COMMUNITY AND PUBLIC HEALTH SUMMER teletu

LECTURE | PROF. EDILON LIWAG | FINALS A.Y. 2020 - 2021 bbies

ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH HAZARDS
OBJECTIVES • Occupational hazards (In the workplace)
• Name the different environmental hazards • Infrastructural hazards
• Discuss how certain component of environmental o We encounter in our daily activities as we go out
hazards can increase the risk of human injury, • Others/Miscellaneous hazards
disease, or death. LAND and CLIMATE RELATED HAZARDS
• Describe the community health efforts to control or • Hazards which are not new to us; These hazards
reduce the health risks caused by these have been going on for certain years in our planet
environmental hazards (long before we were born)
DEFINITION • Floods – Common in both lowland coastal and inland
• World Health Organization (WHO, 1993): Defines areas, especially in tropics and monsoon areas
“Environmental health comprises those aspects of • Storms
human health, including quality of life, that are • Hurricanes
determined by physical, chemical, biologic, social., • Volcanic activity
and psychosocial factors in the environment” o It does not only destroy communities, but it can
• Social and psychosocial are more or less also cause destruction of wildlife; and even death
synonymous in the sense that a person cannot o POSITIVE PERSPECTIVE = A means to revive
socialize without even thinking of it the Earth; To make the land fertile again
• Any external factor that negatively affects your (our) • Earthquakes
health can be considered an environmental health • Soil erosion
hazard (an unsafe act or condition) • Drought
INTRODUCTION • The negative impact of these hazards have
• In developing countries with large rural populations, continuously became a problem for communities;
people continue to suffer from traditional risks However, its positive impact is that it changes the
(unsafe water, inadequate sanitation and hygiene, surface of the Earth, intended primarily to preserve
and indoor smoke from domestic cooking and the existence of life. All of these are phenomenon,
heating) which cannot be stopped
o According to WHO, there are a lot of people o This is part of the environment that we live in –
living in an unsafe environment wherein they do We must learn to live with it
not have access to water, adequate sanitation • In order to live with it, we must learn how to
and hygiene and sometimes the environment is mitigate their impact
detrimental to their health primarily because of ATMOSTPHERIC HAZARDS
the presence of smoke coming from domestic • Outdoor Pollution/Air
cooking, heating, transportation, heavy o Increasing problem in many urban areas due to
machinery industry, and the like road traffic
• In developing countries with large urban populations o Primary Cause of Air Pollution – Automobiles,
and more industry, people are exposed to additional industries, and machineries
environmental risks (including exposure to urban, o Also associated with old, heavy and
industrial, and agrochemical pollution, as well as manufacturing industries and mining wind-blown
industrial accidents) dust also a significant problem in some areas
o Due to a lot of automobiles present in the cities o Dust that they produce are blown out in some
o Huge industries are being created, therefore areas in our community
they produce a lot of pollutants in the air • Outdoor Pollution Sources
o Farms utilize pesticides to control the effects of o Industry – Coal Powerplants, Nuclear
the destruction of the insects and other Powerplants, and the like
organisms that may destroy the crops o Vehicles – Cars and trucks
o Which can have a negative effect in the ▪ Primary source of air pollution because of the
environment emission from cars and trucks that usually
• More recently because of these human activities that pollutes the air
we tend to develop in the name of progress, o Other sources such as gasoline stations, farm
concerns about the health impact of changes in equipment, fires, and outdoor pesticide use
climate and ecosystems have been raised o Pollutant Emissions – Gases or pollutants that
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH HAZARDS are emitted from natural phenomenon (volcanic
• Land and climate related hazards eruptions, wildfires)
• Atmospheric hazards o Cities contribute due to outdoor and indoor
• Water related hazards pollutants
• Food borne hazards o Livestock also contribute to pollutant emissions –
• Vector borne hazards Use of fertilizers; Manures
• Domestic hazards
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COMMUNITY AND PUBLIC HEALTH SUMMER teletu
