66 Ref Lev QID Question Answer (a) Answer (b) Answer (c) Ans

8 20Q Basic Aerodynamics

8.1 2 (3Q) Physics of the Atmosphere
International Standard Atmosphere (ISA)
8.1 2 application to aerodynamics
When dealing with atmospheric conditions and Integrated Systems International Standard International Surface
8.1 the flight performance of an aircraft, what do Analysis. Atmosphere. Atmosphere. b
the letters I.S.A. stand for?
The "International Standard Atmosphere" (ISA) C.A.A. F.A.A. ICAO
8.1 c
is specified by
8.1 As altitude increases, air pressure: increases. decreases. remains unchanged. b
As altitude increases beyond the tropopause, decreases. increases. remains constant.
8.1 c
the air temperature
As altitude increases towards approximately increases. remains unchanged. decreases.
8.1 c
50,000 ft, the air density
With the same thrust settings, an aircraft flies is more dense. is less dense. contains less moisture
8.1 faster at high altitudes than at low altitudes b
because the air
Temperature is more critical when measuring gases. liquids. solids.
8.1 a
the density of:
Material with a specific gravity of less than one sink in water. float in water. evaporate
8.1 c
will
The density of the air in the atmosphere is directly proportional indirectly proportional not related
8.1 ___________________ to the pressure a
exerted on it.
The atmosphere surrounding the earth extends 100 miles. 275 miles. 500 miles.
8.1 c
upwards for approximately:
Most text books recognize that there are _____ six four two
8.1 separate, concentric, gaseous layers making b
up the earth’s atmosphere.
Almost all modern aircraft operate in the layer tropopause. troposphere. stratosphere.
8.1 of air called the a
The upper level of the stratosphere is 7 miles above sea level. 40 miles above sea level. 200 miles above sea
8.1 approximately level. b
 The air of the earth’s atmosphere is: a non-compressible fluid inert at all ranges and a compressible fluid with
without the ability to flow good to breathe. the ability to flow or
8.1 or change shape when change shape when c
pressure is applied. pressure is applied.

The temperature of the tropopause is -35 C to -57 C. +35 C to -57 C. +15 C to -35 C
8.1 a
approximately
In aerodynamics, "lapse rate" refers to the rate temperature decreases pressure decreases with temperature increases
8.1 at which with increase in altitude increase in altitude with increase in airspeed a

The average temperature lapse rate in the 2° C for every 5000 ft. 1° C for every 2000 ft 2° C for every 1000 ft.
8.1 c
troposphere is
In the tropopause, the atmosphere contains air temperature remains humidity increases to
8.1 no oxygen constant as altitude saturation level b
increases.
The Earth’s atmosphere contains 21% oxygen, 78% 78% oxygen, 21% rare 78% oxygen, 21%
8.1 nitrogen and 1% rare gases and 1% nitrogen nitrogen and 1% rare a
gases gases
On an extremely hot day the volume of air expands, becoming expands, becoming more contracts, becoming
8.1 thinner and less dense dense and therefore thinner and less dense a
heavier
The amount of water vapour in a given mass of decreases as the depends on the increases as the
air temperature remains temperature of the air temperature remains
8.1 constant and if the air is over a constant b
large mass of water
Most pressures expressed in pounds per Do not consider are refered to as p.s.i.d. are measured against a
8.1 square inch. atmospheric pressure vacuum a
At constant temperature and pressure, the inversely proportional to not affected by humidity proportional to humidity
8.1 a
density of air in the atmosphere is humidity
The capacity of the air to absorb water vapour decreases with increases with is unaffected by
8.1 temperature temperature temperature b
The amount of water vapour present in the dewpoint absolute humidity relative humidity
8.1 atmosphere compared with the amount that c
would be present in saturated air, is termed
 At constant pressure, the temperature at which dewpoint absolute humidity relative humidity
8.1 air becomes saturated with water vapour is a
termed
In conditions of high humidity, the take off run shorter longer unaffected by humidity
8.1 of an aircraft is b
The amount of water vapour contained in the relative humidity dew point absolute humidity
8.1 c
atmosphere at any one time is termed
8.2 2 (9Q) Aerodynamics
8.2 2 Airflow around a body
Bernoulli’s Principle as applied to the science a body at rest will remain the pressure of a liquid or for every action, there is
of aerodynamics states that: at rest until a force is gas decreases at points an equal and opposite
8.2 applied where the velocity reaction. b
increases.
Aerodynamics is the study of aircraft and how they fly. moving air and the forces aerofoils and how they
8.2 it produces. work. b
According to Bernoulli's theorem, the dynamic is maximum in the decreases as static increases as static
8.2 c
pressure stagnation point pressure decreases pressure decreases
In the direction of air flow, a venturi tube forms a convergent - divergent a divergent - convergent two convergent ducts
8.2 duct duct a
The airflow over the upper surface of a increases in velocity and increases in velocity and reduces in velocity and
8.2 cambered wing pressure reduces in pressure increases in pressure b
Which of the following statements, about a 1 is incorrect and 2 is 1 and 2 are correct 1 is correct and 2 is
venturi in a sub-sonic airflow, are correct? 1. correct incorrect
the dynamic pressure in the undisturbed flow
8.2 and in the throat are equal; 2. the total a
pressure in the undisturbed flow and in the
throat are equal

The continuity equation states: If the area of a sonic not changing decreasing
8.2 tube is increasing, the speed of the subsonic c
and incompressible flow inside is
Boundary layer, laminar and turbulent flow,
free stream flow, relative airflow, upwash
8.2 2 and downwash, vortices, stagnation;
 The Boundary Layer is a separated layer of air turbulent air moving from sluggish, low energy air
8.2 forming a boundary at the the leading edge to that sticks to the wing c
leading edge trailing edge surface
The layer of air over the surface of an aerofoil camber layer boundary layer transition layer
8.2 which is slower moving, in relation to the rest of b
the airflow, is known as the
The area above an airfoil's upper surface the boundary layer the transition region stagnation point
8.2 where airflow changes from laminar flow to b
turbulent flow is known as
The boundary layer of a body in a moving air a thin layer of air over the a layer of separated flow a layer of air over the
stream is surface where the air is where the air is turbulent surface where the
8.2 stationary airspeed is changing from c
free stream speed to zero
speed
Compared with a turbulent boundary layer, a has greater drag due to is thicker has a greater tendency to
8.2 laminar boundary layer skin friction separate from the surface c

