneration of economic activity and domestic investment is achieved. Second,
through an export, investment, and connectivity focus, opportunities for economic
growth through greater inflow of external resources and the consequent improvement
in the country’s external imbalance are created. Pakistan is already focusing on both
these elements of economic security through dedicated programmes and strategies.
What is envisioned here is also a psychological shift in the national approach that
truly recognises the imperative of further enhancing economic security in the
medium term to ensure comprehensive security in the long term.
Principles of Policy Implementation

The National Security Policy outlines principles that inform both the formulation of
policy and its implementation. These are:
Whole-of-Government Approach
Turning Pakistan’s national security challenges into opportunities requires a whole-

of-government approach where all organs of the state work in close coordination
to tackle increasingly complex and cross-cutting issues. Breaking silos and moving
towards inter-departmental synergy is necessary to meet evolving requirements of
comprehensive national security. This would invariably require a review of current
coordination mechanisms and removing any barriers while incentivising collaboration
to achieve overall objectives.
8
Inclusivity
Policies on matters of national importance and their implementation should always

remain inclusive of the opinions and concerns of all segments of society. Inclusive
policy formation generates a positive state-citizen connection and makes government
policy responsive. This requires that all elements of national power, including
government institutions and departments, private enterprises, and civil society, be
channeled towards the fulfilment of Pakistan’s vital national security interests.
Self-confidence and Resolve
Our resilience as a nation rests in the resolve of our people against internal and
external challenges. Pakistan’s actions must continue to demonstrate confidence in
the capabilities of our state institutions and people. A strong and healthy state-
citizen relationship is a prerequisite for nourishing this confidence. All efforts must
be made to sustain and strengthen this bond so that no amount of external coercion
or challenges bend our national resolve. Pursing our vital national security interests
unapologetically will be a cornerstone of our approach to the world.
Introspection and Pragmatism
Successful policy requires a culture of introspection that is open to re-examining

existing approaches to national security. This introspection must be coupled with
a pragmatic approach that privileges national interests over emotive policy making.
Pakistan’s approach to national security decision making will remain introspective
and pragmatic for the furtherance of our vital national security interests.
Proactiveness
In a fluid global environment, fast-changing geo-political realities will inevitably

throw up new opportunities and challenges. Through an approach guided by long-
term strategic thinking and planning, Pakistan will proactively identify and capitalise
on these opportunities and mitigate any threats.
Prioritisation
As a populous and dynamic country positioned in an economically and strategically

relevant region, Pakistan faces innumerable internal and external factors that impact
its security. The National Security Policy recognises that security and continued
prosperity of Pakistan requires a graduated approach. It prioritises policy interventions
deemed to have the greatest impact on the vital national security interests of Pakistan.
9
Consistency
Pakistan requires policy continuity to navigate evolving challenges and turn them
into opportunities. The country can ill-afford policy reversals or changing interest in
the implementation of agreed major policy directions. Policy continuity should be
ensured through democratic processes. The National Security Policy recognises this
and proposes dedicated strategies to create broad consensus on important national
security issues that should not be affected by political differences.
10
SECTION III
NATIONAL COHESION
NATIONAL COHESION
An Islamic Republic based on the principles of equality and justice, empowered by diversity of
culture, ensuring fundamental rights and social justice without discrimination, and delivering on its
social contract with its people through good governance to strengthen national esteem and cohesion.
Opportunities and Challenges

Identity and Culture
Pakistan’s ideology as enshrined in the Constitution and our diverse culture inform
the identity of our citizens and provide them with a sense of pride and national
esteem. It is imperative that we reinforce our coherent national identity based on
the principle of unity in diversity. Divisive discourse around ethnic, religious, and
social differences is a concern, exacerbated by disruptive external support that aims
to undermine national cohesion and incite disharmony on issues of identity. These
have not succeeded due to untiring efforts by the state and citizens. Continuous
and dedicated efforts will be made through an approach centered on cherishing
the diversity of Pakistan, inculcating tolerance, and promoting national cohesion
through educational and cultural institutions and an inclusive national discourse.
Socio-Economic Inequalities
Socio-economic inequalities make cohesion more challenging by exacerbating
societal fault lines. Addressing these inequalities plays a direct role in strengthening
national cohesion. Since the early 2000s, Pakistan has made significant gains in
poverty alleviation, reducing poverty by more than half. However, as a developing
country, greater effort to further address socio-economic inequalities between the
haves and have-nots is essential for fostering national cohesion. This requires further
strengthening welfare-focused social funds, dedicated efforts to create employment
opportunities for the small and medium enterprise sector, and addressing distortions
created by the gap between the formal and informal economy. Equally, geographical
disparities exist across Pakistan in terms of key development indicators. Despite
efforts by successive governments to address these inequities, affirmative action is
required for additional resource allocation and dedicated development projects in
far flung areas to erase any sense of deprivation and counter narratives that seek to
exploit differences between developed and under-developed regions.
12
Governance and Institutional Capacity
Good governance strengthens the state-citizen bond, fosters citizen contentment,
and helps bring the society together. Existing administrative reforms are geared
towards enhancing the capacity of the public sector to deliver according to modern
requirements. Enhanced federal-provincial, inter-provincial, and inter-departmental
coordination will allow tackling increasingly complex issues that are often cross-
cutting in nature. Similarly, regularly upgrading and reforming procedures will ensure
better coordination among institutions and delivery of public services under new
realities. Initiatives such as citizen complaint portals, digitisation of land records, and
steps towards e-governance are opportunities that require continuity. Devolution
of ministries has shifted the burden of delivering the majority of public services
to Pakistan’s federating units. This requires further strengthening coordination
mechanisms such as the Ministry of Inter-Provincial Coordination, Council of
Common Interests, National Finance Commission, and National Economic Council,
among others. Existing division of responsibilities between provincial and local
governments can be improved through more empowered and responsive governance
at district and lower levels.
Policy Guidelines
Preserving our Identity
Preservation of the Islamic character as enshrined in the Constitution and our diverse cultural
heritage.
Policy Objectives: Foster patriotism and social cohesion through national values
and ethnic, religious, cultural and linguistic diversity. Promote interfaith harmony
and minority rights, and intellectual expression and thought based on openness and
equal opportunities irrespective of caste, creed, religion, gender, or socio-economic
standing.
Ensuring Unity and Stability
A strong Federation through democratic strengthening, political stability, consistent policies, and
consensus on issues of national importance.
Policy Objectives: Strengthen the federal nature of Pakistan’s structure by
adhering to democratic principles. Ensure harmony among federating units and the
territories of Gilgit-Baltistan and Azad Jammu and Kashmir through prudent policy
13
implementation at all levels. Promote and strengthen mutual cooperation among all
levels of the federal structure to guide our approach and efforts.
Making Public Service Responsive
A responsive and efficient public sector geared towards meeting demands of citizens in the twenty-
first century, especially through focusing on devolution to the local levels and e-governance.
Policy Objectives: Good governance to strengthen the state-citizen contract
by ensuring timely, equitable, and effective delivery of public services. Promote
devolution down to the local levels. Ensure transparency and accountability, including
through e-governance.
14
SECTION IV
SECURING OUR
ECONOMIC FUTURE
SECURING OUR ECONOMIC FUTURE
Achieve economic security and sovereignty through sustainable growth, inclusive development, and
financial solvency.