LECTURE | PROF. EDILON LIWAG | FINALS A.Y. 2020 - 2021 bbies
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH HAZARDS
o Extraction of oil and gas – Because of the o Photochemical smog is a chemical reaction
refineries activated by light; This is a mixture of more than
o Powerplants, sewage treatment plants 100 primary and secondary pollutants formed
o Planes, automobiles, motorcycles, buses, and under the influence of sunlight
the like ▪ Majority of these is caused by the emission of
the automobiles

• Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM)

• Primary Outdoor Pollutants o A variety of small and light particles, aerosols
o Things that cannot be seen or can’t be smelled, (droplets) suspend in the atmosphere
but they are present in the atmosphere SOURCES OF PARTICULATE MATTER
▪ Sometimes, majority of these pollutants can NATURE OF ANTHROPOGENIC
be found in the household PARTICULATES PARTICULATES
o Pollutants of concern are: Originates from Originates from Burning
▪ Ozone (O3) Volcanoes, Dust Storms, Fossil Fuels (Extraction of
▪ Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) Forest, and Grassland oil and gas or in coal
▪ Carbon Monoxide (CO) Fires, Living vegetation powerplants, Incinerating
▪ Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) and Sea spray Wastes and Smelting
▪ Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) Metals
▪ Lead (Pb)
▪ Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) • Carbon Monoxide (CO)
• Ozone o Colorless, odorless gas poisonous to (us)
o Highly reactive irritating gas with an unpleasant animals. Formed as a result of incomplete
odor that forms in the troposphere (lowest layer combustions of carbon-containing fuels
of the earth’s atmosphere) as major component o We are not aware that we have already
of photochemical smog. inhaled it
o Smog – Something that we encounter from day to o (2C + O2 → 2CO)
day, when we go out and do our daily activities o Formed as a result of incomplete
• Horizon is usually hazy and sometimes combustion of carbon containing fuels
cloudy that we cannot even see what is o Prevents the RBC to accept oxygen
beyond the horizon o Health effect – Will die of asphyxiation in the
sense that you will die due to lack of oxygen

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COMMUNITY AND PUBLIC HEALTH SUMMER teletu
LECTURE | PROF. EDILON LIWAG | FINALS A.Y. 2020 - 2021 bbies
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH HAZARDS
o Source of Carbon Monoxide Emission in the • Natural Sources – landfills, farms which use
Atmosphere herbicides and pesticides
▪ Chimneys • Others – Powerplants
▪ Furnaces • Sulfur Dioxide
▪ Automobiles o SO2 – Colorless, irritating gas formed as a result
▪ Fireplace of combustion from sulfur-containing fossil fuels
▪ Water Heater such as coal and oil
▪ Indoor grilling o Can be converted to sulfuric acid (H2SO4) in the
▪ Range hood atmosphere which is a major component of acid
▪ Clothes dryer deposition (acid rain)
▪ Portable heater ▪ Also derived from powerplants
▪ Cigarette Smoking (also a potential source of ▪ Coal Powerplants – Major culprit
carbon monoxide, secondhand smoke) ▪ Automobiles, volcanic eruptions, nuclear
• Nitrogen Oxides powerplants can emit sulfur dioxide
o A combination of gases composed primarily of • Lead (Pb)
NO (Nitric Oxide), NO2 (Nitrogen Dioxide), N2O o Solid toxic metal and its compounds, emitted into
(Nitrous oxide) the atmosphere as a suspended particulate
o Reddish brown irritating gas that gives matter
photochemical smog its brownish color. Can be
converted to nitric acid (HNO3) a major
component of acid deposition (acid rain)
▪ The reason why if you see smog, it tends to
be hazy
▪ ACID DEPOSITION (ACID RAIN) – Brought
about by the conversion of pollutant gases
such as nitrogen oxide into nitric acid
• Nitric acid is then being returned to Earth
in the means of a rain
• In the end, the water that comes out from
the rain becomes acidic to nature in the
sense that it can cause rust, especially in
metals, and can lead to the destruction of o Sources of Lead
the ecosystem ▪ Automobiles – Major source of lead several
o E.g. The body of water becomes years ago
acidic – Majority of aquatic animals • Emission of automobiles usually will also
die emit lead, because the main fuel used
o Land surface will kill most of the are fuel which usually contains lead
vegetation, including the crops • As the engines function, the lead that is
▪ Does not only pollute the atmosphere, it also present in the fuel, is being emitted in the
pollutes the land, as well as the water that is atmosphere
present in our land • Government in all countries have
pledged themselves to use unleaded