The boundary layer becomes turbulent just aft of the separation between the transition just in front of the
8.2 b
point and separation points transition point
A laminar boundary layer is ______ and has thick; more thick; less thin; less
8.2 c
______ drag than a turbulent layer
The boundary layer is thickest at the leading thickest at the trailing constant thickness from
8.2 b
edge edge leading to trailing edges
It can be said that the airflow around an aircraft laminar incompressible turbulent
travelling at subsonic speeds (less than 300
8.2 mph; 483 km; 260.5 knots) reacts as though it b
is ___(1)___.
In a stationary subsonic streamline flow (I) decrease, (II) increase (I) increase,(II) increase (I) increase,(II) decrease
pattern, if the streamlines converge, in this part
8.2 of the pattern, the static pressure (I) will _____ a
and the velocity (II) will ______
 During aircraft flight with forward air speeds forward aft below
less than 300 mph (260.5 knots), pressure
8.2 disturbances are formed _________ of the a
parts of the aircraft, such as the wing's leading
edges.
The transition point on a wing is the point the flow separates from the boundary layer flow the flow divides to pass
8.2 where the wing surface changes from laminar to above and below the b
turbulent wing
Vortex generators on the wing are most high speed low speed high angles of attack
8.2 c
effective at
Wing tip vortices create a type of drag known form drag induced drag profile drag
8.2 b
as
When landing behind a large aircraft, the pilot below the large aircraft's above the large aircraft's below the large aircraft's
should avoid wake turbulence by flying final approach path and final approach path and final approach path and
8.2 landing behind the large landing behind the large landing before the large b
aircraft's touchdown point aircraft's touchdown point aircraft's touchdown point

When departing behind a heavy aircraft, the above and downwind below and downwind above and upwind from
8.2 pilot should try to avoid wake turbulence by from the heavy aircraft from the heavy aircraft the heavy aircraft c
manoeuvring the aircraft
The wake vortices behind a large aircraft begin at V2, in the flare on rotation, as the nose at V1, when lift dump is
8.2 on takeoff ____ and end on landing ______ wheel goes down selected b

The wind condition that requires maximum strong crosswind light, quartering headwind light, quartering tailwind
8.2 caution when avoiding wake turbulence on c
landing is a
As the angle of attack increases, the stagnation moves towards the upper moves towards the lower does not move
8.2 b
point surface surface
The stagnation point on an aerofoil is static pressure plus static pressure minus dynamic pressure only
8.2 a
dynamic pressure dynamic pressure
The stagnation point on an aerofoil is the point the suction pressure the boundary layer the airflow is brought
8.2 where reaches a maximum changes from laminar to completely to rest c
turbulent
 With increasing angle of attack, the stagnation (I) up; (II) aft (I) down; (II) forward (I) down; (II) aft
point will move (I) ______ and the point of
8.2 lowest pressure will move (II) _______. b
Respectively (I) and (II) are
The terms: camber, chord, mean
aerodynamic chord, profile (parasite) drag,
induced drag, centre of pressure, angle of
8.2 2 attack, wash in & wash out, fineness ratio,
wing shape and aspect ratio;

The "camber" of an aerofoil section refers to curvature of the median angle of incidence angle which the aerofoil
8.2 the line of the aerofoil towards the tip of a wing makes with the relative a
airflow
The wing camber of an aircraft is the curve of the wing's an imaginary line through the curve of the wing's
upper and lower surfaces the airfoil from leading upper surface
8.2 edge to trailing edge a

When a simple flap at the trailing edge of the camber; decreased; thickness; increases; camber; increased;
wing is rotated downward, the _______ of the increase increase increase
8.2 airfoil is effectively _______, with a consequent c
_______in Cl max for the wing
The imaginary straight line that passes through centre of pressure direction of relative chord line
8.2 an aerofoil section from leading edge to trailing airflow c
edge is called the
The "chord line" of a wing runs from the centre of the half way between the between the centres of
8.2 leading edge of the wing upper and lower surface the wingtips a
to the trailing edge of the wing
A line drawn from the leading edge to the mean camber line mean curvature line mean chord line
trailing edge of an airfoil and equidistant at all
8.2 points from the upper and lower contours is a
called the
Mean chord is equal to (tip chord + root chord) / wing area divided by wing wing span divided by
8.2 b
2 span wing area
A wing with a span of 50 ft and an area of 200 4 ft 10 ft 1000 ft
8.2 sq. ft.has a mean chord of a
 A line from the center of curvature of the the upper camber line the mean camber line the chord line
leading edge of a cambered airfoil to the
8.2 trailing edge, equidistant from the top and b
bottom surfaces is
The Mean Aerodynamic Chord (MAC) for a the average chord of the the chord of a large the chord of a rectangular
8.2 given wing of any planform is actual airplane rectangular wing wing with same moment c
and lift
An aircraft wing with the same curve on the top sweptback symmetrical asymmetrical
8.2 and bottom surfaces is referred to as b
Compared to a cambered airfoil, the zero lift lower higher the same
8.2 b
angle of attack of a symmetrical airfoil is
The angle between the chord line of the wing angle of attack angle of incidence angle of dihedral
8.2 and the longitudinal axis of the aircraft is b
termed the
Wing span is defined as the distance from leading edge to from wing tip to wing tip from wing tip to fuselage
8.2 trailing edge center line b
The center of pressure (CP) is the point from thrust drag lift
8.2 c
which ______ acts.
The center of pressure of an aerofoil is located 30 - 40% of the chord line 30 - 40% of the chord line 50% of the chord line
8.2 back from the leading forward of the leading back from the leading a
edge edge edge
The Centre of Pressure is the point on the chord line at point of maximum center of gravity of the
which the resultant lift pressure on the under wing
8.2 force may be said to act surface of the wing a