The economic security dimension of the National Security Policy focuses primarily
on reducing three challenges for national security emanating from the economic
sphere: external imbalance, vertical inequalities, and horizontal inequalities.
External Imbalance
This imbalance emanates from consistently higher foreign exchange outflows as

compared to inflows. In order to exercise the full spectrum of sovereign choice
in both domestic development objectives and international affairs, addressing the
issue of external imbalance is essential. Long-term sustainability depends in large
part on Pakistan’s ability to correct its current account deficit. This will primarily be
achieved through a dedicated focus on export growth and export-oriented foreign
direct investment enabled by ease of doing business, as well as increasing foreign
remittances. Equally, ensuring a manageable fiscal deficit through a consistent
increase in government revenues requires continued focus on tax reforms.
Vertical Inequalities
The first axis of inequity is socio-economic inequality manifested in the gap between
the rich and the poor. Such inequality, which can be a result of market forces or
inequitable economic policies, can have a disruptive effect by way of social unrest
and political instability. Equitable economic development is therefore a national
security priority which will be pursued by preventing elite capture of policy,
removing barriers and expanding opportunities for low-income households, and
providing access to entrepreneurship and ownership. At the same time, the most
vulnerable citizens will continue to be provided direct support to ensure their social
security. Existing programmes such as Ehsaas and Panah Gah, among others, will be
further strengthened to ensure this. Policies designed to promote equity will enhance
social cohesion and reduce internal conflicts in the long term, while automatically
strengthening the human security pillar of comprehensive national security.
16
Horizontal Inequalities
Removing disparities in economic development between various regions of the

country is also a key national security priority. Disparities in prosperity and opportunity
between regions have been used by sub-nationalist elements to generate a narrative
of grievance based on under-development in their regions. These inequalities have
also precipitated growing migration to urban centres, created imbalances in local
economies, and directly affected livelihoods. The South Balochistan, Sindh, and
Gilgit-Baltistan development packages, along with increased allocation for Newly
Merged Districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, are aimed at addressing these horizontal
inequities. Continued effort to balance public sector financial allocations to meet
the needs of under-developed regions will be pursued to ensure sustainable and
equitable development in the long term.
Keeping in view the goals of reducing external economic imbalance and vertical and
horizontal inequalities, the following discussion focuses on sectoral opportunities
and challenges that directly impact these three dimensions.
Growth and Development
Sustainable growth and inclusive development are hallmarks of a secure nation. A

healthy economy assures availability of required resources for livelihoods of citizens.
Pakistan’s economic resilience is demonstrated by a positive growth trajectory and
vibrant economy despite political uncertainty and security challenges. However, with
approximately 2 million new entrants to the workforce each year, Pakistan requires
consistently high growth to ensure employment opportunities commensurate with
their education levels and skills. Equally, achieving sustained growth requires raising
the savings rate through improved banking footprint and access to an expanded
set of financial services. In addition, increasing productivity of the agricultural
and industrial sectors, and information technology and enabled services must be
a medium to long-term goal. In the agriculture sector, improving the value chain
by bridging the gap between farmers and consumers through reducing the role of
intermediaries will help increase production, result in higher returns for farmers,
and lower commodity prices. Consolidating industry by encouraging scale and value
addition will help spur economic growth and exports. Information technology and
enabled servcies along with the provision of digital connectivity will help augment
17
Pakistan’s economic output and open new avenues for exports. Policy continuity
is essential for achieving our sustainable growth and development objectives. This
would benefit from consensus on the economy that cuts across political differences
and promotes guiding principles for long-term economic planning.
Trade, Investment and Connectivity
As Pakistan supplements its geo-strategic focus with an added emphasis on geo-