gasoline in order to address the problem
with lead
▪ Urban soil waste
▪ Melting and smelting ores/industry
• Melting or converting aluminum into a
liquid state
• Gold and silver being smelted
• Use lead in the process
▪ Effuents from storage battery industry
• Batteries contain lead – Majority of
battery manufacturers are removing lead
as part of their manufacturing process
o Sources of Nitrogen Oxide ▪ Metal plating, finishing operations
• Vehicles – 50% ▪ Fertilizers, pesticides
• Tobacco Smoking • Can sometimes contain lead
• Extraction of gas and oil ▪ Additives in pigments and gasoline

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COMMUNITY AND PUBLIC HEALTH SUMMER teletu
LECTURE | PROF. EDILON LIWAG | FINALS A.Y. 2020 - 2021 bbies
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH HAZARDS
▪ Chimney of factories
• Coal-fired powerplants
• Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC)
o These are emitted as gases from certain solids or
liquids
o Derived from organic chemicals that are widely
used as ingredients in household products. They
release organic compounds while in use or even
when stored
o Household products, including:
▪ Paints, paint strippers, and other solvents
▪ Wood preservatives
▪ Aerosol sprays
▪ Cleansers and disinfectants
▪ Moth repellents and air fresheners
▪ Stores fuels and automotive products
▪ Hobby supplies
▪ Dry-cleaned clothing THINGS YOU CAN DO TO REDUCE INDOOR AIR
▪ Pesticide POLLUTION
▪ Other products, including: • Never allow smoking indoors
• Building materials and furnishings • Use less toxic cleaning products
• Office equipment such as copiers and o One of the major contributors to indoor air
printers, correction fluids and carbonless pollutants
copy paper o Sprayed products (E.g. Lysol)
• Graphics and craft materials including • Make certain that the indoor space is properly well
glues and adhesives, permanent ventilated before we use the cleaning products in
markers and photographic solutions order for the gas to not be trapped inside our homes
• Industrial machineries, • Reduce levels of cockroach and dust mite particles by
transportation (automobiles, cleaning our homes from time to time and seeing to it
motorcycles, and the like), agricultural and assuring our family members that they are not
products (pesticides) infested with cockroaches and dust mites
• Common Indoor Air Pollutants • Reduce pet dander by allowing our pets to be
o Second-hand tobacco smoke groomed and bathe from time to time
▪ The reason why our government has issued • Avoid or minimize use of pesticides indoors
measurements to safeguard our health from • Use low toxicity paints, sealers
secondhand smoke • Reduce the use of solvent-based dry cleaning and/or
▪ Also a source of atmospheric gas pollutant air out drycleaned clothes thoroughly before bringing
o Airborne mold and mildew into one’s home
▪ Usually abundant especially during rainy • Avoid idling an internal combustion engine, such as
seasons car, lawn mower or fork lift, in an enclosed space or
• When the mold and mildew are present near the entrance to one’s home or workplace
in the air – Can cause respiratory o If not travelling or waiting for something, turn off
problems such as allergies of some sort the car
▪ MILDEW – A superficial usually whitish o Lawnmowers or forklift also emit gases –
growth produced especially on organic Minimize the use of these machineries especially
matter or living plants by fungi when used in enclosed spaces
o Pet dander • Change air filters frequently
▪ PET DANDER – Dandruff, minute scales o Especially air-condition filters
from hair, feathers, or skin that may be
allergenic
o Lead-impregnated dust from old paint and some
vinyl mini blinds
o Cockroach shedding
o Dust mite particles
▪ Usually found in our households
o Combustion gases released by stoves, heaters
candles and fireplaces

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COMMUNITY AND PUBLIC HEALTH SUMMER teletu
LECTURE | PROF. EDILON LIWAG | FINALS A.Y. 2020 - 2021 bbies
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH HAZARDS
HEALTH EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION o In rural related pollution areas with co-use of
waters for humans and livestock
• Ground Water
o Are being contaminated primarily because of the
leeching effect of pesticides, herbicides, grease,
automotive oil, and other forms of contaminants
that may tend to percolate into the deepest part
of the earth’s crust to contaminate the
groundwater
• DRINKING WATER
o Especially in areas without access to
treated/piped water contamination
o Derived from surface water and groundwater
