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Multiplication by Infinity ULTERIORI INFORMAZIONI OK

(Indeterminate, like me. Think outside the box, but when you step outside the box ... try to keep one foot in)

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Electronic-Hydraulic-Thermal Analogies
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Hydraulic analogy Laboratory
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The electronic–hydraulic analogy (derisively referred to as the drain-pipe theory by Oliver Top Physics
Blogs
Heaviside) is the most widely used analogy for "electron fluid" in a metal conductor. Since
electric current is invisible and the processes at play in electronics are often difficult to
demonstrate, the various electronic components are represented by hydraulic equivalents.
Electricity (as well as heat) was originally understood to be a kind of fluid, and the names of
certain electric quantities (such as current) are derived from hydraulic equivalents. When
BLOG ARCHIVE
taught well, the water analogy is of great use in teaching and in describing basic aspects of
electric current. When taught poorly, it misleads more than it teaches. Like all analogies, it ► 2012 (54)
demands an intuitive and competent understanding of the baseline paradigms (electronics ► 2011 (344)
and hydraulics).
▼ 2010 (238)
CONTENTS ► December (22)
1 Basic ideas ► November (24)
2 Component equivalents ► October (21)
3 Principle equivalents
► September (16)
4 Equation examples
► August (5)
5 Limits to the analogy
► July (24)
6 Notes
7 See also ► June (23)

8 External links ► May (20)

▼ April (20)
8.1 Good analogy Carina Nebula! Hubble Hits a Home
Run - Happy 20th...
8.2 Acceptable analogy
Cosmological Revolution
Is IC 352 A Better Galaxy than M51
BASIC IDEAS ?
There are two basic paradigms: A Possible Physical Interpretation of
Version with pressure induced by gravity. Large tanks of water that are held up How A Univer...
high, and the potential energy of the water head is the pressure source. This is Mass and the Constants:
reminiscent of electrical diagrams with an up arrow pointing to +V, grounded pins Relationships
that otherwise are not shown connecting to anything, and so on. The GRAVITON : Does it Exist?
Completely enclosed version with pumps providing pressure only; no gravity. This JOHN YOUNG, Super Astronaut
is reminiscent of a circuit diagram with a voltage source shown and the wires
Has the Dark Energy Problem been
actually completing a circuit.
Solved by P. Fram...
Applications: Flow and pressure variables can be calculated in fluid flow network with the use Sadi Carnot
of the hydraulic ohm analogy.[1][2] The method can be applied to both steady and transient
OBAMA vs U.S. Manned Space
flow situations. Program: Lifeboat ORION
COMPONENT EQUIVALENTS
QUANTUM GRAVITY and the
BATTERY DUDE, a Super-Shor...
Leonard Susskind on Special
Relativity
Has America Lost Its Edge in Space
?
Electronic-Hydraulic-Thermal
Analogies
A simple pipe. Oliver Heaviside
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A relatively wide pipe completely filled with water is equivalent to a piece of wire. When
garantire la qualità del servizio, generare statistiche di utilizzo e rilevare e contrastare eventuali abusi.Guide
Mathematics
comparing to a piece of wire, the pipe should be thought of as having semi-permanent
caps on the ends. Connecting one end of a wire to a circuit INFORMAZIONI
ULTERIORI is equivalent to forcibly
OK un- Forget the Atmosphere. What about
capping one end of the pipe and attaching it to another pipe. With few exceptions (such the Oceans?
as a high-voltage power source), a wire with only one end attached to a circuit will do Lithium
nothing; the pipe remains capped on the free end, and thus adds nothing to the circuit.
Dr. John "Ozzy" Osbourne Solves
Electric potential Navier-Stokes and ...
Equivalent to pressure.
Voltage ► March (24)
Also called potential difference. A difference in pressure between two points. Usually ► February (29)
measured in volts.
► January (10)
Current
Equivalent to a hydraulic volume flow rate; that is, the volumetric quantity of flowing ► 2009 (36)
water over time. Usually measured in amperes.
Ideal voltage source
ABOUT ME
A dynamic pump. A pressure meter on both sides shows that when this kind of pump is
driven at a constant speed, the difference in pressure stays constant. Steven Colyer
Ideal current source My weblog is named
A positive displacement pump. A current meter (little paddle wheel) shows that when "Multiplication by Infinity",
this kind of pump is driven at a constant speed, it maintains a constant speed of the little because "Division by Zero"
paddle wheel. was taken ... and "Division
by Infinity" makes me feel very small ...
Steven Colyer's Musings in Mathematical
Physics and its Effects on Humanity and
other Lifeforms.... And Pure Mathematics,
Computer Science, Applied Mathematics,
Experimental Physics, Engineering,
Astronomy (not Cosmology so much),
Space Exploration and Lunar
Colonization. I am a Rutgers 1979
A simple pipe with a Mechanical Engineer (Pi Tau Sigma) and
Rutgers 1989 MBA. ("I study Politics and
constricted region.
War that my children may study
Resistor Mathematics and Philosophy." - 2nd U.S.
President John Adams) I've already
A constriction in the bore of the pipe which requires more pressure to pass the same
studied enough Politics and War and
amount of water. All pipes have some resistance to flow, just like all wires have some
Economics for one lifetime, and so it's
resistance to current. time for Math and Science
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A simple one-way ball- Carl Sagan's "A New Way