economics, it envisions itself as a melting pot of global economic interests offering
economic bases to its partner countries for development partnerships. A dedicated
economic outreach initiative focuses on bilateral and multilateral engagement with
the aim of increasing Pakistan’s exports, especially by widening our export base to
include services and non-traditional goods, and building win-win relationships in
trade and investment. Pakistan’s prized geo-economic location provides a unique
opportunity through north-south and east-west connectivity for South and Central
Asia, the Middle East, and Africa. Westward connectivity is also a significant driver
for Pakistan’s continued push for regional peace and stability in Afghanistan, which
is ever more important given that eastward connectivity is held hostage to India’s
regressive approach. The China Pakistan Economic Corridor and other connectivity
initiatives provide an opportunity to expand our export and industrial base while
building rewarding economic relationships in our wider region. Equally, Pakistan’s
vast Exclusive Economic Zone and coastline present unexplored opportunities
for trade connectivity, natural resource exploration, and wealth generation. A
comprehensive maritime policy will be developed to optimise the blue economy of
Pakistan by tapping the economic potential of the maritime sector with special focus
on transshipment, ship construction, offshore exploration, ports infrastructure,
fishing, coastal tourism, and other maritime industries.
Fiscal Management
Sustained fiscal deficits have resulted in mounting public debt. Given the need for
balancing our requirement for consistent growth with maintaining solvency, efforts
are being directed to ensure that public debt remains at a sustainable level while
increasing the government’s ability to generate revenues through a transparent,
responsive, and progressive tax regime. This will allow the mobilisation of sufficient
revenues to meet Pakistan’s development needs without compromising the overall
investment scenario or burdening taxpayers in a manner that affects productivity and
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output.
Energy Security
Pakistan’s energy sector has contributed to low economic output, rising costs of
production, and increased burden on government funds in the form of subsidies
and capacity payments. Circular debt remains a critical sectoral challenge. Our
infrastructure in the renewable sector and electricity transmission requires fresh
investment and upgradation. Pakistan aims to increase the share of installed capacity
through renewable sources to 30 per cent by 2030. Together with prioritising
investments in hydropower projects, the country’s share of clean energy should reach
60 per cent by 2030. Moving towards a market-based energy sector and improving
the energy mix by emphasising sustainability and lower costs will be priority areas
in the coming decades. While necessary, energy imports make energy security
vulnerable to international prices and supply fluctuations. In the future, the country
will maximise energy production based on indigenous resources, including through
a renewed focus on indigenous onshore and offshore energy exploration. Increasing
oil and gas storage capacity to meet emergency demand and provide a buffer against
global energy market shocks is also necessary.
Education, Technology and Innovation
According to estimates, many of the existing jobs in our region will become obsolete
in the coming three decades. As labour-intensive work is replaced with automation,
the strength of our economy and the livelihoods of our citizens will be linked to
Pakistan’s pace of technological adaptation and innovation. Ensuring employment at
home and abroad for the labour force will depend on their access to quality education
and skills that prepare them for a competitive global market. This requires a shift
from knowledge consumption to knowledge creation through rising standards in
higher education, connecting universities and vocational institutes with employers,
and advanced skills training in line with market demand. Emerging technologies and
their application in Artificial Intelligence (AI), data sciences, quantum computing,
and automation are set to reshape the future of technology, societies, and economies.
To ensure that Pakistan is a net knowledge creator in AI and its related fields, a
dedicated effort towards supporting AI education, research initiatives, and start-ups
will be undertaken to build sufficient public and private capacity to take Pakistan into
a new technological era.
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Global Human Resource
In addition to fulfilling local demand, which must remain the first priority, a globally
competitive workforce, especially in the skilled and semi-skilled categories, will
help create opportunities for citizens abroad. Pakistan is one of the most populous
countries of the world and the second largest manpower exporting country in South
Asia – a region projected to house one-fourth of all global labour by 2030. Greater
focus on skilled and semi-skilled manpower export will contribute to even more
robust and influential diaspora presence, while increasing the sustainability of
remittance inflows.
Policy Guidelines
Economy and Trade
Ensure a prosperous and growth-oriented Pakistan that is economically vibrant and a major partner
in the global economy through trade, investment, and connectivity initiatives.
Policy Objectives: Promote economic policies to join the ranks of upper middle-
income countries by focusing on enhanced productivity, investment, and savings,
addressing the external imbalance, and astute fiscal management. Channelise
Pakistan’s geo-economic location for trade and connectivity. Prioritise equitable
development initiatives that focus on uplifting our most vulnerable citizens and our
least developed areas.
Energy Security
Secure adequate cost-effective energy supplies at home and from abroad for economic growth.
Policy Objectives: Reform Pakistan’s energy sector by promoting sustainable eco-
friendly energy development at competitive rates proportional to the demand for
energy in a growing Pakistan. Move towards a market-based energy sector, improve
energy storage, and secure dependable international access to energy sources to meet
future demand while prioritising indigenous energy resource development.
Education Security and Global Human Resource
An educated and skilled Pakistan that is globally competitive.

Policy Objectives: Promote an education system that provides access to affordable
quality education at the primary level, and a higher education system that is globally
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competitive and focused on knowledge creation, marketable skills, and science and
technology.
Emerging Technologies and Artificial Intelligence
Prepare Pakistan for the Fourth Industrial Revolution as a knowledge creator.

Policy Objectives: Usher in an era of technological innovation and focus on
science, engineering, and smart technologies. Support research, development, and
education systems that invest in intellectual capital, promote innovation, and support
international research collaboration.
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22
SECTION V
DEFENCE AND
TERRITORIAL INTEGRITY
DEFENCE AND TERRITORIAL INTEGRITY
Ensure the defence and territorial integrity of Pakistan in all their manifestations.

Securing Our Borders
The security of our land, air, and sea borders along with space and cyber domains
is paramount. Pakistan is pursuing ‘open and secure borders’ with respect to ease
of movement, economic activity, and linkages with overall plans for economic
connectivity. The recent war against terrorism has highlighted the role of military,
paramilitary, and Law Enforcement Agencies (LEAs). LEAs have taken on an
expanded role in urban cities and far-flung rural areas. Focused attention will be given
to the training and modernisation of our paramilitary forces to meet requirements
of border security in the coming decades. Equally, Pakistan will strengthen its
aviation security protocols and expand maritime surveillance of coastal areas by
investing in new technologies to ensure security of airspace and the sea. Pakistan’s
airspace surveillance should be guaranteed by a network of assets, and through
robust communications and resilient command and control for comprehensive air
and maritime situational awareness. Special attention is required to manage lingering
border disputes which continue to pose security threats, particularly along the Line
of Control and Working Boundary where ceasefire violations by India threaten
civilian lives and property while endangering regional stability. Opportunities
afforded by newly instituted border management initiatives and fencing of the
western border and merger of the erstwhile Federally Administered Tribal Areas
with Khyber Pakhtunkhwa must be capitalised on while securing hard-earned gains
against terrorism.
Conventional Military Threats
With a regressive and dangerous ideology gripping the collective conscience in our
immediate neighbourhood, the prospects of violent conflict have grown immensely.
The possibility of use of force by the adversary as a deliberate policy choice cannot
be ruled out. Pakistan is committed to defending its territorial integrity in response
to any military misadventure. Requisite conventional capabilities will be ensured
through astute investment in constant modernisation of our armed forces without
embroiling in any arms race. In addition, indigenisation of defence production,
24
increased capabilities in network centricity, battlefield awareness, electronic warfare
capabilities, and other force multipliers will be prioritised. Gains from economic
security will allow additional resources to be allocated for ensuring credibility of
defence by acquiring capabilities in keeping with an expanding threat spectrum.
Maritime Competition
The Indian Ocean is fast becoming a space for contestation. The self-professed role
of any one country as a so-called net-security provider in the wider Indian Ocean
would affect the region’s security and economic interests negatively. Multi-directional
challenges in the maritime domain include cyber intrusion and surveillance of our
sea lines of communication along the Indian Ocean, among others. This requires a
renewed focus on strengthening Pakistan’s capabilities to meet emerging challenges.
Protection of our Exclusive Economic Zone, ensuring freedom of navigation, and
protection against piracy will remain critically important.
Strategic Stability
Nuclear deterrence occupies a critical role in the security calculus of South Asia.
Pakistan’s nuclear capability deters war through full spectrum deterrence within the
precincts of credible minimum nuclear deterrence in concert with our conventional
military capabilities and all elements of national power. The expansion of India’s
nuclear triad, open-ended statements on nuclear policy, and investments in and
introduction of destabilising technologies disturb the strategic balance in the region.
Pakistan’s deterrence regime is vital for and aimed at regional peace.
Space Security
With space-based applications and activities growing at an unprecedented pace,
space is emerging as a critical element of national power, one that is fast developing
as the new frontier of global contestation. Space-based technology is being used
widely to enable safe communications, guidance systems for stand-off weapons,
advanced meteorology, navigation systems, and surveillance of adversaries. Pakistan
continues to maintain a policy against the militarisation of space at international
forums. However, we remain cognizant of emerging uses of space and will continue
to invest in our national space program in national interest.
Information and Cyber Security Threats