o We have limited type of supply primarily because
majority of the water on the Earth’s surface is
made up of saltwater
o The total volume of water is comprised of:
(Estimated) 0.014% that we can utilize in surface
and ground water
▪ Found in rivers, springs, bayous, lakes,
ponds, estuaries, and in our bays
▪ Which we utilize them for domestic purposes
• Most common and immediate – When we usually o If we continue to contaminate it – Tendency is that
inhale the gases there will come a time that we will not be able to
• Most people who inhale them every day can lead to use them domestically
respiratory illnesses or diseases ▪ When this happens, it will probably be the
• Can sometimes lead to a more serious complication end of the existence of life in this planet
that can even lead to death (E.g. Lung cancer, WATER POLLUTION
pneumonia, respiratory • Common pollutants of area rivers, streams, bayous,
• symptoms, asthma, allergic reaction) lakes, ponds, estuaries, and bays include:
• The most immediate health effect of air pollution – o Fertilizers from home lawns and gardens, as well
Allergies of the skin as agriculture
• Skin is exposed to air pollutants and every day we o Mercury from power plants (including mining) and
encounter them as we go out and do our activities industrial waste
from time to time – We are exposed by inhaling them ▪ Can contaminate our drinking water supply
or by attaching of these gases on the surface of our o Herbicides and insecticides
skin o Oil and other chemicals from roadway runoff
• Sometimes, people suffer from various types of skin o Prescription medications that come in contact
diseases (E.g. eczema, allergies, contact dermatitis) with surface and ground water, paint, and other
toxic substances disposed down
• Prolonged effect of air pollution – Stroke, insulin
o household sinks and toilets including soap
resistance (in the formation of diabetes), high blood
o Trash and sediment from construction sites
pressure
o Pet waste
• Young mothers may suffer from birth defects
o Faulty septic systems
• As we encounter them for long periods of time, we o Run-off from industrial sources or sewage
develop cardiorespiratory disorders (E.g. myocardial treatment plants
infarction, cardiac arrhythmia, and cardiac o Hormone and prescription medications in human
insufficiency) The best thing to combat this = BY waste
PROTECTING OURSELVES HOW? HEALTH RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH WATER
• One of the most common forms of protection – POLLUTION
Wearing of PPE’s, specifically, masks • Drinking or washing with contaminated water
WATER RELATED HAZARDS o When we use contaminated water for hygiene
• There are two types of water purposes, we are also contaminating ourselves
o Surface Water • Eating seafood from polluted rivers or bays
o Ground Water
• Eating crops watered with polluted water and/or
SURFACE WATER AND GROUND WATER
• Swimming in polluted waterways
• Surface Water
• How to mitigate or prevent water pollution?
o In urban areas, primarily from industrial and
domestic wastes
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COMMUNITY AND PUBLIC HEALTH SUMMER teletu
LECTURE | PROF. EDILON LIWAG | FINALS A.Y. 2020 - 2021 bbies
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH HAZARDS
o Every city must have water sewerage system – ▪ Heavily traveled roadways or railroad system
Used primarily, although contributes to the • Such as in the case in Manila, wherein
atmospheric pollution, to minimize polluting our majority of the people are living near or
water beside the railroad
o Davao City does not have water sewerage • Hazards from Waste
system o Municipal solid waste – Includes residential and
o All of our wastes usually go to the water waste industrial waste. Solid waste is usually disposed
FOOD BORNE HAZARDS of in landfills or even being recycled
BIOLOGICAL CONTAMINATION ▪ Recycling – A problem in our country
• Associated with poor domestic sanitation and hygiene nowadays because we don’t have enough
arrangements recycling plants
• Contaminated food products-microorganism ▪ Majority of our solid waste is still disposed in
• Food handlers who do not observe proper sanitation landfills
CHEMICAL CONTAMINATION ▪ There will come a time wherein we will have
• E.g. food additives, pesticides, chemical agents- lack of landfills for our waste to be disposed
rivers of
VECTOR BORNE HAZARDS ▪ One way to mitigate this - Reduce our wastes
• Water related Vectors o Hazardous waste – Defined as that which is toxic
o Guinea Worm, Schistosomiasis (E.g. Chemical agents that are derived from
• Animal related Vectors household products), corrosive (E.g. Acids),
