DEPARTMENT OF EXTENSION EDUCATION

RAJASTHAN COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE

MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY
UDAIPUR, RAJASTHAN, 313001

E-COMPENDIUM

HUMAN VALUES AND ETHICS

(HVE-111)

Dr. F.L. SHARMA Dr. S.S SISODIA

Dr. S.N. OJHA Dr. SHUBHAM MISHRA

2021
 DECLARATION

The E-Compendium on “Human Values and Ethics” is prepared

according to the syllabus offered in under graduate programme of
Extension Education Department, RCA, Udaipur. This document is
prepared with the help of various textbook, online sources such as
websites, documents, e-books, e-data and offline sources. The authors
does not claims for originality of work. The purpose of this E-
Compendium is only to provide the study material to students of
Extension Education, RCA, MPUAT as reference material for
understanding of the course. This is not made for the commercial
purpose. The multiplication and use of this compendium for commercial
activity is prohibited.

AUTHORS
 Human Values and Ethics
HVE-111 1(1+0)

Theory
Values and Ethics-An Introduction. Goal and Mission of Life. Vision of
Life. Principles and Philosophy. Self Exploration. Self Awareness. Self
Satisfaction. Decision Making. Motivation. Sensitivity. Success. Selfless
Service. Case Study of Ethical Lives. Positive Spirit. Body, Mind and
Soul. Attachment and Detachment. Spirituality Quotient. Examination.
 CONTENTS

Chapter No. Title

1. VALUES AND ETHICS- AN INTRODUCTION

2. GOAL, MISSION AND VISION OF LIFE

3. PRINCIPLES AND PHILOSOPHY OF LIFE

4. SELF-EXPLORATION

5. SELF AWARENESS

6. SELF SATISFACTION

7. DECISION MAKING

8. MOTIVATION & ATTITUDE

9. SENSITIVITY

10. SUCCESS

11. SELFLESS SERVICE

12. CASE STUDY IN ETHICAL LIVES

13. POSITIVE SPIRIT

14. BODY, MIND & SOUL

15. ATTACHEMENT & DETACHMENT

16. SPIRITUALITY QUOTIENT

17. EVALUATION
 Chapter-1

VALUES AND ETHICS- AN INTRODUCTION

Definition

Humans have the unique ability to define their identity, choose their values and establish
their beliefs. All three of these directly influence a person’s behavior. People have gone to great
lengths to demonstratethe validity of their beliefs, including war and sacrificing their own life!
Conversely, people are notmotivated to support or validate the beliefs of another, when those
beliefs are contrary to their own. People will act congruent with their personal values or what
they deem to be important.

‘‘A value is defined as a principle that promotes well-being or prevents harm.”

Another definitionis: Values are our guidelines for our success—our paradigm about what is
acceptable.” Personal valuesare defined as: “Emotional beliefs in principles regarded as
particularly favorable or important for theindividual.” Our values associate emotions to our
experiences and guide our choices, decisions andactions.

A person’s observations on its environment are filtered through his values to determine
whetheror not he should expend energy to do something about his experiences. A person who
values gold andsees a large bag of gold (a positive value) in his path as he walks, will be
motivated to reach down andpick it up. A person who values his life and knows about venomous
snakes will retreat from the soundof a rattlesnake (a negative value) from nearby, when he is
walking in the desert. Said in another way, “Values are the scales we use to weigh our choices
for our actions, whether to move towards or awayfrom something.”

Not all values have the same weight or priority. Some are more important than others and
mustbe satisfied before others can be addressed. Dr. Abraham Maslow illustrated this with his
hierarchy ofhuman needs. Survival has a higher priority than security, which has a higher priority
than socialacceptance. Self-esteem can only be addressed to the degree that social acceptance is
fulfilled. Similarly, self-actualization can only be pursued to the degree that self-esteem has been
satisfied. A person’s beliefs, values and identity are usually acquired unconsciously based on his
personalexperience or observations of others’ experiences as to what produces desirable or
undesirable resultsin the environment. A baby’s learning to walk and talk is a clear example of
identifying with humanadults, valuing the act of being able to have the mobility and
communication ability of an adult and thebelief, based on unconscious observation, that humans
can do walk and do talk with each other. Physiologists have identified the parts of the human
brain that are involved in producing behaviorin accordance with beliefs and values.

HUMAN VALUES & ETHICS

Basic human values refer to those values which are at the core of being human. The
values which are considered basic inherent values in humans include truth, honesty, loyalty,
love, peace, etc. because they bring out the fundamental goodness of human beings and society
at large.

Importance of Human Values

Provides understanding of the attitudes, motivation and behaviors

• Influences our perception of the world around us

• Represents interpretation of “right and wrong”

• Provides a way to understand humans and organization.

Types of Values

The five core human values are: (1) Right conduct, (2) Peace, (3) Truth, (4) Love, and (5)
Nonviolence.
1. Values related to RIGHT CONDUCT are:
(a) SELF-HELP SKILLS: Care of possessions, diet, hygiene, modesty, posture, self reliance, and
tidy appearance.

(b) SOCIAL SKILLS: Good behavior, good manners, good relationships, helpfulness,
Nowastage, and good environment.

(c) ETHICAL SKILLS: Code of conduct, courage, dependability, duty, efficiency, ingenuity,
initiative, perseverance, punctuality, resourcefulness, respect for all, andresponsibility.

2. Values related to PEACE are: Attention, calmness, concentration, contentment, dignity,

discipline, equality, equanimity, faithfulness, focus, gratitude, happiness, harmony, humility,
inner silence, optimism, patience, reflection, satisfaction, self-acceptance, self-confidence, self-
control, self-discipline, self-esteem, self-respect, sense control, tolerance, andunderstanding

3. Values related to TRUTH are: Accuracy, curiosity, discernment, fairness, fearlessness,

honesty, integrity (unity of thought, word, and deed), intuition, justice, optimism, purity, quest
for knowledge, reason, self analysis, sincerity, sprit of enquiry, synthesis, trust, truthfulness, and
determination.

