Natural Response of R-L-C Circuits (Circuit Analysis Without A Voltage Source)

Lecture 15: R-L-C Circuit Analysis
This lecture is focused on the behavior of the combination of both energy storing devices:
capacitor and inductor. A series R-L-C circuit is shown in Fig. 1, the corresponding electrical
parameters are also mentioned.
Fig. 1. A series R-L-C circuit schematic
With the help of KVL, the voltage balance equation is written as:
𝑉𝐿 + 𝑉𝑅 + 𝑉𝐶 = 𝑉 (1)
Differentiating eq. (1) w.r.t. time:
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
𝑉𝐿 + 𝑉𝑅 + 𝑉𝐶 = 𝑉 (2)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Since,
1 𝑑 𝐼
𝑉𝐶 = ∫ 𝐼 𝑑𝑡 𝑜𝑟 𝑉𝐶 = (3)
𝐶 𝑑𝑡 𝐶
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑2
𝑉𝐿 = 𝐿 𝑑𝑡 𝐼 and 𝑑𝑡 𝑉𝐿 = 𝐿 𝑑𝑡 2 𝐼 (4)
𝑑 𝑑
𝑉𝑅 = 𝐼𝑅 and 𝑉 = 𝑅 𝑑𝑡 𝐼 (5)
𝑑𝑡 𝑅
Putting the above equations in eq. (2), it becomes:
𝑑2 𝑑 𝐼 𝑑
𝐿 2
𝐼+𝑅 𝐼+ = 𝑉
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝐶 𝑑𝑡
𝑑2 𝑅𝑑 𝐼 1𝑑
𝐼+ 𝐼+ = 𝑉 (6)
𝑑𝑡 2 𝐿 𝑑𝑡 𝐿𝐶 𝐿 𝑑𝑡
1. Natural response of R-L-C circuits (Circuit Analysis without a voltage source)

For this case, eq. 6 becomes:
𝑑2 𝑅𝑑 𝐼
𝐼 + 𝐼 + =0 (7)
𝑑𝑡 2 𝐿 𝑑𝑡 𝐿𝐶
This equation is of a standard form of oscillatory system’s natural response which is given by:
𝑑2 𝑑
𝑦 + 2𝜉𝜔𝑛 𝑦 + 𝜔𝑛2 = 0 (8)
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡
where,
𝑦=𝐼 (9)
1 1
𝜔𝑛2 = ≫ 𝜔𝑛 = (10)
𝐿𝐶 √𝐿𝐶
𝑅 𝑅 𝑅 1 𝐶
2𝜉𝜔𝑛 = ≫𝜉= = √𝐿𝐶 = 𝑅√ (11)
𝐿 2𝐿𝜔𝑛 2𝐿 2 𝐿
In order to understand the equation, let’s understand the variables one by one. In this equation,
y is the changing physical quantity with time and we are looking for this variable’s function of
time. Since, this is the response of an oscillatory system, the physical quantity y is going to
oscillate with time. The third co-efficient (𝜔𝑛 ) defines the natural frequency of this oscillation.
Since, the response of any oscillatory system decays with time, the value that estimates this is
called damping represented by 𝜉 in the equation. In order to solve eq. (8), let’s use the same
technique we used in previous section. The solution that satisfies eq. (8) is given by:
𝑦 = 𝐴𝑒 𝑠𝑡 (12)
𝑑
𝑦 = 𝑠𝐴𝑒 𝑠𝑡 (13)
𝑑𝑡
𝑑2
𝑦 = 𝑠 2 𝐴𝑒 𝑠𝑡 (14)
𝑑𝑡 2
Putting the values from eq. (12) to (13) in eq. (8).
𝑠 2 𝐴𝑒 𝑠𝑡 + 2𝜉𝜔𝑛 𝑠𝐴𝑒 𝑠𝑡 + 𝜔𝑛2 𝐴𝑒 𝑠𝑡 = 0
𝐴𝑒 𝑠𝑡 (𝑠 2 + +2𝜉𝜔𝑛 𝑠 + 𝜔𝑛2 ) = 0 (15)
Since, 𝐴𝑒 𝑠𝑡 cannot be equal to zero as this is assumed solution, this implies:
𝑠 2 + +2𝜉𝜔𝑛 𝑠 + 𝜔𝑛2 = 0
Since, this is a quadratic equation, the solution of s is given by:
−2𝜉𝜔𝑛 ± √(2𝜉𝜔𝑛 )2 − 4𝜔𝑛2

𝑠=
2
𝑠 = −𝜉𝜔𝑛 ± 𝜔𝑛 √(𝜉)2 − 1
𝑠 = 𝜔𝑛 (−𝜉 ± √(𝜉)2 − 1) (16)
This implies, there are two values for the variable s which makes solution of y from eq. (12) as:
𝑦 = 𝐴1 𝑒 𝑠1 𝑡 + 𝐴2 𝑒 𝑠2 𝑡 (17)
Since, this was the analogy for the oscillatory systems, the electrical system equation can be
written as:
𝐼 = 𝐴1 𝑒 𝑠1 𝑡 + 𝐴2 𝑒 𝑠2 𝑡 (18)
𝑠1 = 𝜔𝑛 (−𝜉 + √(𝜉)2 − 1) (19)
𝑠2 = 𝜔𝑛 (−𝜉 − √(𝜉)2 − 1) (20)
where values of 𝜉 and 𝜔𝑛 are mentioned in eq. (10) and (11) in terms of electrical components.
The values of constants A1 and A2 are found with the help of initial conditions.
From eq. (16), it can be noticed that the nature of s will change the behavior of eq. (18). For
instance, let 𝜉 = 1, for this case the value of s will be 𝑠 = −𝜉𝜔𝑛 (real, negative and repeated). In
these cases, the response of the electrical system is called critically damped and it is shown in
Fig. 2. Similarly, 𝜉 > 1, for this case the value of s will be real, negative and distinct. In these cases,
the response of the electrical system is called over damped as shown in the figure. Similarly, 0 <
𝜉 < 1, for this case the value of s will be complex conjugate. In these cases, the response of the
electrical system is called under damped as shown in the figure.

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Lecture 15: R-L-C Circuit Analysis

Fig. 1. A series R-L-C circuit schematic

Differentiating eq. (1) w.r.t. time:

Putting the above equations in eq. (2), it becomes:

1. Natural response of R-L-C circuits (Circuit Analysis without a voltage source)

Putting the values from eq. (12) to (13) in eq. (8).

𝑠 2 𝐴𝑒 𝑠𝑡 + 2𝜉𝜔𝑛 𝑠𝐴𝑒 𝑠𝑡 + 𝜔𝑛2 𝐴𝑒 𝑠𝑡 = 0

𝐴𝑒 𝑠𝑡 (𝑠 2 + +2𝜉𝜔𝑛 𝑠 + 𝜔𝑛2 ) = 0 (15)

Since, 𝐴𝑒 𝑠𝑡 cannot be equal to zero as this is assumed solution, this implies:

Since, this is a quadratic equation, the solution of s is given by:

−2𝜉𝜔𝑛 ± √(2𝜉𝜔𝑛 )2 − 4𝜔𝑛2

𝑠1 = 𝜔𝑛 (−𝜉 + √(𝜉)2 − 1) (19)

𝑠2 = 𝜔𝑛 (−𝜉 − √(𝜉)2 − 1) (20)

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