The C of G moves in flight. The most likely movement of passengers movement of the center consumption of fuel and
8.2 cause of this is of pressure oils c
As the angle of attack of an airfoil decreases, moves forward moves rearwards is not affected
8.2 b
the centre of pressure
As the angle of attack of an airfoil increases, moves forward moves rearwards remains the same
8.2 the centre of pressure a
 If the C of G is aft of the Center of Pressure changes in lift produce a when the aircraft when the aircraft yaws
pitching moment which sideslips, the C of G the aerodynamic forces
acts to increase the causes the nose to turn acting forward of the
8.2 change in lift into the sideslip thus Center of Pressure a
applying a restoring
moment

The "angle of incidence" of an airfoil is the underside and the underside and the chord and the horizontal
8.2 c
angle between its horizontal plane longitudinal datum line plane
The angle of incidence of a wing is an angle longitudinal axis lateral axis vertical axis
8.2 formed by lines parallel to the chord line and a
the
During flight, the air pressures created above when the angle of attack when aircraft speeds are when the AOA is high
and below the aircraft's wing are different. This is high low and the airspeed is low
8.2 is known from the study of basic aerodynamics. c
When are these pressure differences the
greatest?
When does the angle of incidence change? when the aircraft attitude when the aircraft is it never changes
8.2 changes ascending or descending c

Most aircraft are designed, while flying straight 2 to 4 degrees 4 to 8 degrees 12 to 14 degrees
8.2 and level, to have their wings leading edges a
meet the airflow at
Induced drag is commonly known as inversely proportional to usually created by the
profile drag the square of the disruption of the flow of
8.2 aircraft's speed air around the aircraft's b
surfaces.
Induced drag is greatest towards the wing greatest towards the wing greatest towards the tip
root and downwash is tip and downwash is and downwash
8.2 greatest at the tip greatest towards the root decreases from tip to root c