In the information age, the security and surveillance of communications and
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cyber space are crucial aspects of defence. While new technologies coupled with
greater internet accessibility have broadened individual freedoms and availability of
information, they have also exposed citizens and governments to spyware and data
theft, and infrastructure systems to cyber attacks. With information and cyber warfare
posing a new dimension to our security challenges, instituting robust mechanisms
to protect cyber space from malicious use are essential tools for our security. In
addition, investments in cyber security of critical infrastructure are crucial for
ensuring uninterrupted supply of essential services and the security of privileged
information. Access to alternative sources of technologies and building domestic
capacity to develop our own secure networks and hosting capabilities are needed
to monitor and minimise both surveillance and cyber intrusion. Replicating best
practices in tackling cyber threats will create necessary capabilities for a robust cyber
security paradigm.
Hybrid Warfare
Hybrid warfare is an evolving concept with expanding and blurring boundaries. It
has found salience in the contemporary era due to technological and information
evolution. Apart from information and cyber warfare, disinformation, influence
operations, lawfare, and economic coercion, among other hybrid warfare tools are
increasingly being applied. Hybrid threats against Pakistan originate from states and
their proxies as well as from non-state actors. Pakistan will adopt a holistic, inter-
connected whole-of-nation approach to neutralise attempts to undermine Pakistan’s
security and stability through hybrid warfare.
Policy Guidelines
Defence, Deterrence and Territorial Integrity
Deter war through all elements of national power, while exercising our right to self defence if war
is imposed.
Policy Objectives: Defend Pakistan’s territorial integrity at all costs. Deter any
aggression by maintaining a cost-effective and adaptive military focused on
modernisation and optimisation of force structures to ensure adequate conventional
capability and maintain full spectrum deterrence within the precincts of credible
minimum nuclear deterrence, without getting involved in an arms race.
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Space, Information and Cyber Security
Enhance space capabilities to meet emerging threats and create a whole-of-nation capacity against
hybrid warfare, especially ensuring information and cyber security.
Policy Objectives: Strengthen and enhance space-based technology and its
application to meet future challenges. Combat disinformation and influence
operations while enhancing information and cyber security, data security, and
surveillance capacity. Ensure the security and privacy of government and citizen
data while engaging effectively with the international technology ecosystem to secure
national interests.
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SECTION VI
INTERNAL SECURITY
INTERNAL SECURITY
A stable and secure Pakistan where citizens enjoy their constitutional privileges and are protected
against violence, extremism, and crime, and where rule of law is upheld equally for all.

Terrorism
The most acute form of efforts to undermine stability and national harmony of
a society is terrorism. Pakistan pursues a policy of zero tolerance for any groups
involved in terrorist activities on its soil. With national resolve and dedication,
Pakistan has fought one of the most successful wars against terrorism in the past
two decades. Despite this success, the threat remains. The employment of terrorism
has become a preferred policy choice for hostile actors in addition to soft intrusion
through various non-kinetic means. Terrorism is also being used to disrupt and
delay development initiatives. Pakistan has been acknowledged globally for taking
positive strides towards creating a strong financial monitoring system to prevent
terror financing. The state has also undertaken special development projects in
parts of the country previously affected by terrorism. Continuing this positive
trajectory by strengthening police forces and associated counter-terrorism agencies,
undertaking intelligence-based operations against all terrorist groups, preventing any
use of financial sources for terrorism, addressing structural deficiencies and sense of
deprivation in recruitment areas, and promoting a pluralistic anti-terror narrative will
remain priorities for continued improvement in our internal security environment.
Violent Sub-Nationalisms
Fringe violent sub-nationalist tendencies have been exploited by hostile intelligence

agencies that have provided support and sanctuary to subversive elements. The
ideological undercurrent for violent sub-nationalisms exploits socio-economic
disparities and governance gaps. Pakistan will adopt a four-pronged policy of
engagement: separating reconcilables from irreconcilables; cutting off recruitment;
constricting financial sources; and pursuing targeted socio-economic policies to
address governance-related concerns in regions where violent sub-nationalist
elements operate.
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Extremism and Sectarianism
Pakistan is a diverse nation comprising various ethnicities, religious beliefs, sects, and
languages. Extremism and radicalisation on the basis of ethnicity or religion pose a
challenge to our society. The exploitation and manipulation of ethnic, religious, and
sectarian lines through violent extremist ideologies cannot be allowed. Inculcating
interfaith and intersectarian harmony and societal tolerance in all its forms will be
prioritised. Cooperation of religious scholars from every school of thought will
be elicited to expand de-radicalisation programmes and promote a united narrative
against extremism. Action against those producing and disseminating hate speech
and material will be swift and uncompromising.
Narcotics and Organised Crime
Pakistan has been declared a poppy-free country since 2001. Yet, nestled in a region
that has a history of drug trade and production, narco-trafficking poses a threat to
Pakistan’s international standing. It also results in the supply of drugs and harmful
substances among our young demographic. Organised crime and its nexus with
politics, business, and violence threaten the safety of our metropolitan cities, the
environment in which businesses operate, and the robustness of our economy.
Fighting these menaces with dedication and commitment is necessary to protect our
citizens and ensure a safe environment for business and investment.
Policy Guidelines
Securing Pakistan Internally
Achieve a secure Pakistan by protecting citizens against terrorism, violent sub-nationalisms,