type check valve, in its To Think About Rules To
Live By"
"open" state.
"A New Way To Think About
Rules To Live By" by Carl
Diode Sagan, Parade magazine, 28 Nov 93
Equivalent to a one-way check valve with a slightly leaky valve seat. Like a diode, too Moral codes that seek to regulate human
much reverse bias can damage or destroy the valve assembly. b...

14 Math Holidays Every

Math Major Should Know
Pi Day, e Day, Square Root
Day, Odd Day (isn't that
every day?), Powers of Ten
Day, and 9 other Math Holidays. It's all
here, baby...

Quantum Information and

A flexible-sided Technology
rubberized tank with Quantum technology is a
diaphragm. new field of physics and
engineering, which
Capacitor transitions some of the stranger features
of quantum mechanics , esp...
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the tank in condivisi
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case of a polarized sulle
capacitor, prestazioni e sulla sicurezza,
a leaky per
US President Garfield's
garantire
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is contained delend,
in each servizio, generaretostatistiche
one positioned di the
let water in, utilizzo
othereto
rilevare e contrastare
let water out. eventuali abusi.
Proof of the Pythagorean
The amount the valve leaks is roughly equivalent to how loosely polarized the capacitor Theorem
is. ULTERIORI INFORMAZIONI OK The 20th United States
President, James Garfield,
Inductor
came up with a proof of the Pythagorean
A heavy paddle wheel placed in the current. The mass of the wheel and the size of the theorem, while a congressman, thus
blades restrict the water's ability to rapidly change its rate of flow (current) through the "provin...
wheel due to the effects of inertia, but, given time, a constant flowing stream will pass
mostly unimpeded through the wheel, as it turns at the same speed as the water flow. Simple Machines
The mass and surface area of the wheel and its blades is analogous to inductance, and And ... the monkey flipped
the switch. A simple
friction between its axle and the axle bearings correspond to the resistance that machine is a mechanical
accompanies any real inductor. An alternative Inductor model is simply a long pipe; this device that changes the
device is used in real life as an essential component of a hydraulic ram. The inertia of direction or magnitude of a force . [2] ...
the water flowing through the pipe produces the inductance effect. The drag imposed by
the walls of the pipe is somewhat analogous to parasitic resistance. "Our Jewel" - Euler's
Formula and Euler's Identity
Richard Feynman called
Euler's formula "our jewel"
[2] and "one of the most
remarkable, almost astounding, formulas
in ...

Math Jokes
A pressure-actuated
No matter what I serve my
valve combined with a guests, they seem to like my
one-way check valve. Math jokes best. ********* A
mathematician and an
Transistor engineer are sitting at a table d...
A valve in which a diaphragm controlled by a low-current signal (either constant current
Division By Zero
— BJT, or constant pressure — FET) moves a plunger which affects the current
In mathematics , division by
through another section of pipe.
zero is a term used if the
CMOS divisor (denominator) is zero
A combination of two MOSFET transistors. As the input pressure changes, the pistons . Such a division can be
allow the output to connect to either zero or positive pressure. formally expressed as a / 0...

Memristor YIN, YANG, and YONG

A needle valve operated by a flow meter. As water flows through in the forward To continue the 3 Universes
discussion … Most of us are
direction, the needle valve restricts flow more; as water flows the other direction, the familiar with the intertwining
needle valve opens further providing less resistance. paisley shapes that describe
the Eastern symbol of ...

My Favorite, Math, Physics,

and Engineering Jokes
No matter where I serve my
guests, they seem to like my
jokes best. Math, Physics,
and Engineering jokes. OK, so much for
being serious. M...