4. Values related to LOVE are: Acceptance, affection, care, compassion, consideration,

dedication, devotion, empathy, forbearance, forgiveness, friendship, generosity, gentleness,
humanness, interdependence, kindness, patience, patriotism, reverence, sacrifice, selflessness,
service, sharing, sympathy, thoughtfulness, tolerance and trust.

5. Values related to NON-VIOLENCE are:

(a) PSYCHOLOGICAL: Benevolence, compassion, concern for others, consideration,

forbearance, forgiveness, manners, happiness, loyalty, morality, and universal love
 (b) SOCIAL: Appreciation of other cultures and religions, brotherhood, care of environment,
citizenship, equality, harmlessness, national awareness, perseverance, respect forproperty, and
social justice.

PERSEVERANCE is defined as persistence, determination, resolution, tenacity, dedication,

commitment, constancy, steadfastness, stamina, endurance and indefatigability. To persevere is
describedas to continue, carry on, stick at it (in formal), keep going, persist, plug away,
(informal), remain, stand firm, stand fast, hold on and hang on. Perseverance builds character.

ACCURACY means freedom from mistake or error; conformity to truth or to a standard ormodel
and exactness. Accuracy is defined as correctness, exactness, authenticity, truth, veracity,
closenessto truth (true value) and carefulness. The value of accuracy embraces a large area and
has manyimplications. Engineers are encouraged to demonstrate accuracy in their behavior
through the mediumof praise and other incentives. Accuracy includes telling the truth, not
exaggerating, and taking careover one’s work.

DISCERNMENT means discrimination, perception, penetration, and insight. Discernment

meansthe power to see what is not obvious to the average mind. It stresses accuracy, especially
in readingcharacter or motives. Discrimination stresses the power to distinguish or select what is
true or genuinelyexcellent. Perception implies quick and often sympathetic discernment, as of
shades of feelings. Penetration implies a searching mind that goes beyond what is obvious or
superficial. Insight suggestsdepth of discernment.

Human values: Values are beliefs that have an inherent worth in usefulness or importance to the
holder," or "principles, standards, or qualities reflected worthwhile or desirable.” Values institute
an important characteristic of self-concept and serve as supervisory principles for person. In
literature, it is documented that values are so indissolubly woven into human language, thought
and behaviour patterns that they have fascinated philosophers for millennia. Human values are
necessity in today’s society and business world. Human values are the features that guide people
to take into account the human element when one interacts with other human. They have many
positive characters that create bonds of humanity between people and thus have value for all
human beings. They are strong positive feelings for the human essence of the other. These
human values have the effect of bonding, comforting, reassuring and procuring serenity. Human
values are the basis for any practical life within society. They build space for a drive, a
movement towards one another, which leads to peace. In simple term, human values are
described as universal and are shared by all human beings, whatever their religion, their
nationality, their culture, and their personal history. By nature, they persuade consideration for
others.

Common human values are as under:

1. Brotherhood, friendship, empathy, compassion, and love.

2. Openness, listening, welcoming, acceptance, recognition, and appreciation.
3. Honesty, fairness, loyalty, sharing, and solidarity.
4. Civility, respect, and consideration.

The function of these basic values enable every human to realize or maintain highest or human
value for establishing relations of peace and yet it remains indefinable. Its understanding varies
according to age (child, teen, adult), to one’s education and surrounding culture. It is better
assumed when combined with other values: a disposition that is deeper than graciousness, very
close to consideration, and approaching appreciation. Truly, to respect someone, one must be
able to appreciate some of his/her human qualities, even if one does not appreciate his/her
opinions or past behaviour.

Several universal human values such as Truth, Righteous conduct, Peace, Love and Non-
violence are directly associated to physical, intellectual, emotional psyche and spiritual facets of
human personality. There is need and urgency to reinforce these values for a better and humane
society. These are described below:

Co-operation: It is the procedure to work jointly to attain some goal, but many scholars
visualize co-operation as a luxury and not an important human value. It is unquestionably one of
the most vital assets one can have when working through a problem. Having the opinions and
voice of another person will not only draw out a discussion of the topic, but also lead person to
good solution. Co-operation has been under-appreciated for years in its importance and should be
held in high regard. Caring: This human value is viewed as exhibiting kindness and concern for
others, the true importance of this value comes from the work or practice of looking after those
unable to care for themselves. Caring for others both physically and spiritually is an extremely
important value to have; people will always rely on someone else for help at one point or
another, but we often fail to realize how much of a difference caring for another person can
make.

Honesty: Honesty is also vital human values. Presently, adopting an honest approach can often
feel intimidating and impossible, but people fail to realize is that it is not the act of simply telling
the truth that makes someone honest rather the quality of person who is being honest. An honest
person is often straight, upright, sincere and fair and being an honest person brings more reward
to the soul than the damage a lie could do.

Love: The presence of love in human life, the love they have for their families, friends, our faith
and for themselves is important source of energy to lead smooth life.

Respect: Respect is a feeling of deep esteem for someone or something elicited by their abilities,
qualities, or achievements.

Faith: Faith is complete trust or confidence in someone or something.

Beauty: Beauty is something that has really been spoiled by human society. The way we think
about something that is beautiful is judged on a purely physical response, but the true meaning of
beauty is being in balance and harmony with nature. Many researchers would argue that beauty
is not a human value and, although beauty is a subjective experience, when they analyse what a
subject of beauty is, it becomes anything that resonates with personal meaning, not just emotion.
The prominence of this Human Value is clear when people think about the things that bring
meaning into their life such as family and friends, these things become beautiful in a greater
sense.

Trust: Trust can be understood in many ways, but finally it comes down to reliability and truth.
Without trust, the world simply would not function.

Integrity: As a human value, integrity is imperative that people stand spiritually undivided and
hold true to our integrity, the importance of which is often forgotten.

Wisdom: Wisdom is also significant human value in many ways; under-appreciated in its
importance, in its value in our lives and in its true meaning. Wisdom is also very often confused
with words like knowledge or intelligence but the word wisdom is defined as the quality of
having experience and good judgment and the resulting soundness of that action or decision.