Induced drag is equal to profile drag at equal to profile drag at never equal to profile
8.2 b
stalling angle Vmd drag
Induced drag is inversely proportional to proportional to speed not related to speed
8.2 a
the square of speed
 Winglets decrease the static lateral decrease the induced increase the
8.2 b
stability drag maneuverability
When are wing tip vortex created? when the airplane starts when the wing produces only in airplanes with a
8.2 b
lift short wing span
Induced drag is caused by skin friction results from disturbed is associated with the lift
8.2 airflow in the region of generated by an aerofoil c
mainplane attachments
With an increase in aircraft weight Vmd will be at the same Vmd will be at a lower Vmd will be at a higher
8.2 c
speed speed speed
For a given IAS an increase in altitude will no change in the value of an increase in induced an increase in profile
8.2 b
result in induced drag drag drag
For any given speed, a decrease in aircraft increase decrease remain the same
8.2 b
weight, the induced drag will
If the weight of an aircraft is increased, the will increase will decrease will remain the same
8.2 induced drag at a given speed a
As the speed of an aircraft increases the increases decreases decreases at first then
8.2 parasitic drag increase a
Induced drag on an aircraft's airfoil surface is if the aircraft's speed if the aircraft's speed if the aircraft's speed
inversely proportional to the square of the decreases by 1/2, then decreases by 1/2, then decreases by 1/2, then
8.2 aircraft's speed. What does this actually mean? induced drag decreases induced drag decreases induced drag decreases c
by 8. by 2. by 4.
When an aircraft experiences induced drag air flows under the wing air flows under the wing neither a or b since
spanwise towards the tip spanwise towards the induced drag does not
8.2 and on top of the wing root and on top of the cause spanwise flow a
spanwise towards the wing spanwise towards
root the tip
The induced drag of an aircraft increases with increasing increases if aspect ratio is decreases with increasing
8.2 speed increased speed c
Parasite drag consists of what drag types? form, skin friction and form, induced and skin form, induced and
8.2 a
interference friction interference
Which of the following types of drag increases parasite drag induced drag interference drag
8.2 as the aircraft gains altitude? b
If you are flying at 100 kts and you increase increases with 100% quadruples decreases with 200%
8.2 b
your airspeed to 200 kts, parasite drag
 Which relationship is correct when comparing if you double the airspeed if you double the airspeed if you double the airspeed
8.2 drag and airspeed? you double the induced the induced drag is the induced drag is c
drag halved reduced to ¼
With all other conditions remaining the same, half a factor of 4 zero
8.2 reducing the aircraft speed by half will reduce b
lift by
As aircraft airspeed doubles parasite drag increases parasite drag increases parasite drag decreases
8.2 a
by 4 by 8 by 4
The relationship between induced drag and directly proportional to inversely proportional to directly proportional to
8.2 b
airspeed is, induced drag is the square of the speed the square of the speed speed
A spherical-shaped airfoil will reduce form, or 5% 50% 25%
8.2 b
pressure drag, by
Profile drag depends largely upon is the sum of induced is proportional to the
8.2 angle of attack drag and skin friction square of the speed c
8.2 Interference drag can be reduced by using fairings winglets wing fences a
Induced drag varies ______ with speed, lift inversely proportional, inversely proportional, inversely proportional,
8.2 varies _____ with speed and profile drag varies proportional, proportional proportional, inversely inversely proportional, a
_______ with speed proportional proportional
8.2 Streamlining will reduce form drag induced drag skin friction drag a
You are flying near sea level with a true air are both smaller are both higher both remain the same
speed of 200 kts. You then climb to 10,000 ft
8.2 and keep the same true speed. The drag and a
IAS
A fully streamlined airfoil shape reduces drag 5% 50% 25%
8.2 a
by how much?
When the weight of an aircraft increases, the decreases increases remains the same
8.2 b
minimum drag speed
Minimum total drag of an aircraft occurs at the stalling speed when profile drag equals when induced drag is
8.2 b
induced drag least
As the angle of attack is increased (up to the pressure difference lift increases both a and b are correct
8.2 stall point),which of the following is correct? between top and bottom c
of the wing increases
8.2 A swept wing tends to stall first at the root tip center section b
 What type of drag, depends on the smoothness parasite drag form drag skin friction drag
8.2 of the body, and surface area over which the c
air flows?
A laminar boundary layer will produce more skin friction drag less skin friction drag the same skin friction
8.2 than a turbulent one than a turbulent one drag as a turbulent one b
Thickness-to-chord ratio is maximum wing thickness mean chord divided by mean chord divided by
8.2 divided by the mean maximum wing thickness the mean thickness a
chord
The fineness ratio of an airfoil is thickness / chord ratio thickness / span ratio mean chord / thickness
8.2 a
ratio
The fineness ratio is the inverse of the equal to the thickness-to- the inverse of the taper
8.2 a
thickness-to-chord ratio chord ratio ratio
The units of wing loading (I) W / S and (II) (I) N / m²,(II) N / m² (I) N / m3,(II) kg / m² (I) kg / m,(II) N / m²
8.2 dynamic pressure q are a
Wing loading is the maximum all up the maximum all up the ratio of the all up
8.2 weight multiplied by the weight divided by the weight of the aircraft to its b
total wing area total wing area basic weight
8.2 Aspect ratio is given by the formula mean chord span span 2 area span 2 mean chord b
Compared with a low aspect ratio wing, a high is more rigid has less induced drag has a higher stall angle
8.2 b
aspect ratio wing
For a given angle of attack induced drag is greater on a high aspect greater towards the wing greater on a low aspect
8.2 c
ratio wing root ratio wing
A high aspect ratio wing has a increased induced drag decreased induced drag decreased skin friction
8.2 b
drag
A wing with a very high aspect ratio (in increased drag at high a high stall speed poor control qualities at
8.2 comparison with a low aspect ratio wing) will angles of attack low airspeeds b
have
An aspect ratio of 8 means the span is 8 times the the mean chord is 8 times the area is 8 times the
8.2 a
mean chord the span span
What is the difference between a high aspect high aspect wing has delta wing has a greater both the same span to
8.2 wing and delta wing? greater span to chord span to chord ratio chord ratio a
ratio
Aircraft flying in the transonic range most often sweptback wings advanced supercritical high wings
8.2 a
utilize airfoils
 An aircraft wing with an aspect ration of 6:1 is the mean chord is six the wing span is six times the wing area is six times
8.2 b
proportional so that times the thickness the mean chord the span
What is the effect of high aspect ratio of an it is reduced because the it is increased because it is unaffected because
airplane's wing on induced drag? effect of wing-tip vortices high aspect ratio has there is no relation
8.2 is reduced greater frontal area between aspect ratio and a
induced drag
Geometric washout means that there is an airflow along the tip of the wing has the tip of the wing has
8.2 the wing that keeps it more angle of attack than less angle of attack than c
clean the root the root
Washout refers to a wing design with a a wing design with an a wing design with a
greater angle of increasing angle of greater angle of attack at
8.2 incidence at the wing root incidence from the wing the wing root than at the a
than at the wing tip root to the wing tip wing tip
A wing designed with "wash-in" has a greater angle of an increasing angle of an increasing angle of
8.2 incidence at the wing root incidence from the wing attack from the wing root b
than at the wing tip root to the wing tip to the wing tip
The increased upwash experienced at the a forward movement of a rearwards movement of an increase in the angle
8.2 leading edge of a wing when trailing edge flaps the C of P the CG of attack c
are lowered causes
8.2 2 Thrust, Weight, Aerodynamic Resultant;
Thrust acts approximately parallel to the longitudinal lateral vertical
8.2 a
aircraft's ________ axis.
During a change in flight path of an aircraft lift weight drag
from straight and level flight to climb, the
8.2 ________ will always act vertically downward b
through the aircraft's CofG.
8.2 Weight is equal to volume x gravity mass x acceleration mass x gravity b
Generation of Lift & Drag, Angle of Attack,
8.2 2 Lift coefficient, Drag coefficient, polar
curve, stall;
Lift and drag on an aerofoil are vertical chord line relative wind/airflow longitudinal axis
8.2 b
respectively parallel to the
Drag is in the direction of - and lift is chord line relative wind/airflow horizon
8.2 b
perpendicular to the
 When air flow velocity over an upper cambered pressure increases, lift pressure increases, lift pressure decreases, lift
8.2 surface of an aerofoil decreases, what takes decreases increases increases a
place?
8.2 To produce lift, an aerofoil must be asymmetrical symmetrical either a or b above c
Compared to a wing at sea level at 200 kt TAS, 1.4 times the lift twice the lift the same lift
8.2 a wing at 40,000ft at 400 kt TAS and the same c
angle of attack will have
The amount of lift generated by a wing is
8.2 square of the velocity velocity square root of the velocity a
directly proportional to the
How efficiently an aircraft's wing changes the lift / drag ratio the coefficient of pressure the coefficient of lift
8.2 c
velocity into lift is known as
Which of the following is true? lift acts at right angles to lift acts at right angles to lift acts at right angles to
the wing chord line and the relative airflow and the relative air flow and
8.2 weight acts vertically weight acts vertically weight acts at right b
down down angles to the aircraft
center line
The measure of an airfoil's effectiveness is lift/drag ratio coefficient of lift centre of pressure
8.2 a
termed the
The polar curve of an airfoil is a graphic relation CD and angle of attack TAS and stall speed CL and CD
8.2 c
between
The lift / drag ratio of an aircraft's airfoil is at the angle of attack is the angle of attack is the angle of attack is
8.2 maximum when small, around 8 to 12 small, around 2 to 4 large, around 14 to 16 b
degrees. degrees. degrees.
When a trailing edge flap is fully lowered the C of P moves to the the C of P moves to the the C of P moves
8.2 rear and lift / drag ratio is rear and lift / drag ratio is forwards and lift / drag b
unaffected decreased ratio is decreased
If the weight of an aircraft is increased, the decrease increase not be affected
8.2 maximum lift-to-drag ratio will c
The maximum lift-to-drag ratio for an aircraft is minimum glide angle=4.2 minimum glide angle=3.2 minimum glide angle=5.2
13:6. Calculate the minimum glide angle and degrees; maximum degrees; maximum degrees; maximum
the maximum range measured along the range=25.6 miles range=15.6 miles range=35.6 miles
8.2 ground covered by the airplane in a power-off a
glide that starts at an altitude of 10,000 ft.
 The highest lift/drag ratio is greatest at low altitudes the point just before the the optimum angle of
8.2 c
stalling angle attack
The maximum lift/drag ratio of a wing occurs at the angle of attack during take off at an angle below which
where the wing develops the wing develops max lift
8.2 its maximum lift c

