Lec 14 Masonry
Lec 14 Masonry
Lec 14 Masonry
Brick masonry
Brick masonry is built with bricks bonded together with mortar. For temporary sheds mud mortar
may be used but for all permanent buildings lime or cement mortars are used.
Terms Used In Brick Masonry
Frog: the depression provided at the face of the brick during its manufacturing is called the frog.
Course: A course is a horizontal layer of bricks or stones
Face: The exterior of the wall exposed to weather is known
as face. The material used in the facing of wall is known as
Facing’
Hearting: It is the interior portion of a wall between facing
And backing
Header and heading course
A brick layed in brickwork with its width in elevation is called a header and the course in which
all the bricks are laid as headers is called heading course.
Stretcher and stretching course
A brick laid in brick work with its length in elevation is called stretcher and the course in which
the stretcher is laid is called stretching course.
Quoins: the external corners of walls of structure are called quoins.
Quoin brick: the brick forming the external corner of wall is called quoin brick.
Bat: It is a portion of a brick cut across the width.
Closer: It is the portion of a brick cut in such a manner that its one long face remains uncut
Queen closer: it is the portion of a brick obtained by cutting a brick length-wise into two
portions
King closer: It is the portion of brick obtained by cutting off the triangular piece between the
centre of one end and the centre of one side.
Types of bonds in brickwork and their suitability
The various types of bonds generally used in brick masonry are
English bond
Flemish bond
Header bond
Stretcher bond
Garden wall bond
Raking bond
Facing bond
English Bond
In this alternate courses consist of headers and stretchers.
This is considered to be the strongest bond. Hence it is commonly used bond for the walls of all
thicknesses. To break continuity of vertical joints a brick is cut lengthwise into two halves and
used in the beginning and end of a wall after first header. This is called queen closer
Flemish Bond
In this type of bond each course comprises of alternate header and stretcher.. To break the
continuity of vertical joints queen closers are required, if a course starts with header. Every
header is centrally supported on the stretcher below it.
Flemish bonds may be further classified as
(a) Double Flemish Bond
(b) Single Flemish Bond.
In case of double Flemish bond, both faces of the wall have Flemish look, i.e. each course
consist of alternate header and stretcher
whereas in single Flemish bond outer faces of walls have Flemish look whereas inner faces have
look of English bond.
1. Stretcher bond
In stretcher bond masonry all the bricks are arranged in stretcher courses as shown in Fig. every
alternate course is to be started with ½ brick bats for breaking the continuity of vertical joints.
This type of construction is useful for the construction half brick thick partition wall.
. 2. Header bond
In header bond brick masonry all the bricks are arranged in the header courses as shown in Fig.
every alternate course is to be started with ¾ brick bats for breaking the continuity of vertical
joints .This type of bond is useful for the construction of one brick thick walls.
Garden
wall
bond:
This type
of bond is
employed
for the
course ¾ bat is used as quoin. A header is placed next to the ¾ bat in every alternate stretcher
course as
shown in
the fig
It is used
only for
brick
work
where
strength
is of
prime
importance.
Monk bond
The bond having two stretchers and one header laid alternately in each course is called monk
bond.
Suitability
This type of bond is used for the construction of boundary walls where bricks of inferior quality
are to be used for backing.
Brick nomenclature
I. Nomenclature based on brick size
Frequently, the Builder must cut the brick into various shapes. The most common shapes are
shown in figure .They are called half or bat, three-quarter closure, quarter closure, king
closure, queen closure, and split. They are used to fill in the spaces at corners and such
other places where a full brick will not fit. The six surfaces of a brick are called the cull, the
beds, the side, the end, and the face, as shown
Buildings
b. Coursed random rubble masonry: The random rubble masonry in which stones are laid in
layers of equal height is called random rubble masonry. In this
masonry, the stones are laid in somewhat level courses.
Suitability:
Used for construction of residential buildings, go downs, boundary
walls etc.
2. Squared rubble masonry: The rubble masonry in which the face stones are squared on all
joints and beds by hammer dressing or chisel dressing before their actual laying, is called
squared rubble masonry.
There are two types of squared rubble masonry.
a. Coursed Square rubble masonry: The square rubble masonry in which chisel
dressed stones laid in courses is called coarse square rubble masonry. This is a superior variety
of rubble masonry. It consists of stones, which are squared on all
joints and laid in courses. The stones are to be laid in courses of equal layers. and the joints
should also be uniform.
Suitability: Used for construction of public buildings, hospitals, schools, markets,
modern residential buildings etc and in hilly areas where good quality of stone is
easily available.
b. Un coursed square rubble masonry: The squared rubble in masonry which hammer dressed
stones are laid without making courses is called un coursed square rubble masonry. It consists of
stones which are squared on all joints and beds by hammer dressing. All the stones to be laid are
of different sizes.
Suitability: Used for construction of ordinary buildings in hilly areas where a good variety of
stones are cheaply available.
3. Dry rubble masonry: The rubble masonry in which stones are laid without using any mortar
is called dry rubble masonry or sometimes shortly as "dry stones". It is an ordinary masonry and
is recommended for constructing walls of height not more than 6m. In case the height is more,
three adjacent courses are laid in squared rubble masonry mortar at 3m intervals
Ashlar masonry
The stone masonry in which finely dressed stones are laid in cement or lime mortar is known as
ashlars masonry. In this masonry all the courses are of uniform height, all the joints are regular,
thin and have uniform thickness. This type of masonry is much costly as it requires dressing of
stones.
Suitability: This masonry is used for heavy structures, architectural buildings, high piers and
abutments of bridges.
Ashlars masonry is further sub divided into the following types:
1. Ashlars fine or coarse ashlar masonry
2. Random coarse ashlars masonry
3. Rough tooled ashlar masonry