Discipline
Discipline is not merely routine, but accepting responsibility and more than that. The absence of
routine gives way for discipline, along with becoming responsible. But the sad truth is that
discipline and routine are often confused and interchangeably used. Unlike routine, wherein you
have to follow a set rule of procedures repetitively, discipline offers you the opportunity of
completing all work and duties, and indulging in fun and enjoyment, both at the same time. This
balance of work and pleasure helps the disciplined person to come up with flying colors and
results, at professional as well as personal level.

Determination
This difficult and challenging life makes sure that nothing seems easy for you. But if you stay
determined and positive, you can fight back the cruelties of this life and achieve success.
Without determination, achieving goals would be difficult and most of you would easily give up
to the circumstances or look out for simpler paths that proffer temporary greener pastures.
However, if you continue to emphasize on your willpower and determination, things will start
falling into place sooner or later and you would reap long-term benefits. So, irrespective of how
tough or impossible the situation seems, do not give up and be prepared to face any challenge
that comes your way.

Understanding
To keep yourself happy, you need to have a caring heart and understanding mind. You may have
friends who often let their anger out, despite knowing that you had a reason for expressing your
thoughts or pointing out a certain thing. It is only when you are ready to understand and accept
such people and circumstances the way they are, you can turn victorious and win their hearts.
Try and figure out ways to help them, instead of complaining and questioning their behavior.

Apart from the above listed values, there are many more which exist in us naturally, though we
do not recognize them. Only when we acknowledge our personal values will we be able to create
a happy world and lead a joyful life.

A value system is a continuing organization of beliefs concerning preferable modes of conduct

along a continuum of importance. Therefore, the importance of different values co-varies with
the importance of others in the value system.

Intrinsic and Extrinsic value:

An intrinsic value is a value that one has of itself, independently of other things, including its
context. An extrinsic value is a property that depends on a thing’s relationship with other things.
Extrinsic value is the value, which depends on how much it generates intrinsic value.

The reason that things have extrinsic value is because they themselves lead to happiness or
pleasure or they lead to a series of other things that eventually lead to happiness. Pleasure
(Intrinsic Value) is the ultimate end to which all things of extrinsic value are the means.

Need of human values:

Value education is always essential to shape one’s life and to give one an opportunity of
performing on the global stage. The need for value education among the parents, children,
teachers etc, is constantly increasing as we continue to witness increasing violent activities,
behavioral disorders and lack of unity in the society etc. Value education enables us to
understand our needs and visualize our goals correctly and also indicate the direction for their
fulfilment. It also helps remove our confusions and contradictions and enables us to rightly
utilize the technological innovations.

Role of family and society in teaching values:

Bulk of literature have shown that the family and society plays a significant role in shaping
moral values of child. There is a strong bonding between the parents and children, which
determines the personality of child. Family is the basis on which values are built.

Moral values such as truthfulness, happiness, peace, justice are inculcated in children’s thoughts,
feelings and actions and they function as ideals and standards that govern their actions in their
life. The value system practiced in the family becomes automatic to the young family members if
they are taught moral values thoroughly. The family has a great responsibility to pass on to the
children many truths and values, and competencies to accomplish their place in life, whatever the
society, whatever the culture or times. The eternal values of Truth, Right Conduct, Peace, Love
and Harmlessness (Non-Violence) are transmitted on first through the family. Mothers are the
first teachers. Mother is foundational, central, life-bringer and life-shaper. From their mothers,
children acquire self-knowledge, self-confidence, learn self-satisfaction, self-worth, the capacity
for self-sacrifice.

The family, forms the child’s viewpoint towards people and society, and helps in mental
development in the child and supports his desires and values. Delightful and joyful atmosphere
in the family will develop the love, affection, tolerance, and generosity. A child learns his
behavior by demonstrating what he sees around him. Family also contribute significantly in
helping a child socialize and has great influence and bearing on the progress of the child. In joint
family system, the presence of elders in the family plays an effective role in social and moral
development of the children. It will also aid young generation of the family to develop human
values and eliminate their negative mental tendencies when they are among elders.

Children recognize themselves with their parents, other family elders and espouse them as their
personal models for emulation and imitation. The behavioral problems are set correct only by the
involvement of family in the child’s life as they spend most of their time in adolescence with the
parents. Family is the first social organization that provides the immediate closeness from which
the child can learn his behavior.

Social standards and customs demarcated by a family provide the emotional and physical basis
for a child. Values developed by a family are the groundwork for how children learn, grow and
function in the world. These principles, transmits the way of life a child lives and changes into an
individual in a culture. These values and morals guides the individual every time in his actions.
Children turn out to be a good person because of the value taught and given by his family
members. Philosophies passed down from generation to generation make up a family values.
Customs and Traditions followed and taught by the family leads a disciplined and organized life.

Families values helps the child to stand strong on his views regardless of others efforts to break
through with opposing views. A child has a strong sense of what is right and wrong and are less
likely to become sufferers of deviant influences.

Role of educational institutions in inculcating values:

Value education is important to help everyone in improving the value system that he/she holds
and puts it to use. Once, one has understood his/ her values in life he/she can examine and
control the various choices he/she makes in his/ her life. Many reports signify that the aim of
educational institutions should not only be to teach education alone but should also be to
inculcate values and improving skills of children and teens.
Education as important driver to enhance value

Evolution of Human Values

The human values evolve because of the following factors:

1. The impact of norms of the society on the fulfillment of the individual’s needs or desires.
2. Developed or modified by one’s own awareness, choice, and judgment in fulfilling theneeds.
3. By the teachings and practice of Preceptors (Gurus) or Saviors or religious leaders.
4. Fostered or modified by social leaders, rulers of kingdom, and by law (government).

MORALS

Morals are the welfare principles enunciated by the wise people, based on their experience and
wisdom. They were edited, changed or modified or evolved to suit the geography of the region,
rulers (dynasty), and in accordance with development of knowledge in science and technology
and with time.