The optimum angle of attack of an aerofoil is the aerofoil produces the aerofoil produces the highest lift/drag ratio
8.2 c
the angle at which maximum lift zero lift is produced
As the angle of attack of a wing is increased in the C of G moves aft and the C of P and transition the C of P moves forward
level flight the C of P forward point move forward and the stagnation point
8.2 aft over the upper surface b

The angle at which the chord line of the aerofoil angle of attack angle of incidence resultant
8.2 is presented to the airflow is known as a

Most aircraft are designed with a _________ negative positive neutral

8.2 angle of incidence in which the leading edge of b
the wing is higher than its trailing edge.
The rate of airflow around the wingtips of an increases varies decreases
aircraft in flight ________ with the pressure
8.2 difference created between the top and bottom b
surfaces of the wing.
When an aircraft stalls lift and drag increase lift increases and drag lift decreases and drag
8.2 decreases increases c
8.2 The stalling of an aerofoil is affected by the airspeed angle of attack transition speed b
If the wing tips stall before the root on a swept roll pitch nose up pitch nose down
8.2 wing aircraft, the aircraft will b
8.2 During a turn, the stalling angle increases decreases remains the same c
When spinning to the left, which wing(s) are only the right wing is both wings are stalled neither wing is stalled
8.2 b
stalled? stalled
On a straight wing aircraft, stall commences at root on a high thickness tip on a high thickness tip on a low thickness
8.2 the ratio wing ratio wing ratio wing a
A stalled aerofoil has a lift/drag ratio more than the lift/drag zero less than the lift/drag ratio
8.2 c
ratio prior to stall prior to stall
8.2 The lift /drag ratio at stall increases decreases is unchanged b
 The Lift/Drag ratio of a wing at the stalling of a negative value low high
8.2 b
angle is
One purpose of vortex generators is to prevent tip stalling on a to reduce the severity of to prevent spanwise
8.2 swept wing shock induced airflow airflow a
separation
At stall, the wingtip stagnation point moves toward the lower moves toward the upper doesn’t move
8.2 a
surface of the wing surface of the wing
Stall strips are always made of metal and cause on the leading edge of a fitted forward of the
the wing tip to stall wing and cause the wing ailerons and cause the
8.2 root to stall wings to stall b
symmetrically
Low wing loading increases stalling speed, increases lift, stalling decreases stalling speed,
8.2 landing speed and speed and landing speed and c
landing run maneuverability landing run
Aerofoil contamination including ice, snow,
8.2 2 frost.
Formation of ice on the wing leading edge will lower speed higher speed and a higher speed and a lower
8.2 c
cause an aircraft to stall at a higher angle of attack angle of attack
Heavy rain can increase the stall speed of an water increases the the extra resistance the aerodynamic surfaces
aircraft because viscosity of air slows the aircraft can become distorted by
8.2 the extra weight of the c
water
If ice is present on the leading edge of the 5-10% 10-20% 30-40%
8.2 wings, it may increase the landing distance due c
to higher Vth with

8.3 (5Q) Theory of Flight

Relationship between lift, weight, thrust &
8.3 2
drag;
8.3 On an aircraft in flight, drag is opposed by weight lift thrust c
If the thrust-drag couple overcomes the lift- upwards downwards neutral
weight couple, the force produced by the tail of
8.3 the aircraft to maintain straight and level flight a
must be
 If the thrust reduces relative to drag, the speed remain the same reduce increase
8.3 b
of an aircraft will
During a change in flight path of an aircraft weight drag lift
from straight and level flight to glide, the
8.3 ________ will always act through the center of b
pressure and is parallel to the flight path,
opposing motion.
In a constant speed climb, the aircraft's lift weight thrust
8.3 c
________ must be greater than it's drag.
In the glide attitude of an aircraft, which of the thrust lift drag
8.3 a
four forces is missing?
8.3 The forces acting on a glider are lift, weight, thrust lift, drag, weight lift and weight only b
8.3 A constant rate of climb is determined by weight wind speed excess engine power c
8.3 2 Glide ratio

8.3 2 Steady state flights, performance;

During normal, straight and level flight, the 2 4 3
8.3 aircraft revolves about or around, how many c
axes?
During straight and level flight at constant lift is equal to weight and lift is greater than weight, lift is greater than weight,
8.3 speed, the thrust is equal to drag and thrust is greater than and thrust is less than a
drag drag
In straight and level flight and at a constant weight thrust drag
8.3 a
speed, lift must equal
The forces acting on an aircraft in level flight lift, thrust, and weight lift, thrust, weight, and lift, drag, thrust
8.3 b
are drag
If the Centre of Gravity of an aircraft is behind zero upwards downwards
8.3 its Centre of Pressure, the tail loading in b
straight and level flight is
If the Centre of Gravity of an aircraft is forward zero upwards downwards
8.3 of its Centre of Pressure, the tail loading in c
straight and level flight is
8.3 2 Theory of the turn;
When turning, an aircraft "slips" sideways and outwards downwards and inwards downwards and outwards
8.3 b
from the turn. toward the turn. from the turn.
 An aircraft entering a level turn will require only if there is an only if there is an in all cases
8.3 more lift increase in speed increase in angle of c
attack
As aircraft turn radius decreases, load factor increases decreases remains constant
8.3 a
The load factor of an aircraft in straight and 0 +1 -1
8.3 b
level flight is
An aircraft banks into a turn. No change is the aircraft enters a side the aircraft turns with no the aircraft yaws and
8.3 made to the airspeed or angle of attack. What slip and begins to lose loss of height slows down a
will happen? altitude
If an aircraft is slipping in a turn the bank angle is too great bank angle is too small nose of the aircraft is too
8.3 a
low
An aircraft sideslips. What helps to restore the fin gives rolling dihedral causes the tailplane
aircraft? movement aircraft to roll straight and
8.3 the fin increases the yaw b
rate
Which of the following gives an unstable wing sweep flap extension dihedral
8.3 b
contribution in sideslip?
When an aircraft is in a sideslip wing dihedral will cause a wing anhedral will cause the fin will cause the
rolling moment which a rolling moment which rolling moment which
8.3 reduces the sideslip reduces the sideslip increases the sideslip a