extremism, sectarianism, and organised crime.
Policy Objectives: Ensure writ of the state in all parts of the country to guarantee
security of life and property of all citizens. Prioritise combatting terrorism, violent
sub-nationalisms, extremism, sectarianism, and organised crime. Ensure Pakistan
remains a secure destination for intellectual activity, businesses, investors, and visitors.
Rule of Law
Equitable and responsive justice system that upholds the rule of law for all citizens equally and
impartially.
Policy Objectives: Equal opportunities for all citizens to pursue their ambitions
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under the laws of Pakistan. Independent, expeditious, and citizen-focused justice
system that preserves the rights guaranteed by the Constitution.
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SECTION VII
FOREIGN POLICY IN A
CHANGING WORLD
FOREIGN POLICY IN A CHANGING WORLD
Secure Pakistan’s interests and position in the comity of nations through political and economic
diplomacy.

Global Realignments
International politics is in an extremely fluid state. Great power competition and
regional pivots are defining the race over resources and influence. Traditional
regionalism that once provided an alternative mechanism for cooperation is giving
way to issue-based partnerships. The pace and magnitude of change in the geo-
political arena today calls for a nuanced understanding of global developments and
their implications on national security.
The militarisation of the global commons is triggering a retreat of major powers

from arms control treaties, investments in new military technologies at a pace not
witnessed since the heyday of the Cold War, and renewed competition in military
domination. While conflict is not implausible, manifestation of major interstate
frictions is likely to remain below the threshold of war in most cases, resulting in
the persistence of a hybrid approach to conflict. Although nascent, new cooperation
mechanisms and connectivity initiatives seeking to tap unexplored markets in Eurasia
and Africa will influence the shape of future economies. Innovation, technological
advancement, capital accumulation, and a young workforce in some parts of the
world will define the future pivots of the global economy.
Foreign Policy in an Evolving World Order

Pakistan has adopted a dynamic and self-confident approach to a fast-changing
world order. This requires bolstering traditional political diplomacy while refocusing
our energies on engagement under new realities. Economic diplomacy in Pakistan’s
context requires leveraging political relations for economic gains while building
new economic partnerships to in turn support our political and strategic interests.
As trade and economic connectivity gain importance in a more connected world,
Pakistan must ensure a greater focus on economic diplomacy with human resource
that has the right skill set to capitalise on economic opportunities across the world.
Our geo-economically pivotal location affords Pakistan the ability to offer itself
as a melting pot of regional and global economic interests through connectivity
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initiatives. This remains a priority and its success requires regional peace and stability
to which Pakistan remains fully committed.
Projecting Pakistan’s Positive Reality
Pakistan will emphasise its economic and human security-centric outlook and reverse
any unfair negativity attached to its image due to sustained disinformation and
influence operations by adversaries. A dedicated effort based on new and emerging
trends in consumption of information will reflect Pakistan’s reality as a responsible
state that offers an economic hub for regional and global activity while striving for
peace within and beyond its borders.
External Context
Pakistan’s location at the cross-roads of historic confluence provides unique
opportunities amidst regional and global competition, especially as a hub for
connecting important economic and resource-rich regions. Historical, ethnic, and
religious ties to Pakistan’s immediate west create externalities wherein peace and
stability have a positive influence on internal security. Towards the immediate east,
bilateral ties have been stymied as a consequence of the unresolved Kashmir dispute
and India’s hegemonic designs. Pakistan remains committed to normalisation of
relations with its neighbours based on mutual respect, sovereign equality, and a
collective effort to find pathways for conflict resolution with the belief that shared
economic opportunities are cornerstones for achieving prosperity in Pakistan and
the region. Pakistan also maintains mutually beneficial relationships with all major
powers and will further these based on commonality of interests.
Jammu and Kashmir
A just and peaceful resolution of the Jammu and Kashmir dispute remains a vital
national security interest for Pakistan. India’s illegal and unilateral actions of August
2019 have been rejected by the people of Indian Illegally Occupied Jammu and
Kashmir (IIOJK). Indian occupation forces continue to undertake human rights
abuses and oppression through war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocidal
acts in IIOJK. In addition, India continues to create false propaganda around the
Kashmiri resistance to hide its illegal actions. Pakistan remains steadfast in its moral,
diplomatic, political, and legal support to the people of Kashmir until they achieve
their right to self-determination guaranteed by the international community as per
35
United Nations Security Council (UNSC) resolutions.
The Neighbourhood
Afghanistan
Pakistan and Afghanistan share historical ties. Pakistan remains committed