Morality is concerned with principles and practices of morals such as:

(a) What ought or ought not to be done in a given situation?
(b) What is right or wrong about the handling of a situation?
(c) What is good or bad about the people, policies, and ideals involved?

Moral values are relative values that protect life and are respectful of the dual life value of self
and others. The great moral values, such as truth, freedom, charity, etc., have one thing in
common. When they are functioning correctly, they are life protecting or life enhancing for all.
But they are still relative values. Our relative moral values must be constantly examined to make
sure that they are always performing their life-protecting mission. Even the Marine Corps core
values of “honor, courage and commitment” require examination in this context. Courage can
become foolish martyrdom, commitment can become irrational fanaticism, honor can become
self-righteousness, conceit, and disrespect for others. Our enemies have their own standard of
honor, they have courage, and they are surely committed. What sets us apart? Respect for the
universal life value sets us apart from our enemies.

Morals vs Values

Morals and values are a part of the behavioral aspect of a person. There is not much difference
between morals and values but both are correlated to each other. Morals are formed from the
inborn values. Moral is a system of beliefs that is taught for deciding good or bad whereas values
are personal beliefs or something that comes from within. These are emotionally related for
deciding right or wrong. Morals have more social value and acceptance than values, therefore a
person is judged more for his moral character than the values. One is said to be immoral for a
person without morals but no such term is there for the person without values.

Another difference between the morals and values is that moral is a motivation or a key for
leading a good life in right direction whereas value is imbibed within a person, it can be bad or
good depending on the person’s choice. It can also be called as intuition or the call of the heart.
Morals do not determine the values but are formed because of the values. Morals contribute to
the system of beliefs and are the values which we get from the society.

Lastly the difference between the morals and values is that morals are like commandments set by
the elders and to be followed by the descendants. They can be set by ones elders or religious
teachers or leaders of society who want to lead people away from immoral thoughts. One always
treasures the morals throughout his life and they never change with time or conditions. While on
the other hand values are not set by the society or teachers, but are governed by an individual.
Values do not mean that it is always right to do so. Whatever is valuable for one person may not
be the same for the other. Hence it is personal aspect and changes according to different
situations with time and needs.

Role of Moral Values in human life

1. Purposeful lives: if we are not grounded in a moral code, we simply drift aimlessly
through life.
2. Care for others: moral values help us to care for others.
3. Respect: moral values ensure that we respect ourselves and others.
4. Objectively good: doing the right thing is objectively good.
5. The meaning of life: moral values make life meaningful.
6. The fount of good things: many other good things flow from strong moral values.
7. A requirement: it can be argued that a strong moral code is a requirement for a fulfilling
life.
8. Guidance: moral values help us to make wise decisions.
9. Trust: if we know other people have moral values, we will trust them.
10. Community: shared moral values help to foster a sense of community.
 Chapter-2

GOAL, MISSION AND VISION OF LIFE

Goal
An observable and measurable end result having one or more objectives to be achieved
within a more or less fixed timeframe. A goal is an idea of the future or desired result that a
person or a group of people envisions, plans and commits to achieve.

People endeavor to reach goals within a finite time by setting deadlines.

A goal is roughly similar to a purpose or aim, the anticipated result which guides reaction, or an
end, which is an object, either a physical object or an abstract object, that has intrinsic value.

Locke and Latham found that specific, difficult goals lead to higher performance than either easy
goals or instructions to "do your best", as long as feedback about progress is provided, the person
is committed to the goal, and the person has the ability and knowledge to perform the task.

According to Locke and Latham, goals affect performance in the following ways:

1. Goals direct attention and effort toward goal-relevant activities,

2. Difficult goals lead to greater effort,
3. Goals increase persistence, with difficult goals prolonging effort, and
4. Goals indirectly lead to arousal, and to discovery and use of task-relevant knowledge and
strategies.

A positive relationship between goals and performance depends on several factors. First, the goal
must be considered important and the individual must be committed. Participative goal setting
can help increase performance, but participation itself does not directly improve performance.
Self-efficacy also enhances goal commitment. For goals to be effective, people need feedback
that details their progress in relation to their goal.

Goals can be long-term and short-term

Long term goal

A long-term goal is something you want to accomplish in the future. Long-term goals
require time and planning. They are not something you can do this week or even this year. Long-
term goals are usually at least several years away.

Long-term goals are important for a career. Careers last your whole working life. Long-term
goals help you think about the education you will need. Long-term goals help you think about
jobs you want in the future. Careers take time and planning. These plans will include your long-
term goals.
Short-term goals

Short-term goal need not relate to any specific length of time. In other words, one may
achieve (or fail to achieve) a short-term goal in a day, week, month, year, etc. The time-frame for
a short-term goal relates to its context in the overall time line that it is being applied to. For
instance, one could measure a short-term goal for a month-long project in days; whereas one
might measure a short-term goal for someone's lifetime in months or in years.

Personal goals

Individuals can set personal goals. A student may set a goal of a high mark in an exam.
An athlete might run five miles a day. A traveler might try to reach a destination-city within
three hours.

Goal setting and planning ("goal work") promotes long-term vision, intermediate mission and
short-term motivation. It focuses intention, desire, acquisition of knowledge, and helps to
organize resources.

Achieving personal goals

Achieving complex and difficult goals requires focus, long-term diligence and effort
(see Goal pursuit). Success in any field requires forgoing excuses and justifications for poor
performance or lack of adequate planning; in short, success requires emotional maturity. The
measure of belief that people have in their ability to achieve a personal goal also affects that
achievement.
Long-term achievements rely on short-term achievements. Emotional control over the small
moments of the single day makes a big difference in the long term.

Performance goals
Performance goals focuses on ensuring that one's performance is noticeably superior to
others. This motivation to outperform others is what enables the person to strive for more
achievement in and outside of school and work as well.
Goal Setting

Goal setting comprises a major component of personal development and management.

Goal setting may involve establishing SMART. Goal setting can serve as an effective tool for
making progress when it ensures that group members have a clear awareness of what each
people must do to achieve a shared objective.