If the aircraft is slipping in a turn, the bank angle is too great bank angle is too small nose of the aircraft is too
8.3 b
low
The load factor n is always larger than 1 always smaller than 1 smaller, equal to or larger
8.3 than 1,depending on the c
maneuver
If you increase the angle of a banked turn remain at the same sideslip and lose height yaw and slow down
8.3 without altering airspeed or angle of attack, the height and turn in a b
aircraft will smaller radius
If the radius of a turn, flown at constant IAS is increase decrease remain the same
8.3 b
increased, the angle of bank will
An aircraft banks into a turn. No change is the aircraft enters a side the aircraft turns with no the aircraft yaws and
8.3 made to the airspeed or angle of attack. What slip and begins to lose loss of height slows down a
will happen? altitude
 If the radius of a turn is reduced the load factor increase decrease remain the same
8.3 a
will
Influence of the of load factor; stall, flight
8.3 2 envelope and structural limitations;

Normal Category aircraft are non acrobatic with 4.4g 3.8g 6.0g
8.3 b
a positive load factor limit of
If an aircraft has a gross weight of 3000 kg and 2g 0.5g 9g
8.3 is then subjected to a total weight of 6000 kg a
the load factor will be
An airplane accelerates from 80 kt to 160 kt at (i) 4 (ii) 1/2 (i) 1/2 (ii) 1/16 (i) 1/16 (ii) 1/4
a load factor equal to 1. The induced drag
8.3 coefficient (i) and the induced drag (ii) alter with c
the following factors
Flight control surfaces are positioned near the minimum stress on the the largest moment arm ease of servicing during
8.3 extremities of an aircraft to provide aircraft structure about the center of scheduled maintenance. b
gravity.
Utility Category aircraft are limited to a positive 3.8g 4.4g 6.0g
8.3 load factor of No figures in notes b

Acrobatic Category aircraft can operate at a 6.0g 4.4g 3.8g

8.3 a
positive load factor limit of
8.3 2 Lift Augmentation
The type of flap which extends rearward from a zap flap a Fowler flap a split flap
8.3 the trailing edge of the wing as it is lowered is b
called
When a simple flap at the trailing edge of the camber; decreased; thickness; increases; camber; increased;
wing is rotated downward, the _______ of the increase increase increase
8.3 airfoil is effectively _______, with a consequent c
_______in Cl max for the wing
Slats are designed to reduce the stall speed reduce the tendency of decrease the aerofoil
8.3 a
an aircraft to yaw drag at high speeds
With the flaps lowered, the stalling speed will increase decrease remain the same
8.3 b
 When a leading edge slat opens, a gap is allow the slats to retract allow air flow to re- maintain the same
8.3 created between the slat and the wing. Its back into the wing energise the boundary effective surface area of b
purpose is to layer on top of the wing the wing
Which type of flap increases the area of the plain flap Fowler flap all flaps
8.3 wing? b
Kreuger Flaps are normally fitted to Transfer the trailing edge of the the tips of the wings the leading edge of the
8.3 c
to Mod 11 wings wings
8.3 The leading edge slat improves laminar airflow the angle of incidence the stagnation point a
8.4 2 (3Q) Flight Stability and Dynamics
Longitudinal, lateral & directional stability
8.4 2
(active & passive)
8.4 Maneuverability is best at aft CG position forward CG position high flap settings a
An aircraft with positive static stability is never dynamically is always dynamically can be dynamically
8.4 stable stable stable, neutral or c
unstable
Positive static stability of an airplane means initial tendency to move is initial tendency to move is tendency will be to move
that once it has been displaced the away from its equilibrium towards its equilibrium with an oscillating motion
8.4 position position of decreasing amplitude b

If the attitude of an aircraft with neutral static continue to diverge away oscillate with a fixed remain in the disturbed
8.4 stability is disturbed, it will from the neutral position amplitude around the attitude c
trimmed position
The ailerons, rudder and elevators are 1st stage flight controls. secondary flight controls. primary flight controls.
8.4 c
categorised as:
The stability of the aircraft about its lateral axis longitudinal stability. directional stability. lateral stability.
8.4 is termed a
8.4 Longitudinal instability is controlled by the rudder. ailerons. elevators. c
What additional design feature of the aircraft low pressure cells on the downdraft on the leading airflow side force on the
empennage allows the most control of sideslip upper surface of the edge of the elevators tail fin
8.4 in a banked or curved flight path besides a horizontal tailplane c
dihedral wing design?
If an aircraft has the tendency to remain in its negative positive neutral
8.4 displaced attitude it is said to have _______ c
static stability.
 If an aircraft has the tendency to move farther negative neutral positive
away from the original attitude following a
8.4 disturbance it is said to have _________ static a
stability.
An aircraft, which is longitudinally stable, will pitch roll yaw
8.4 tend to return to level flight after a movement a
about which axis?
Longitudinal dynamic oscillation takes on two height and load factor height and speed pitch and load factor
8.4 forms. One of these, long period oscillation, b
involves slow changes in
Dynamic longitudinal stability requires an effective elevator a small CG range positive static longitudinal
8.4 c
stability
If an aircraft has static longitudinal instability it will be dynamically stable may or may not be will be dynamically
dynamically stable, unstable
8.4 depending on momentum c
and damping factors

If an airplane has poor longitudinal stability in reduce in keel surface install a yaw damper increase stabilizer
8.4 flight, what can be done to increase the area surface area c
stability?
Which of the following components is most fuselage wings horizontal tailplane
8.4 important in determining longitudinal static c
stability?
The effects of CG position on longitudinal static forward movement of the forward movement of the rearward movement of
stability and control response will be CG will reduce stability CG will reduce control the CG will increase
8.4 and increase control response and increase stability and reduce b
response stability control response
Moving the CG of an aircraft aft in flight will increase the angle of reduce longitudinal increase longitudinal
8.4 b
attack stability stability
What determines the longitudinal stability of an the weight of an aircraft the location of the CG the effectiveness of the
airplane? with respect to the neutral horizontal stabilizer,
8.4 point of the airplane rudder and rudder trim b
tab
 Longitudinal stability will be greatest with the center of gravity with the center of gravity when the center of gravity
8.4 on the forward limit on the aft limit is most forward c