A simple A/C circuit

Like a one-way check consisting of an TOTAL PAGEVIEWS
valve, a diode blocks oscillating pump, a
current that flows the "diode" valve, and a 1,436,456
wrong way. Current "capacitor" tank. Any
that flows the right way kind of motor could be FOLLOWERS
goes through almost used here to drive the Follower (65) Avanti
unchanged. pump, as long as it
oscillates.
PRINCIPLE EQUIVALENTS

EM wave speed (velocity of propagation)

Speed of sound in water. When a light switch is flipped, the electric wave travels very
quickly through the wires.
Charge flow speed
Particle speed of water. The moving charges themselves move rather slowly.
DC Segui
Constant flow of water in a circuit of pipe
Low frequency AC
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Sound being transmitted through the water pipes
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Inductive spark
Used in induction coils, similar to water hammer, ULTERIORI
caused byINFORMAZIONI
the inertia of water OK

See also Bond graph.

EQUATION EXAMPLES
Some examples of equivalent electrical and hydraulic equations:
type hydraulic electric thermal
quantity volume V [m3] charge q [C] heat Q [J]
potential pressure p [Pa=J/m3] potential φ [V=J/C] temperature T [K=J/kB]

flux current ΦV [m3/s] current I [A=C/s] heat transfer rate

[J/s]
flux current density j [C/(m2·s) =
velocity v [m/s] heat flux [W/m2]
density A/m²]
Poiseuille's law
linear Fourier's law
Ohm's law
model

If the differential equations have the same form , the response will be similar .
LIMITS TO THE ANALOGY
If taken too far, the water analogy can create misconceptions. For it to be useful, we must
remain aware of the regions where electricity and water behave very differently.

Fields
Electrons can push or pull other distant electrons via their fields, while water molecules
experience forces only from direct contact with other molecules. For this reason, waves
in water travel at the speed of sound, but waves in a sea of charge will travel much
faster as the forces from one electron are applied to many distant electrons and not to
only the neighbors in direct contact. In a hydraulic transmission line, the energy flows as
mechanical waves through the water, but in an electric transmission line the energy
flows as fields in the space surrounding the wires, and does not flow inside the metal.
Also, an accelerating electron will drag its neighbors along while attracting them, both
because of magnetic forces.

Charge
Unlike water, electric charge can be positive or negative. The charge carriers in electric
currents are usually electrons, but sometimes they are positively charged particles.

Leaking pipes
If a hole is made in a hydraulic system, the water can leak out. But the movable charges
present within electrical conductors are always attracted to unmoving opposite charges
in the material. The "electric fluid" can be forcibly removed from metals, but enormous
voltages arise if even a tiny amount is removed. For this reason, the surfaces of
conductors act as if they always have a high energy-barrier preventing leaks. Also for
this reason, continuing electric currents require closed loops rather than hydraulics'
open source/sink resembling spigots and buckets.

Fluid Velocity
As with water hoses, the carrier drift velocity in conductors is directly proportional to
current. However, charges' velocity within a conductor is typically less than centimeters
per minute, and the "electrical friction" is extremely high. If charges ever flowed as fast
as water can flow in pipes, the amperage would be immense, and the conductors would
become incandescently hot and perhaps vaporize. To model the resistance and the
charge-velocity of metals, perhaps a very narrow straw would be a better analogy than
a typically sized pipe.

Quantum Mechanics
Conductors and insulators contain charges at more than one quantized level of atomic
orbit energy, while the water in one region of a pipe can only have a single value of
pressure. For this reason there is no hydraulic explanation for such things as a battery's
charge pumping ability, a diode's voltage drop, solar cell functions, Peltier effect, etc,
 however equivalent devices can be designed which exhibit similar responses, although
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NOTES
ULTERIORI INFORMAZIONI OK
1. ^ A. Akers, M. Gassman, & R. Smith, Hydraulic Power System Analysis. Taylor &
Francis, New York, 2006, Chapter 13, ISBN 0-8247-9956-9.
2. ^ A. Esposito, "A Simplified Method for Analyzing Circuits by Analogy". Machine
Design, October 1969, pp. 173-177.
3. ^ http://amasci.com/emotor/cap1.html

SEE ALSO
Fluidics
EXTERNAL LINKS

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Hydraulic analogy

Good analogy
Hyperphysics
Hyperphysics 2 — Doesn't have the confusing reservoir.
With animations! — The paddle behaves like a resistor if the paddle itself is
massless and has friction, and like an inductor if it is frictionless and has mass.
Also has equivalent equations.
Ohm's law
Capacitor analogy
Newsgroup thread with lots of good analogies and a few bad ones

Acceptable analogy
Understanding Electricity — an analogy with water
Water analogy to transistors Slightly better version would be something like an
exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) valve
Basic circuit theory
Measuring electricity
Plumbing analogy
Animation

Posted by Steven Colyer at 9:46 AM

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