Set Specific Goals

Your goal must be clear and well defined. Vague or generalized goals are unhelpful because they
don't provide sufficient direction. Remember, you need goals to show you the way. Make it as
easy as you can to get where you want to go by defining precisely where you want to end up.

Set Measurable Goals

Include precise amounts, dates, and so on in your goals so you can measure your degree of
success. If your goal is simply defined as "To reduce expenses" how will you know when you
have been successful? Without a way to measure your success you miss out on the celebration
that comes with knowing you have actually achieved something.

Set Attainable Goals

Make sure that it's possible to achieve the goals you set. If you set a goal that you have no hope
of achieving, you will only demoralize yourself and erode your confidence.
Set Realistic Goals

Accomplishing a goal that you didn't have to work hard for can be anticlimactic at best, and can
also make you fear setting future goals that carry a risk of non-achievement. By setting realistic
yet challenging goals, you hit the balance you need. These are the types of goals that require you
to "raise the bar" and they bring the greatest personal satisfaction.

Set Relevant Goals

Goals should be relevant to the direction you want your life and career to take. By keeping goals
aligned with this, you'll develop the focus you need to get ahead and do what you want. Set
widely scattered and inconsistent goals and you'll fritter your time – and your life – away.

Set Time-Bound Goals

Your goals must have a deadline. Again, this means that you know when you can celebrate
success. When you are working on a deadline, your sense of urgency increases and achievement
will come that much quicker.

Goal setting is much more than simply saying you want something to happen. Unless you clearly
define exactly what you want and understand why you want it the first place, your odds of
success are considerably reduced. By following the Five Golden Rules of Goal Setting you can
set goals with confidence and enjoy the satisfaction that comes along with knowing you achieved
what you set out to do.

Some coaches recommend establishing specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-
bounded (SMART) objectives, but not all researchers agree that these SMART criteria are
necessary. The SMART framework does not include goal difficulty as a criterion; in the goal-
setting theory of Locke and Latham, it is recommended to choose goals within the 90th
percentile of difficulty, based on the average prior performance of those that have performed the
task.
Goal Characteristics

Certain characteristics of a goal help define the goal and determine an individual's motivation to
achieve that goal. The characteristics of a goal make it possible to determine what motivates
people to achieve a goal, and, along with other personal characteristics, may predict goal
achievement.

• Importance is determined by a goal's attractiveness, intensity, relevance, priority, and sign.

Importance can range from high to low.
• Difficulty is determined by general estimates of probability of achieving the goal.
• Specificity is determined if the goal is qualitative and ranges from being vaguely to precisely
stated. Typically, a higher-level goal is vaguer than a lower level sub goal; for example,
wanting to have a successful career is vaguer than wanting to obtain a master's degree.
• Temporal range is determined by the range from proximal (immediate) to distal (delayed)
and the duration of the goal.
• Level of consciousness refers to a person's cognitive awareness of a goal. Awareness is
typically greater for proximal goals than distal goals.
• Complexity of a goal is determined by how many sub goals are necessary to achieve the goal
and how one goal connects to another. For example, graduating college could be considered
a complex goal because it has many sub goals, such as making good grades, and is connected
to other goals, such as gaining meaningful employment.
Goal Management in Organization
In organizations, goal management consists of the process of recognizing or inferring goals of
individual team-members, abandoning goals that are no longer relevant, identifying and
resolving conflicts among goals, and prioritizing goals consistently for optimal team-
collaboration and effective operations.
For any successful commercial system, it means deriving profits by making the best quality
of goods or the best quality of services available to end-users (customers) at the best
possible cost. Goal management includes:

• assessment and dissolution of non-rational blocks to success

• time management
• frequent reconsideration (consistency checks)
• feasibility checks
• adjusting milestones and main-goal targets
Jens Rasmussen (human factors expert) and Morten Lind distinguish three fundamental
categories of goals related to technological system management

1. production goals
2. safety goals
3. economy goals
Organizational goal-management aims for individual employee goals and objectives to align
with the vision and strategic goals of the entire organization. Goal-management provides
organizations with a mechanism to effectively communicate corporate goals and strategic
objectives to each person across the entire organization. The key consists of having it all emanate
from a pivotal source and providing each person with a clear, consistent organizational-goal
message so that every employee understands how their efforts contribute to an enterprise's
success.
An example of goal types in business management:

• Consumer goals: this refers to supplying a product or service that the market/consumer wants
• Product goals: this refers to supplying an outstanding value proposition compared to other
products - perhaps due to factors such as quality, design, reliability and novelty
• Operational goals: this refers to running the organization in such a way as to make the best
use of management skills, technology and resources
• Secondary goals: this refers to goals which an organization does not regard as priorities
MISSION AND VISION OF LIFE

The word ‘mission’ originates from 1598 when the Jesuits sent members abroad, derived
from the Latin missionem (nom. missio), meaning “act of sending” or mittere, meaning “to
send”.

Life mission examples are often too generic or too lengthy because they are written on a whim
without the context of good process and meaningful reflection.

The purpose of Jesus coming to the earth was to save the world. His “important assignment” or
mission was to teach and to lead by example.

You can identify your mission by understanding your purpose.

What pulls you?
What’s the thing you cannot shake?
Where is the intersection of your strengths, interests, gifts, and passion?
And how does this intersection collide with the needs of the world or your community?

Mission statement:

• A mission statement describes what you want now and how you will achieve your long
term aspiration.
• A mission statement does not define a long term future state but is more concerned with
the present state. It answers the questions of: “What do I do?”, “How do I do it?”, “Who
do I do it for?”, “What makes me different”, and “What is the benefit?”
• It talks about the present leading to the future, and how you will get to where you want to
be.

Vision

Vision is a result of the mission. Back to the example of Jesus. Jesus’ vision is that
believers would come to know God, trust God, obey God, and have everlasting life. What’s the
result of you fulfilling your mission? What could the future be? What could your future be?

Knowing your vision is important because it keeps you committed. It also determines how you
direct your efforts in the short term. If something isn’t aligned with your vision you probably
don’t need to be focused on that thing. I know people who have stated that their vision is the be
an entrepreneur. Yet, they spend all their time and energy focused on the next big promotion at
work. Don’t get me wrong. Getting promoted is a great thing. But if you have a choice of
spending your extra time and energy building your business or building the career you said you
wanted to leave you should choose the former.