to facilitating and supporting peace and stability in Afghanistan in close
collaboration with the international community through addressing economic,
humanitarian, and security issues. Afghanistan’s potential as a gateway for
economic connectivity with Central Asian states is a key driver for Pakistan’s
support for peace in Afghanistan.
China
Pakistan’s deep-rooted historic ties with China are driven by shared interests
and mutual understanding. Bilateral relations continue to expand based on
trust and strategic convergence. Pakistan will continue to strengthen this
relationship across all areas of mutual engagement. As a project of national
importance, China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) enjoys national
consensus. It is redefining regional connectivity and providing impetus to
Pakistan’s economy with the potential to jump-start domestic growth, alleviate
poverty, and improve regional connectivity. Pakistan welcomes Foreign
Direct Investment in CPEC-related and other Special Economic Zones from
interested countries.
India
Pakistan, under its policy of peace at home and abroad, wishes to improve
its relationship with India. A just and peaceful resolution of the Jammu and
Kashmir dispute remains at the core of our bilateral relationship. The rise of
Hindutva-driven politics in India is deeply concerning and impacts Pakistan’s
immediate security. The political exploitation of a policy of belligerence
towards Pakistan by India’s leadership has led to the threat of military
adventurism and non-contact warfare to our immediate east. Growing Indian
arms build-up, facilitated by access to advanced technologies and exceptions
in the non-proliferation rules, is a matter of concern for Pakistan. Besides
impacting regional stability, such policies of exceptionalism also undermine
the global non-proliferation regime. India’s pursuit of unilateral policy actions
36
on outstanding issues are attempts to impose one-sided solutions that can
have far reaching negative consequences for regional stability. India is also
consistently engaged in an effort to spread disinformation targeting Pakistan.
Pakistan continues to believe in resolving all outstanding issues through
dialogue; however, recent Indian actions remain significant hurdles in this
direction.
Iran
Pakistan enjoys historical and religious ties with Iran. As neighbours, Pakistan
and Iran continue to share interests in border management and regional peace
and stability. Improving intelligence sharing and patrolling of border areas
will have a positive effect on bilateral ties.
Rest of the World
Middle East and West Asia
Pakistan shares deep fraternal and religious ties with all Gulf countries. The
relationship is based on our historic trust, mutual cooperation, and long-
standing economic ties. Gulf countries are home to millions of Pakistanis and
are an important source of foreign investments and remittances. Pakistan’s
deep brotherly ties with Saudi Arabia are reinforced by shared interests and
a multifaceted relationship in trade, investment, energy, defence, and cultural
domains. Pakistan is fully committed to the security and safety of the two
holiest sites of Islam. Pakistan continues to support a just and equitable
two-state solution acceptable to the Palestinians, in accordance with relevant
United Nations (UN) and Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)
resolutions. Pakistan shares brotherly ties with Turkey, which are based on
cultural, religious, and historic affinity. Pakistan is committed to further
improving bilateral economic linkages and defence cooperation with Turkey
in particular, and brotherly countries of West Asia in general. A peaceful,
interconnected, and conflict-free Middle East and West Asia remains critical
to Pakistan’s economic, energy, and internal security.
United States
Pakistan and the United States share a long history of bilateral cooperation.
Pakistan does not subscribe to ‘camp politics’. We believe that our continued
37
cooperation with the United States will remain critical for regional peace and
stability. We seek to diversify this relationship through mutually beneficial
engagements. Communicating Pakistan’s concerns to policy makers in
Washington while seeking to broaden our partnership beyond a narrow
counter-terrorism focus will be a priority. Pakistan will continue to seek areas
of convergence with the United States in trade, investment, connectivity,
energy, counter-terrorism, security, and intelligence cooperation.
United Kingdom and Europe
Pakistan enjoys a historical relationship with the United Kingdom based on

mutual economic and strategic interests and a large diaspora community.
Pakistan remains committed to further strengthening this relationship
by continuing to explore new economic and trade initiatives post-Brexit,
increasing our strategic cooperation in the region on counter-terrorism and
connectivity, and promoting even stronger people-to-people ties. Similarly, since
independence, Pakistan has shared bilateral ties with all European countries
through cooperation in trade, industrialisation, science and technology, and on
strategic issues. Pakistan intends to build on these relationships by exploring
new opportunities for trade and investment with European Union countries.
Central Asia and Russia
Pakistan’s geo-economic pivot is focused on enhancing trade and economic

ties through connectivity that links Central Asia to our warm waters. Under
‘Vision Central Asia’, Pakistan is working towards actualising agreements on
energy and transit with the Central Asian Republics. Pakistan is committed to
reimagining its partnership with Russia in energy, defence cooperation, and
investment. The relationship is already witnessing a positive trajectory and
Pakistan will continue to strive to maximise mutual gains. Russia, Central Asian
countries, and Pakistan are also important partners in our shared objectives
of peace and stability in Afghanistan.
Other Important Regions
In line with the foreign policy vision of our founder Quaid-e-Azam, Pakistan
continues to pursue mutually beneficial relationships with interested countries.
Pakistan’s engagement with Africa, Asia-Pacific, Australia, and Latin America
38
is premised on exploring opportunities for cooperation in bilateral trade,
global connectivity, and shared challenges in the global commons including
climate change, trade openness, energy security, poverty alleviation, and global
security. Pakistan is committed to strengthening its bilateral and multilateral
cooperation with countries in the Asia-Pacific region, including expanding
our trade and economic ties with Association of South East Asian Nations
member states and our partners in East Asia. Pakistan also seeks to widen
its economic outreach through the ‘Engage Africa’ initiative and build more
extensive relationships with countries in Latin America and elsewhere under
its economic diplomacy initiative.
Multilateral Cooperation
Pakistan strongly believes in the notion of multilateralism for promoting and

protecting global values and ensuring the rights of developing countries. Multilateral
institutions and monitoring frameworks such as the UN, International Monetary
Fund, World Bank, and others continue to have salience for Pakistan’s security,
economy, and diplomacy. Pakistan believes in an equitable and standards-based
reform of multilateral structures where exceptions are minimised and the collective
interests of the Global South are addressed.
United Nations
The UN and its forums provide platforms for Pakistan to advance and safeguard
its interests on issues such as human rights, climate change, refugees, non-
proliferation and arms control, and the peaceful uses of nuclear technology,
among others. Our diplomacy recognises that the role of Islamic, African,
Small Island Developing States, and other countries in the UN is as relevant
as that of larger powers. Pakistan will expand its diplomatic effort to engage
with these countries on shared global challenges. Pakistan also recognises the
centrality of the UN in ensuring that the people of Jammu and Kashmir
are allowed to exercise their right to self-determination in accordance with
relevant UNSC resolutions.
Other Multilateral Forums
Pakistan remains committed to the revival of the South Asian Association

for Regional Cooperation in an equitable manner. Pakistan will also remain
39
committed to the efficacy of the OIC, the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation,
the Economic Cooperation Organization, and other similar multilateral
platforms and will continue to work with member countries to pursue our
economic and political interests at these forums.
Championing Global Causes
Pakistan’s diplomatic tradition of championing global causes will continue

