Biology Investigatory Project
Biology Investigatory Project
Biology Investigatory Project
PROJECT
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CERTIFICATE
Central Board of Secondary Education for the academic year 2020-2021 under
my supervision.
He/ She has taken great care and shown utmost sincerity in the completion of
the project.
requirements.
Principal
External Examiner
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
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INDEX
1. About cholesterol
2. Symptoms
3. Causes
4. Diagnosis
5. Treatment
6. Case Study
7. Bibliography
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ABOUT CHOLESTEROL
Cholesterol is a waxy, fat-like substance that is
found in all the cells of our body. Our body needs
and makes a definite, limited and required
amount of cholesterol, to build numerous healthy
cells. But, excess of cholesterol can be extremely
harmful. If there’s too much of it in blood, it can
combine with other substances, to form plaque,
that sticks to the walls of arteries- a condition
known as atherosclerosis. It can also lead to
coronary artery disease, thus blocking the
pathway of blood flow, whose results can
sometimes be even fatal.
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Cholesterol is of 3 types-
1. HDL- high density lipoprotein- that is called
“good” cholesterol because it carries the
cholesterol from other body parts to the liver
which then removes the cholesterol from our
body.
2. LDL- low-density lipoprotein- that is called
“bad” cholesterol as high LDL results in
building up of plaque in the arteries.
3. VLDL- very -low density lipoproteins- that is
also called “bad” cholesterol as it too
contributes in plaque-building by carrying
triglycerides in our body.
Cholesterol also helps in the production of hormones
like estrogen, progesterone as well.
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SYMPTOMS
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MEN AGED 20 YEARS OR OLDER
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CAUSES
• Unhealthy eating habits- eating lots of fats-
saturated fats, diary products,chocolate,
bakes goods, deep fried and processed foods,
fatty fish, excess vegetable oils etc.
• Lack of physical activity- lack of exercise
increases LDL (bad) cholesterol.
• Smoking and consumption of alcohol -
lowers HDL (good) cholesterol, especially in
women and increases LDL cholesterol level.
• Genetics- High cholesterol level is also,
sometimes inherited genetically, such as
familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is an
inherited form of cholesterol.
• Weight- Obesity is also a huge initiation
factor for the rise of cholesterol level.
• Diabetes- High blood-sugar level contributes
to higher levels of VLDL and low HDL
cholesterol.
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Other causes of high cholesterol include:
• Liver or Kidney disease
• Polycystic ovary syndrome
• Underactive thyroid gland
• Drugs like progestins, anabolic steroids,
corticosteroids that increase LDL level.
DIAGNOSIS
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TREATMENT
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f) Consumption of dark leafy greens like kale,
spinach are an excellent source of anti-
oxidants,carotenoids and lutein that get rid of
free radicals that leads to hardened arteries.
Medications-
a) Statins- block the liver from making
cholesterol.
b) Bile acid sequestrants- decrease the amount
of fat absorbed from food.
c) Cholesterol absorption inhibitors- decrease
the amount of cholesterol absorbed from
food and lower triglycerides.
d) Nicotinic acid (niacin)- lowers LDL (bad)
cholesterol, triglycerides and increases
HDL (good) cholesterol. High doses of
niacin can be harmful, so dosage must be
monitored.
e) PCSK9 inhibitors- block a protein called
PCSK9 that helps the liver remove and
clear the LDL cholesterol from the blood.
f) Fibrates- lower triglycerides.
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g) For people who have FH (familial
hypercholestorelemia), medicines such as
lomitapide and mipomersen helps lower
LDL (bad) cholesterol from the blood.
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CASE STUDY
Gender: Male Weight: Normal
Age: 50 years Others: Normal
Medical history: Reported having cholesterol
since 2014, no high complications till date, No
FH, no smoking or consumption of alcohol, no
atherolsclerosis detected, prescription (LIPID
PANEL) as follows:
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Medicines prescribed for the same:
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. https://www.mayoclinic.org/
2. https://medlineplus.com/
3. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/
4. https://www.heart.org/
5. https://www.healthline.com/
6. https://nhs.uk/
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