“The path from dreams to success does exist. May you have the vision to find it, the courage to
get on to it, and the perseverance to follow it.” – Kalpana Chawla
 Chapter-3

PRINCIPLES AND PHILOSOPHY OF LIFE

Meaning and Definition of Principle

A principle is a general belief that you have about the way you should behave, which
influences your behavior.

Fundamental norms, rules, or values that represent what is desirable and positive for a
person, group, organization, or community, and help it in determining the rightfulness or
wrongfulness of its actions. Principles are more basic than policy and objectives, and are meant
to govern both.

A principle is a concept or value that is a guide for behavior or evaluation. In law, it is a

rule that has to be, or usually is to be followed, or can be desirably followed, or is an inevitable
consequence of something, such as the laws observed in nature or the way that a system is
constructed. The principles of such a system are understood by its users as the essential
characteristics of the system, or reflecting system's designed purpose, and the effective operation
or use of which would be impossible if any one of the principles was to be ignored.

PRINCIPLES OF LIFE

1. Bad situations in life are only temporary

“If you are going through hell, keep going.” ~ Winston Churchill

Life is messy—bad things happen to good people. We all face hardships, but what makes us
human is the ability to bounce back. We can become more resilient than we were before. Some
things happen that we have no control over. You can find strength in situations that you never
thought possible if you just keep moving forward.

2. Be open and compassionate

“A human being is a part of the whole called by us universe, a part limited in time and space. He
experiences himself, his thoughts and feeling as something separated from the rest, a kind of
optical delusion of his consciousness. This delusion is a kind of prison for us, restricting us to
our personal desires and to affection for a few persons nearest to us. Our task must be to free
ourselves from this prison by widening our circle of compassion to embrace all living creatures
and the whole of nature in its beauty.” ~ Albert Einstein

Sometime events occur in your life that cause you to close. You assume every situation is going
to occur the same way: if you were hurt once, you will be hurt again. This is not true. It’s better
to forgive than to hold a grudge.
3. Things aren’t going to always work out the way you plan

“In the beginner’s mind there are many possibilities, but in the expert’s mind there are few. ” ~
Shunryu Suzuki

Don’t approach life with expectations of how things should or shouldn’t be. So many conflicts in
life occur because someone is attached to a plan on how things should or shouldn’t work. It’s
alright to have goals, aspirations and dreams, but you don’t have to be set on a particular
outcome. Sometimes the worst tragedies in people’s life turn out to be the best.

4. People’s opinions of you are not who you are

“If someone isn’t what others want them to be, the others become angry. Everyone seems to
have a clear idea of how other people should lead their lives, but none about his or her own.” ~
Paulo Coelho

5. You’re going to fail at things

“Our greatest glory is not in never failing, but in rising up every time we fail.” ~ Ralph Waldo
Emerson

Fail, fail and fail some more. Find inspiration in children, how many times does a child fail
before they get something right, children are constantly trying new things and failing. Learn from
them!

Go out and try new things! No one has ever been good at something without failing.

6. Find a reason to laugh every day

“A day without laughter is a day wasted.” ~ Charlie Chaplin

I think there is no greater mood lifter than to find a way to laugh every day. Find people every
day to have a good laugh with.

7. Some days are good; some days are bad

“Life is a series of natural and spontaneous changes. Don’t resist them—that only creates sorrow.
Let reality be reality. Let things flow naturally forward in whatever way they like.” ~ Lao Tzu

8. Do what you love every day

“Let yourself be drawn by the stronger pull of that which you truly love.” ~ Rumi
Whatever you like to do—just do it. But make sure you do it every day. Because if you do it
every day you’ll become good at it, and when you’re good at something you can make a living
out of it, if you decide to.

9. Clear vision

Success is about having a target. The problem is people don't know how to create a target, so
they are just shooting darts in the air, hoping to hit something. Having a target will allow you to
aim where you need to hit and even if you come up short, you will still come closer and closer to
hitting the target.

Clarity is everything and understanding what it is you want will bring that to you. It’s not a broad
idea, it’s focused and to the point. By knowing the destination you want to reach, you can
continually look at your current path and decide if it’s a route that will help you get where you
want to go.

10. Focus on growth

Obstacles and challenges will always be in your way during your journey. It is about figuring out
how to jump over them and continuing. Success is a problem-solving, solution-driven situation,
and that is where growth comes from. Don't ever get too comfortable where you are.

11. Use the power of dreams and your imagination

What you see for yourself is what will manifest in your life. It’s the law of attraction. But it all
comes down to working towards turning it into a reality. Your dreams and your visions can
influence your life if you manage them, think positive and chase them.

12. Move in the right direction

Understanding the right direction and how to get there will help you more than you think. Things
are not going to go quickly, in fact they are going to go slow and take time, but as long as you
are moving in the right direction, that’s okay. Success is a marathon, not a sprint.

PHILOSOPHY

Meaning and Definition

Philosophy (from the Greek or phílosophía, meaning ‘the love of wisdom’) is the study of
knowledge, or "thinking about thinking", although the breadth of what it covers is perhaps best
illustrated by a selection of other alternative.

As used originally by the ancient Greeks, the term "philosophy" meant the pursuit of knowledge
for its own sake, and comprised all areas of speculative thought, including the arts, sciences and
religion.
 Philosophy is the discipline concerned with questions of how one should live (ethics); what
sorts of things exist and what are their essential natures (metaphysics); what counts as genuine
knowledge (epistemology); and what are the correct principles of reasoning (logic).

Philosophy is the investigation of the nature, causes, or principles of reality, knowledge, or

values, based on logical reasoning rather than empirical methods.

Philosophy is the study of the ultimate nature of existence, reality, knowledge and goodness, as
discoverable by human reasoning.