to form the bedrock of our future global engagements. In multilateral as
well as bilateral arenas, Pakistan will stand against injustice and xenophobia,
promoting fairness and tolerance. We have already become a leading voice
on issues like Islamophobia, debt relief for developing countries, and the
return of ill-gotten wealth from developed countries. Similarly, Pakistan’s
consistent advocacy and actions in climate change are helping shape our
global engagement in a cause that impacts the lives and livelihoods of the
entire world. We will continue to take bold, principled positions on the world
stage.
Policy Guidelines
Foreign Policy
A balanced and adequately resourced foreign policy that reduces conflicts while protecting and
advancing national interests through political and economic diplomacy.
Policy Objectives: Cultivate broad-based relationships with global powers through
a proactive, pragmatic, and unapologetic approach based on shared convergence
on strategic and economic interests. Minimise potential threats, maintain diversified
foreign policy options, and enhance the role of economic diplomacy in our foreign
policy initiatives. Seek regional peace through normalisation of relations in our
immediate neighbourhood on the basis of mutual respect and sovereign equality.
Conduct of Diplomacy
Present Pakistan’s proactive and self-confident policy approach.
Policy Objectives: Adopt a proactive and self-confident policy approach to the world.
Improve coordination among relevant institutions on strategic communication for a
united and cohesive external facing national narrative aimed at depicting Pakistan’s
reality and countering the false propaganda against Pakistan. Leverage our diversity
40
and vast potential while countering negative perceptions. Engage Pakistani diaspora
on national issues through a dedicated strategy.
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42
SECTION VIII
HUMAN SECURITY
HUMAN SECURITY
Pakistan’s youth is the future of our country. Equipping them with the necessary tools and
environment for their productive contribution towards the nation will help leapfrog Pakistan into
the future.

Population Growth and Migration
Pakistan is one of the most populous countries in the world. According to the 2017
census, the country’s population has grown at 2.4 per cent over the last two decades.
Over half the population is below the age of 30 years. This large youth demographic
is both an opportunity and a challenge. While it has put stress on public services,
natural resources, and the economy, Pakistan’s youth bulge can help the country
achieve exponential economic progress if its potential is galvanised and concentrated
in productive endeavors. A dedicated focus on youth is essential for our future
progress. In the past, population management has suffered from lack of political
ownership, ineffectiveness of national awareness campaigns, and social taboos. In
addition, Pakistan is also one of the fastest urbanising countries in South Asia. In
another two decades, nearly 50 per cent of Pakistanis will be living in our major cities.
Urban migration requires immediate attention through population stabilisation and
management, futuristic urban planning, and proportional investment in development
of the rural economy and smaller cities to decrease urban migratory pressures on
larger metropolitan areas.
Health Security
No single event has underscored the national security link to health more clearly
than the Covid-19 pandemic. It has brought healthcare into sharp focus and
impacted the political and economic stability of countries across the world. Pakistan
needs a healthy population to ensure a productive workforce. Healthcare coverage
should keep abreast of population growth and needs. Pakistan is committed to
correcting shortage of quality health facilities, especially in rural areas, and increasing
investment in the preventive, promotive, and public health ecosystem. Health sector
interventions will be empowered by a focus on surveillance of disease outbreak,
preventive healthcare, expansion and advocacy of the path-breaking Sehat Sahulat
health insurance programme, greater dedicated efforts to eradicate malnutrition and
44
stunting, and the introduction of technology-based policy reforms that can increase
health coverage for our citizens.
Climate and Water Stress
Pakistan is among the countries most vulnerable to climate stress. Over 140 extreme
weather events have occurred in Pakistan over the past two decades. These events
have affected citizens individually and collectively, while bringing enormous losses
to Pakistan’s resource-constrained economy. Equally, climate is affecting cropping
patterns, available farm land, and per capita availability of water that impact our
agriculture-based economy. Pakistan ranks third in the list of countries facing acute
water shortage, with our per capita water availability standing at 908 cubic meters in
2021, down from 1,500 cubic meters in 2009. Nearly 80 per cent of the Indus Water
Basin originates outside Pakistan, which makes access to transboundary watercourses
a national security imperative. With low precipitation rates, Pakistan relies heavily on
surface water and annual monsoon rainfall, both of which are endangered by global
warming. Accelerated melting of the northern glacial cap is also creating severe
consequences for our shared watershed. Pakistan’s efforts in climate change have
been recognised globally. Pakistan has established a dedicated Ministry of Climate
Change, developed a Climate Change Policy, undertaken a ten billion tree plantation
drive, and committed to a 50 per cent reduction in projected emissions by 2030 subject
to international grant finance. Further efforts aimed at freeing up financial resources
for climate change policy implementation, transforming water management and use,
creating additional water storage capacity, and focusing on climate mitigation and
adaptation are being made.
Food Security
Feeding Pakistan’s growing population through a sustainable food basket is essential.

Agriculture remains the largest contributor to Pakistan’s Gross Domestic Product
and rural employment. Effective implementation of the National Food Security
Policy 2018 remains critical to institutionalising food security in the country.
Challenges include ensuring production of food rich in micronutrients, changing
consumption patterns towards a healthier food basket, increasing cultivable land,
increasing yield per acre for major cash crops through high yield seeds, undertaking
fresh agricultural zoning, introducing import substitution for commodities and
products that contribute disproportionately to the import bill, and legislating against
45
illegal market practices including hoarding and smuggling. Challenges pertaining to
socio-economic access to food include improving people’s purchasing power and
strengthening social safety nets. In terms of food utilisation, enhanced provision of
drinking water and sanitation facilities is necessary. Investments in the agriculture
sector through the introduction of modern farming techniques and corporate
agriculture will help increase productivity and exports, but these must be balanced
with the need to secure small farmers and domestic supply of essential food items.
Gender Security
With women comprising half of Pakistan’s population, no security policy can be