The longitudinal stability of an airplane is the Kreuger flaps the center of gravity the rudder
8.4 mainly dependent on the size and / or position position b
of
What is the advantage of a variable incidence linkages and mechanism increased flight stability less trim drag and
8.4 tailplane over a fixed incidence tailplane with less complicated and less weight maximum elevator c
elevator and trim tab? authority retained
Which part of an airplane provides the greatest the engine the horizontal tailplane the fuselage
8.4 positive contribution to the static longitudinal b
stability?
An aircraft continues to oscillate with a longitudinal neutral static lateral instability longitudinal neutral
constant amplitude after having encountered a stability dynamic stability
8.4 vertical gust. This kind of stability is referred to c
as
8.4 Pitch is movement around the longitudinal axis vertical axis lateral axis c
What happens to the aircraft when you move It pitches up. It pitches down. It depends on the position
8.4 the cockpit control column forward? of the stabilizer. b

8.4 Rotation about the lateral axis is called yawing rolling pitching c
Rolling is the rotation of the airplane about the longitudinal axis vertical axis lateral axis
8.4 a
What happens to the leading edge of the It travels upwards. It travels downwards. It remains stationary.
8.4 horizontal stabilator when you push the cockpit a
control column forwards?
The elevators of an aircraft's flight control roll control. yaw control. pitch control.
8.4 c
system are used to provide for:
The axis that extends lengthwise through the longitudinal axis lateral axis. vertical axis
8.4 aircraft’s fuselage from the nose to the tail is a
the
Movement about the lateral axis of an aircraft is roll. pitch. yaw.
8.4 b
referred to as
 Conventional (standard) horizontal stabilizers positive neutral negative
are generally constructed aft of the aircraft's
8.4 wings and are set at a slight __________ c
angle, with respect to the wing chord line.

8.4 Ailerons are used to control roll yaw pitch a

When inner and outer ailerons are mounted, during take off only at high speeds at low speeds
8.4 c
outer ailerons are used
The inboard ailerons on most transport operate at low and high are designed to become locked out mechanically
8.4 category aircraft speeds "active" when the flaps as the flaps are retracted. a
are extended.
What design feature is incorporated in the lateral dihedral sweepback differential ailerons
8.4 construction of aircraft wings to limit the effects a
of sideslip?
Aileron upfloat is the mechanical a dangerous condition a technique used that
adjustment of the ailerons that is experienced during involves rigging the
to provide a greater high-speed flight. Another aileron's neutral position
8.4 degree of up-going travel phrase for this is "flutter". to a +4 degree setting c
than down travel. that will allow for
additional aileron up-
going travel.

The stability of the aircraft about the longitudinal stability. lateral stability. directional stability
8.4 b
longitudinal axis is the aircraft’s
8.4 Lateral stability is controlled by the ailerons. elevators. rudder. a
An aircraft that tends to return to a wings-level longitudinally stable. laterally stable. directionally stable.
attitude after being displaced from a level
8.4 attitude by some outside force (turbulent air) is b
considered to be
Wing dihedral and the vertical fin contribute to lateral stability directional stability longitudinal stability
8.4 a
the aircraft's
Low-wing aircraft generally have _______ less more the same
8.4 dihedral than high-wing aircraft. b
A positive wing dihedral exists when the below parallel to above
8.4 aircraft's wingtip is ______ the horizontal plane c
passing through the wing's root.
 A negative dihedral exists when the aircraft's below above parallel to
8.4 wingtip is _______ the horizontal plane passing a
through the wing's root.
8.4 Wing sweepback contributes to directional stability lateral stability longitudinal stability b
Lateral control of an aircraft at high angle of fences vortex generators wing slots
8.4 b
attack can be maximized by using
Correcting for a disturbance which has caused lateral stability directional stability longitudinal stability
a rolling motion about the longitudinal axis
8.4 would re-establish which of the following? a

What effect does wing dihedral have on an Reduces stability. Increases stability. Raises the propellors
8.4 b
aeroplane? away from the ground.
Wing dihedral and ____(1)_____ assist in variable incidence tail side force on a vertical fin split rudder panels
8.4 controlling side-slip in a controlled turn (roll). plane b
On a high wing aircraft in a turn the up going wing loses the down going wing the down going wing
8.4 lift which has a de- gains lift causing a loses lift causing a de- b
stabilizing effect stabilizing effect stabilizing effect
In a turn the up-going wing causes a de-stabilizing effect due de-stabilizing effect due stabilizing effect due to
8.4 c
to increased AOA to decreased AOA decreased AOA
On a high winged aircraft in a banked turn, the down-going wing the up-going wing loses the wing dihedral causes
8.4 which of the following are true? loses lift causing a lift causing a stabilizing a stabilizing effect b
stabilizing effect effect
Compared with a low-wing aircraft, a high wing laterally stable longitudinally stable directionally stable
8.4 a
aircraft will be more
8.4 Lateral stability is reduced by increasing anhedral dihedral sweepback a
Sweepback of the wings will not affect lateral stability increase lateral stability at increase lateral stability at
8.4 c
high speeds only all speeds
Dihedral of the wing is the angle between the the angle between the the angle between the
0.25 chord line of the leading edge of the wing 0.25 chord line of the
8.4 wing and the vertical axis and the lateral axis wing and the lateral axis c

8.4 The lateral axis is also called the pitch axis normal axis roll axis a
 Which of the following is the correct description the angle between the the angle between a line the angle between the
of the method for measuring the dihedral wing plane and the which passes through the 25% chord line and the
8.4 angle? horizontal 25% wing chord and the horizontal axis a
horizontal axis