The Branches of Philosophy

The four main branches of philosophy are logic, epistemology, metaphysics, and axiology:

1. Logic is the attempt to codify the rules of rational thought. Logicians explore the structure of
arguments that preserve truth or allow the optimal extraction of knowledge from evidence. Logic
is one of the primary tools philosophers use in their inquiries; the precision of logic helps
philosophers to cope with the subtlety of philosophical problems and the often misleading nature
of conversational language.

2. Epistemology is the study of knowledge itself. Epistemologists ask, for instance, what criteria
must be satisfied for something we believe to count as something we know, and even what it
means for a proposition to be true. Two epistemological questions I discuss elsewhere on this site
are the question of how we can know the future will be like the past, and the question of how we
can be sure about anything at all.

3. Metaphysics is the study of the nature of things. Metaphysicians ask what kinds of things
exist, and what they are like. They reason about such things as whether or not people have free
will, in what sense abstract objects can be said to exist, how it is that brains are able to generate
minds, and whether or not there is a god.

4. Axiology is an umbrella term for different studies that center upon the nature of different types
of value. These different studies include aesthetics, which investigates the nature of such things
as beauty and art; social philosophy and political philosophy; and, most prominently, ethics,
which investigates both the nature of right and wrong and the nature of good and evil.
The Importance of Philosophy in Human Life

PHILOSOPHY is a study that seeks to understand the mysteries of existence and reality. It
tries to discover the nature of truth and knowledge and to find what is of basic value and
importance in life. It also examines the relationships between humanity and nature and between
the individual and society. Philosophy arises out of wonder, curiosity, and the desire to know and
understand. Philosophy is thus a form of inquiry--a process of analysis, criticism, interpretation,
and speculation.

By studying philosophy, people can clarify what they believe, and they can be stimulated to
think about ultimate questions. A person can study philosophers of the past to discover why they
thought as they did and what value their thoughts may have in one's own life. There are people
who simply enjoy reading the great philosophers, especially those who were also great writers.

Philosophy has had enormous influence on our everyday lives. The very language we speak uses
classifications derived from philosophy. For example, the classifications of noun and verb
involve the philosophic idea that there is a difference between things and actions. If we ask what
the difference is, we are starting a philosophic inquiry.

Every institution of society is based on philosophic ideas, whether that institution is the law,
government, religion, the family, marriage, industry, business, or education. Philosophic
differences have led to the overthrow of governments, drastic changes in laws, and the
transformation of entire economic systems. Such changes have occurred because the people
involved held certain beliefs about what is important, true, real, and significant and about how
life should be ordered.

Systems of education follow a society's philosophic ideas about what children should be taught
and for what purposes. Democratic societies stress that people learn to think and make choices
for themselves. Nondemocratic societies discourage such activities and want their citizens to
surrender their own interests to those of the state. The values and skills taught by the educational
system of a society thus reflect the society's philosophic ideas of what is important.
 Chapter-4
SELF-EXPLORATION
It is a process of dialogue between “what you are” and “what you really want to be” It is
a process of self-evolution through self-investigation. Process of knowing oneself and through
that understanding entire existence.
It is the process of finding out what is valuable to me by investigating within myself.
Exploration = Observing Outside
Self-Exploration = Observing Inside
Purpose of Self-Exploration:

• It is a process of dialogue between ‘what you are’ and ‘what you really want to be’.
• It is a process of self-evolution through self-investigation.
• It is a process of knowing oneself and through that, knowing the entire existence.
• It is a process of recognizing one’s relationship with every unit in existence and
fulfilling it.
• It is a process of knowing human conduct, human character and living accordingly.
• It is a process of being in harmony with oneself and in harmony with entire existence.
• It is a process of identifying our innateness(Svatva) and moving towards Self-
Organization(Swantantrata) and Self-Expression(Swarajya)

Content of Self-Exploration:
It involves finding answers for the following –

• My Desire (Aspiration)
• My Program (Process to fulfill my aspirations)

Process of Self-Exploration:

The following points are to be kept in mind regarding the process of Self-Exploration:
 • Whatever is stated is a proposal
• Don’t start by assuming it to be true or false
• Verify it on your own right
• Don’t just accept or reject it on the basis of scriptures, instruments or on the basis of
others.

The following two steps are involved in the process of Self-Exploration:

- Firstly, verify the proposal on the basis of your natural acceptance

- Secondly, live according to the proposal to validate it experientially.

Natural Acceptance: It is the process of seeing and observing attentively and then using your
inner conscience to get the answer from within. It is a way to bring out the goodness in
everything naturally.

• It does not change with time/age

• It doesn’t depend on place
• It does not depend on our beliefs or past conditioning
• It is always there within us
• It is the same for all of us.

Realization and Understanding:

The process of Self-Exploration results in ‘Realization’ and ‘Understanding’ in us. This
realization and understanding leads to the following answers –

• Assuring
• Satisfying
• Universal with respect to Time, Space and Individual.
 Chapter-5

SELF AWARENESS

Meaning and Definition

Self-awareness means that you have a sharp realization of your personality, including your
strengths and weaknesses, your thoughts and beliefs, your emotions, and your motivations.

Self-awareness is the capacity for introspection and the ability to recognize oneself as an
individual separate from the environment and other individuals.

There are two broad categories of self-awareness: internal self-awareness and external self-
awareness

The first, which we dubbed internal self-awareness, represents how clearly we see our
own values, passions, aspirations, fit with our environment, reactions (including thoughts,
feelings, behaviors, strengths, and weaknesses), and impact on others. We’ve found that internal
self-awareness is associated with higher job and relationship satisfaction, personal and social
control, and happiness; it is negatively related to anxiety, stress, and depression.

The second category, external self-awareness, means understanding how other people
view us, in terms of those same factors listed above. For leaders who see themselves as their
employees do, their employees tend to have a better relationship with them, feel more satisfied
with them, and see them as more effective in general.
Key Areas for Self-Awareness
Human beings are complex and diverse. To become more self-aware, we should develop an
understanding of ourselves in many areas. Key areas for self-awareness include our personality
traits, personal values, habits, emotions, and the psychological needs that drive our behaviors.