successful unless it adopts a gendered lens to achieving peace and security. Gender
equality and human rights more broadly are cross-cutting issues of paramount
importance as inequality and structural violence undermine women’s ability for
equal participation. Women’s increased participation in the workplace and especially
the law enforcement and justice sectors is essential for securing their equitable
access to public services. Equally, providing women and transgender persons a safe
environment at home, in public spaces, and at the workplace are priorities for the
country.
Policy Guidelines
Population and Migration
A productive population able to contribute to growth and prosperity, while having access to public
service delivery unhindered by geographical spread.
Policy Objectives: Achieve progress towards the sustainable development agenda
by ensuring population management, urban planning, reenergising the rural economy,
and the equitable development of smaller cities and towns to decrease migratory
pressures on larger cities. Equally, pursue dedicated policies focused on the youth to
promote skills development and entrepreneurship.
Health Security
A healthy, vibrant Pakistan whose citizens are provided adequate healthcare and are able to
contribute to the country’s prosperity and progress.
Policy Objectives: Make quality healthcare more affordable, further strengthen
disease surveillance and prevention, address malnutrition and stunting, mainstream
46
preventive healthcare, and put in place pandemic and epidemic response mechanisms
for a healthy and vibrant Pakistan.
Climate Resilience and Water Security
A climate resilient Pakistan that prioritises climate adaptation, sustainable water management,
and disaster preparedness.
Policy Objectives: Mainstream climate adaptation and response, particularly in
socio-economically vulnerable regions, to steer Pakistan towards climate resilient
development. Ensure a cohesive national response to looming water scarcity through
improved water storage capacity, sustainable water management, and protecting
Pakistan’s transboundary water rights. Strengthen robust disaster preparedness,
management, and response mechanisms.
Food Security
A Pakistan that is food secure while adopting climate resilient agriculture and contributing to value-
added exports after meeting domestic demand.
Policy Objectives: Promote sustainable agriculture with high yields to ensure
adequate availability of and affordable access to food. Secure dependable food
imports, usher adoption of climate-smart farming techniques, and promote quality
control and diversification to increase exports and encourage import substitution.
Gender Security
Promote the women, peace and security agenda and ensure integration of gender equity into national
security narratives through full and meaningful participation of women in decision-making, law
enforcement, justice sector, and peacekeeping.
Policy Objectives: Enable free and secure participation of women and transgender
persons in all avenues of public life. Maximise the inclusion of women in decision
making forums, policy formulation, and institutions working on peace, protection
and security. Protect citizens, especially women and transgender persons, from
gender-based violence.
47
CONCLUSION
The world is witnessing a transformation in inter-state relations, major power
competition and the struggle for influence and resources. Pakistan aims to advance
its vital national security interests through a whole-of-nation approach that synergises
collective efforts towards the attainment of a prosperous and secure country that
is at peace with itself and others. With immeasurable power potential and a young
and energetic demographic, our destiny is determined by our actions and limited
only by our lack of imagination. In order to fulfill the vision of our forefathers and
the aspirations of our citizens, we will march ahead with confidence in our national
resolve and trust in our abilities.
Pakistan seeks to reposition itself at the crucible of history by recognising emerging
trends, investment in key areas that will lead the technological revolution in the
coming decades, and a whole-of-government approach that leverages our advantages
and addresses our challenges to find opportunity within a period of great change.
Pakistan’s future lies in embracing change and breaking the inertia of status-quo in a
world that is undergoing fundamental transformation.
Pakistan is poised to take advantage of its geo-economically pivotal location to
operate as a production, trade and investment, and connectivity hub for our wider
region to strengthen our economic security. Increased economic gains will continue
to be transferred judiciously towards human welfare and ensuring a more robust
defence and deterrence capability. The foremost aim of our military capability and
foreign policy will remain peace and stability in the region and beyond, based on
mutual respect and sovereign equality.
The results of our collective efforts will be as great as the courage of our convictions
and the sincerity of our purpose. By embracing a comprehensive national security
vision, we will forge an even more secure and prosperous Pakistan where all citizens
are able to live with security and dignity.
48

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Copyright © National Security Division 2022

The National Security Policy 2022-2026 centres on my government’s vision, which

Realising the symbiotic relationship between economic, human, and traditional

Cognizant of Pakistan’s complex security requirements, the National Security Policy

Dr. Moeed W. Yusuf Eng. Aamir Hasan

National Security Vision

Conceptualising National Security

Pakistan is committed to safeguarding its sovereignty in all its manifestations by

Principles of Policy Implementation

Turning Pakistan’s national security challenges into opportunities requires a whole-

Policies on matters of national importance and their implementation should always

Successful policy requires a culture of introspection that is open to re-examining

In a fluid global environment, fast-changing geo-political realities will inevitably

As a populous and dynamic country positioned in an economically and strategically

Opportunities and Challenges

Opportunities and Challenges

This imbalance emanates from consistently higher foreign exchange outflows as

Removing disparities in economic development between various regions of the

Sustainable growth and inclusive development are hallmarks of a secure nation. A

As Pakistan supplements its geo-strategic focus with an added emphasis on geo-

An educated and skilled Pakistan that is globally competitive.

Prepare Pakistan for the Fourth Industrial Revolution as a knowledge creator.

Opportunities and Challenges

Conventional Military Threats

Information and Cyber Security Threats

Opportunities and Challenges

Fringe violent sub-nationalist tendencies have been exploited by hostile intelligence

Achieve a secure Pakistan by protecting citizens against terrorism, violent sub-nationalisms,

Opportunities and Challenges

The militarisation of the global commons is triggering a retreat of major powers

Foreign Policy in an Evolving World Order

Pakistan and Afghanistan share historical ties. Pakistan remains committed

Rest of the World

Middle East and West Asia

United Kingdom and Europe

Pakistan enjoys a historical relationship with the United Kingdom based on

Central Asia and Russia

Pakistan’s geo-economic pivot is focused on enhancing trade and economic

Other Important Regions

Pakistan strongly believes in the notion of multilateralism for promoting and

Other Multilateral Forums

Pakistan remains committed to the revival of the South Asian Association

Championing Global Causes

Pakistan’s diplomatic tradition of championing global causes will continue

Present Pakistan’s proactive and self-confident policy approach.

Opportunities and Challenges

Feeding Pakistan’s growing population through a sustainable food basket is essential.

With women comprising half of Pakistan’s population, no security policy can be

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