o Toxoplasmosis, bubonic plague flammable (E.g. Gasoline), or ignitable needs to
• Arthropod related Vectors be disposed of properly
o Sleeping sickness, bubonic plague, malaria, o Nuclear waste – Raise concerns about potential
dengue, filariasis radiation exposure
DOMESTIC HAZARDS ▪ Derived from powerplants
• Domestic = Innate in us, In our own environment ▪ Sources are commercial power plants,
• Indoor Air Pollution hospitals, and nonmilitary sources nuclear
power plants including residential and
• Domestic Problems – Often associated with over-
industrial sources
crowding and poor living conditions
▪ Not usually found in our county (our
o E.g. Slum areas
powerplants are fueled by coal)
• Sanitation – Severe problem in areas lacking
INFRASTRUCTURE HAZARDS
organized sewerage system (E.g. In informal
• INFRASTRUCTURE – Basic equipment and
settlements)
structures (roads and bridges, buildings, houses) that
• Waste handling – Lacking; Associated especially with
are needed for a country, religion, or organization
open waste dumps (E.g. Communities living on, or
(social community) to function properly
regularly sorting trough, waste sites). People living
• Infrastructural Hazards
with crowded places can contribute to the
o Traffic – Accidents and noise pollution, growing
development of diseases in this type of living
problem in major cities
conditions
o Industrial Accidents – Associated mainly with
• Socioeconomic Factors
poorly regulated chemical industries or poor
o Include income (No income)
trainings of employees, poor knowledge about
o Ethnicity, sense of community, and other such
the things they are doing in respective workplace
factors (Wants to live in one place which
o Contaminated Land – Old industrial sites and
contributes to crowded living)
waste-dumps
o Studies have shown that certain segments of
▪ E.g. Agricultural lands that are heavily
society are disproportionately exposed to
bombarded with pesticides or herbicides that
environmental hazards, and may be more
remains in the soil for quite some time
vulnerable to such hazards than other
• Can lead to:
populations because of crowded living conditions
o Accidents,
(such as in the case of the slum areas)
o Noise pollution,
• Residents in Low Income
o Nuclear powerplants – can be destructive such as
o In general, residents in low income, minority
in the case of Chernobyl (resulted into abnormal
neighborhoods are more likely to live near:
babies)
▪ Chemical waste dumping sites
o Dumpsites which can produce gases such as
▪ Electric power plants
oxides, carbon monoxide into the atmosphere
▪ Municipal incinerators
• Noise Pollution
▪ Solid waste landfills
▪ Industrial plants
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COMMUNITY AND PUBLIC HEALTH SUMMER teletu
LECTURE | PROF. EDILON LIWAG | FINALS A.Y. 2020 - 2021 bbies
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH HAZARDS
o SOUND – Heard when energy from vibrations, o Higher levels have been shown to cause stress,
traveling through air, liquid, or solid media as increase blood pressure, cause sleep
pressure waves, is received by the ear. disturbances which affect sleep quality as well as
Unwanted, unpleasant sound is referred to as: mood and performance
▪ NOISE SAFETY AND HEALTH IN THE WORKPLACE
• Subjective judgement (E.g. Children and OCCUPATIONAL INJURY/DISEASE
parents) • According to the WHO, there are more than 3.3
• It is measured by an annoyance factor workers globally and is continuously growing
o AMPLITUDE – Sound volume, that is, its • Approximately 85% are in less developed countries
loudness or intensity; Measured and expressed (working conditions is more hazardous)
as decibels (dB) • Each year, according to the WHO, 317 million
o NOISE POLLUTION workers experience nonfatal injuries and 321 million
▪ Derived from traffic, trains, buses, lawn workers are fatally injured (1 million = Workplace
mowers, leaf blowers, helicopters, injury; about 1,000 = Fatal injury/deaths per day)
construction noise, low-flying recreational • Diseases acquired in the workplace sicken 160 million
planes, jet skis, air-conditioning units and kill an estimated 2.02 million workers
▪ Exposure to noise levels higher than 85 • Approximately $ 1.25 trillion is lost from the global
decibels for long periods of time can cause economy
permanent hearing damage • Reasons for occupational injury/disease:
• Sound can be a noise if it is more than 85 o Lack of training or lack of education in work –
decibels Leads to fatal injuries and accidents
• Pleasant to hear if it is less than 85 o Lack of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) –
decibels (Not detrimental to the ear) Leads to diseases, injuries, and even death