The flaperon is a control that operates flaps and ailerons elevators and ailerons flaps and speed brakes
8.4 a
simultaneously as
Dutch roll occurs when lateral stability is too directional stability is too directional and lateral
8.4 great compared to great compared to lateral stability is equal a
directional stability stability
What will increase the sensitivity to Dutch Roll? an increased static lateral an increased static a forward movement of
8.4 a
stability directional stability the center of gravity
Which one of the following systems suppresses roll spoilers yaw damper spoiler mixer
8.4 the tendency of "Dutch roll"? b
When considering the relationship between dominant directional dominant lateral static dominant lateral static
lateral static stability and directional stability static stability gives an stability gives an stability gives an
8.4 increased tendency for increased tendency for increased tendency for c
dutch roll spiral instability dutch roll
Considering the lateral stability of a swept wing greater; greater the same; less less; greater
aircraft, at high level the static lateral stability
8.4 will be ______ and the dynamic lateral stability b
will be ________
With increasing altitude and constant IAS the (1) increase; (2) increase (1) increase; (2) decrease (1) decrease; (2)
static lateral stability (1) and the dynamic lateral decrease
8.4 / directional stability (2) of an airplane with b
swept-back wing will
What happens to lateral stability when flaps are lateral stability is lateral stability is lateral stability is
8.4 extended? decreased increased as lift is unaffected, as the wings a
increased are symmetrical
Lateral static stability is determined by aircraft response to aspect ratio wingspan
8.4 sideslip a
Which of the following will reduce lateral anhedral tip tanks dihedral
8.4 a
stability?
Why do some wings have dihedral? to increase longitudinal to reduce directional to increase lateral stability
8.4 c
stability stability
 Which of the following statements about static the effects of static lateral an airplane with an an airplane with an
lateral and directional stability is correct? and static directional excessive static excessive static
stability are completely directional stability in directional stability in
8.4 independent of each relation to its static lateral relation to its static lateral b
other because they take stability, will be prone to stability, will be prone to
place about different axis spiral dive.(spiral "Dutch roll"
instability)

Which statement is correct for a side slip the required lateral the required lateral the required lateral
condition at constant speed and side slip angle, control force does not control force decreases control force increases
8.4 where the geometric dihedral of an airplane is change c
increased?
Dihedral of the wing is the only way to increases the static is only positive for
8.4 increase the static lateral lateral stability airplanes with high b
stability mounted wings
The static lateral stability of an aircraft is increased wing span dihedral anhedral
8.4 c
decreased by
Identify the correct group of aircraft features fuselage-mounted low wing; dihedral; high wing; sweep back;
8.4 that increase static, lateral stability. engines; dihedral; T-tail elliptical wing planform large and high vertical fin c

What is the effect on the lateral stability of an lateral stability will be the lateral stability will be lateral stability will be
aircraft when a high-wing is employed? same as for a low wing improved reduced because the
8.4 aircraft airflow at the wing root is b
disturbed
The pendulum effect on a high wing airplane reduces lateral stability reduces longitudinal improves lateral stability
8.4 c
stability
The effect of a swept wing is to give positive dihedral effect negative dihedral effect decreased roll-with-yaw
8.4 a
effect
The phugoid motion is a long term oscillation normal axis longitudinal axis lateral axis
8.4 c
around the
After a disturbance about the lateral axis, an statically unstable; statically unstable; statically stable;
8.4 airplane oscillates about the lateral axis at a dynamically neutral dynamically stable dynamically neutral c
constant amplitude. The airplane is
Lateral control of an aircraft at high angle of fences vortex generators wing slots
8.4 b
attack can be maximized by using
 In a roll, which is controlled by moving the deflect downwards and raise and the right aileron raise and the right aileron
control column sideways (left or right), the right aileron to raise. to deflect, or go down. to remain flush or "fayed"
8.4 movement of the "stick" to the left will cause with the upper wings b
the left aileron to surface.
The axis that extends through the aircraft’s longitudinal axis lateral axis. vertical axis
8.4 b
fuselage from wingtip to wingtip is the
Movement about the longitudinal axis of an roll. pitch. yaw.
8.4 a
aircraft is referred to as
8.4 The rudder / rudders provide for: pitch control. yaw control. roll control. b
The stability of the aircraft about the vertical longitudinal stability. lateral stability. directional stability.
8.4 c
axis is the aircraft’s
8.4 Directional static stability is determined by aircraft weight tail volume fin volume c
8.4 Directional stability is controlled by the elevators. rudder. ailerons. b
The vertical fin of a single engine aircraft is parallel with both the parallel with the parallel with the vertical
8.4 longitudinal axis and longitudinal axis but not axis but not the a
vertical axis the vertical axis longitudinal axis
8.4 What gives the aircraft directional stability? vertical stabilizer horizontal stabilizer elevators a
8.4 Directional stability is dependent on dihedral tailplane keel and fin c
Left rudder input will cause left yaw about the vertical right yaw about the left yaw about the vertical
axis and left roll about the vertical axis and right roll axis and right roll about
8.4 longitudinal axis about the longitudinal the longitudinal axis a
axis
The pilot uses the rudder to provide control lateral axis normal axis longitudinal axis
8.4 b
around the
A yaw damper is a system which increase lateral stability decrease lateral stability increase directional
8.4 c
stability
Which airplane behavior will be corrected by a spiral dive tuck under Dutch roll
8.4 c
yaw damper?
Ventral fin has its greatest effect at speeds above Mcrit transonic speed low speed, high angle of
8.4 c
attack
Compared to straight wings, swept back wings less directional stability better longitudinal better directional stability
8.4 c
have stability
An airplane has static directional stability; in a nose of the airplane right wing tends to go nose of the airplane
8.4 side-slip to the right, initially the tends to move to the left down tends to move to the right c
 The vertical fin of a single engine aircraft is parallel with both the parallel with the parallel with the vertical
8.4 longitudinal axis and longitudinal axis but not axis but not the a
vertical axis the vertical axis longitudinal axis
Movement about the aircraft's vertical axis is pitch. roll. yaw.
8.4 referred to as c
What does the term Canard system mean to tail wheel landing gear multiple main landing aft mounted horizontal
you? design (no nose gear gear tire / wheel stabilizer eliminated and
8.4 installed) assemblies installed at placed forward of the c
each main landing gear mainplane as a second
assembly airfoil.
What is the primary disadvantage of the critical C of G poor visibility strange appearance to
8.4 a
Canard design aircraft? passengers
The basic design theory of the inset hinge is a design that has a is a design that has a is a design that uses a
method, or style, of aerodynamic balancing projection at one or both large area of the control rubberized fabric seal to
ends of the surface that surface designed forward prevent airflow from
increases drag on the of the hinge line so when flowing between the gap
control surface which the control surface is between the T/E of the
8.4 assists the pilot in moving deflected downwards the wing and the L/E of the b
the surface in flight area forward meets the control surface
airstream causing
increased drag

The range of control surface movements is high tension in the control normal tension in the mechanical control stops
8.4 c
limited by cables control cables