• Occupational Disease
o Is any abnormal condition or disorder, other than
one resulting from an occupational injury, caused
by factors associated with employment. It
includes acute or chronic illnesses that may be
acquired through inhalation, absorption,
ingestion, or direct contact
▪ E.g. Coal mining causes respiratory diseases
– Inhalation of suspended particulate matter
in the extraction of the coal including gases
• In the earlier centuries, a lot of people die
in the coal mines because of this
inhalation of coal from extraction
• Occupational Injury
o Is any injury, such as cut, fracture, sprain, or
amputation, which results from a work-related
event or from a single, instantaneous exposure in
the work environment
▪ E.g. Needlestick injuries because of not
observing the proper operational procedures
o Education, knowledge, and proper trainings are
important in order to prevent occupational injuries
and diseases in the workplace
CLIMATE CHANGE AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
HAZARDS
• Climate Change
o Over the ages, human societies have altered
local ecosystems and modified regional climates
usually attributed to the natural atmospheric
phenomenon such as earthquakes, storms,
volcanic eruptions, hurricanes
o Climate and weather has a powerful impact on
human health and wellbeing
▪ We need to safeguard our property from time
to time

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COMMUNITY AND PUBLIC HEALTH SUMMER teletu
LECTURE | PROF. EDILON LIWAG | FINALS A.Y. 2020 - 2021 bbies
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH HAZARDS
o The recent rapid increase in population size, OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS
energy consumption, intensity of land use, • Heat and Humidity
international trade and travel, and other human • High humidity impedes the body’s ability to cool itself
activities has an impact on the health of the o HUMIDITY – Damp; Moderate degree of
population wetness; Moisture in the air
▪ Other factors are due to increase of o When the humidity is high, sweat will not
papulation size evaporate as quickly, preventing the body from
o Abnormally high temperatures in Europe in the releasing heat quickly. Other conditions that can
summer of 2003 were associated with at least limit the ability to regulate temperature include old
27,000 deaths. age, youth (age 0-4), obesity, fever, dehydration,
o 2 FORMS OF CLIMATE CHANGE: heart disease, mental illness, poor circulation,
▪ GLOBAL COOLING sunburn, and prescription drug use and alcohol
• Happened in the Ice Age use
▪ GLOBAL WARMING o This is a particular problem for the elderly
• Nowadays, because of the intense • Stress
human activities, increasing human o Excessive stress is associated with decreased
population and development of industries immune function and an increased risk of
that spews a lot of gases in the environmentally related illness
atmosphere that contributes to the
greenhouse effect
▪ Health impact: Increase in death
associated with heat stroke
o Climate change was estimated to be responsible
in 2000 for approximately 2.4% of worldwide
diarrhea, and 6% of malaria in some middle-
income countries
▪ Why there is an increase in Malaria?
Because of human development, we want to
use our land for creating communities, cities,
houses, bridges, etc. – We destroy forests,
their ecosystem and habitats, and
mosquitoes will go and breed in urban areas
which increases the number of dengue and
malaria cases in the cities from time to time
o Global climate change is, therefore a newer
challenge to ongoing efforts to protect human
health
HEALTH IMPACTS DUE TO CLIMATE CHANGE
• Certain infectious diseases – Including vector-borne
infections such as malaria and dengue fever, and
food-borne infections (E.g. salmonellosis) which peak
in the warmer months
• Extremes of both heat and cold can cause potentially
fatal illnesses, E.g. heat stress or hyperthermia, as
well as increasing death rates from heart and
respiratory diseases
• Others are food-producing ecosystems are
diminishing because we destroy our ecosystem (cut
trees, make use of available lands, destroying
habitats, filling rivers, creeks with soil/land), rising sea
levels (flooding occurs in certain areas, which
becomes a land loss), and population displacement
for reasons of physical hazard, land loss, economic
disruption, and civil strife
• Because of our negligence, our own way of doing
things that tends to forget the importance of the
environment, in return, we destroy our environment
and these are what contributes to Climate Change

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