Personality. We don't normally change our personalities, values and needs based on what we
learn about ourselves. But, an understanding of our personalities can help us find situations in
which we will thrive, and help us avoid situations in which we will experience too much stress.
For instance, if you are a highly introverted person, you are likely to experience more stress in a
sales position than a highly extroverted person would. So, if you are highly introverted, you
should either learn skills to cope with the demands of a sales position that requires extravert-type
behavior patterns, or you should find a position that is more compatible with your personality.
Awareness of your personality helps you analyze such a decision.

Values. It's important that we each know and focus on our personal values. For instance, if
your first priority is "being there for your children" or "your relationship with God," it's very
easy to lose sight of those priorities on a day-to-day, moment-by-moment basis. During the
workday, so many problems and opportunities arise that our lists of "things to do" can easily
exceed the time we have to do them. Since few (if any) of those things pertain to what we value
most, it's easy to spend too much time on lower priority activities.

Habits. Our habits are the behaviors that we repeat routinely and often automatically. Although
we would like to possess the habits that help us interact effectively with and manage others, we
can probably all identify at least one of our habits that decreases our effectiveness. For example,
if you are a manager who never consults your staff before making decisions, that habit may
interfere with your ability to build your staff members' commitment to the decisions and their
decision-making skills as well.

Needs. Maslow and other scholars have identified a variety of psychological needs that drive
our behaviors such as needs for esteem, affection, belongingness, achievement, self-
actualization, power and control. One of the advantages of knowing which needs exert the
strongest influence on our own behaviors is the ability to understand how they affect our
interpersonal relationships. For instance, most of us have probably known people who have a
high need for status. They're attracted to high status occupations, and they seek high status
positions within their organizations. Such people also want the things that symbolize their
status. They insist that they be shown respect, and they want privileges and perks that people of
lower status can't have. Sometimes these people fight for things that others see as
inconsequential—like a bigger office.
Emotions. Emotional self-awareness has become a hot topic of discussion recently because it's
one of the five facets of emotional intelligence. Understanding your own feelings, what causes
them, and how they impact your thoughts and actions is emotional self-awareness. If you were
once excited about your job but not excited now, can you get excited again? To answer that
question, it helps to understand the internal processes associated with getting excited. That
sounds simpler than it is. Here's an analogy: I think I know how my car starts--I put gas in the
tank, put the key in the ignition, and turn the key. But, my mechanic knows a lot more about
what's involved in getting my car started than I do--he knows what happens under the hood. My
mechanic is able to start my car on the occasions when I'm not because he understands the
internal processes. Similarly, a person with high emotional self-awareness understands the
internal process associated with emotional experiences and, therefore, has greater control over
them.

How can self-awareness be important in different fields?

Leadership

It provides the necessary base for having strong character, creating the ability to lead with
purpose, trust, authenticity, and openness. Self-awareness explains our successes and our failures
while giving us a clear understanding of who we are and what we need most from other people to
have a successful team.

It also gives leaders the opportunity to identify any gaps that they might have in their
management skills, and reveals the areas in which they are effective and where they might need
additional work.

Knowing these things can help leaders make discerning decisions and increase their effectiveness
in positively motivating their employees. Learning to be self-aware is not a simple process, but
doing so can improve one's leadership skills and lead to a more supportive business culture

Social Work

As a social worker, having self-awareness is an important part of preparing to encounter clients

in their specific situations. Much of the process of becoming an effective social worker is made
up of becoming self-aware. This can happen with encounters with professors, classmates, and
clients that work to continuously challenge us to be aware of our feelings. While this is not an
easy thing to do, it is a worthwhile achievement.

Social workers have to be aware of their own biases when they are dealing with clients so they
can make sure they are treating every client equally.
Counseling

Self-awareness interplays with the therapeutic process of counseling. When one is able to gain a
greater understanding of themselves through the input of a therapist, it leads to self-discovery.

Counseling is a journey of self-discovery, as one observes their own thought patterns and how
they affect their mood and behavior. Observing one’s own thoughts and feelings builds self-
knowledge, and doing this with a counselor provides an objective opinion during the
observation.

Education

Self-awareness plays a large role in education because it helps students become focused on what
they need to learn. The ability of students to think about their thinking increases with age. When
teachers work with students to teach them to reflect, monitor, and evaluate themselves, students
are able to become more self-reliant, productive, and flexible.
 Chapter-6

SELF-SATISFACTION
Meaning & Definition

Satisfaction is a pleasant or positive emotion. It can also be a feeling. It can even be a state of
mind. Satisfaction is when a desire or a need is fulfilled. Satisfaction is when a person has
nothing to complain about. Someone feels satisfied when they achieve a difficult goal.

A person feels satisfied by accomplishment, recognition, invention and service. Someone can
feel job satisfaction when they like their work. A person tends to feel satisfied by basic body
functions. These can include eating, exercising, hygiene, sex or defecation.

Humans and many other mammals feel satisfaction. Sometimes a person lacks satisfaction. They
may feel negative feelings such as discontent, emptiness, boredom or sadness. This is the
opposite of satisfaction. It is called dissatisfaction.

Self-satisfaction is defined as showing how pleased you are about your own situation in a way
that annoys other people.

A self-satisfaction is a feeling of fulfillment or contentment with respect to one's own

accomplishments or situation.

Self-satisfaction is a feeling of pleasure that comes when a need or desire is fulfilled happiness
with the way that something has been arranged or done.

How can you be truly Self-satisfied with your life

Satisfaction comes from within and only you and you alone have the power to make yourself
content and at peace with yourself. In tough times of hardship and tribulations, it gets extremely
hard for even the best of us to stay appreciative and satisfied.

1. Transform Your Thought Process

The first step to overcoming any issue, no matter what it, is to change your thinking towards it.
And you have probably heard this a lot and think “yeah, whatever” but it continues to be the
most important step towards self-satisfaction. You must begin to think Positive.

“Keep your thoughts positive because your thoughts become your words. Keep your words
positive because your words become your behavior. Keep your behavior positive because your
behavior becomes your habits. Keep your habits positive because your habits become your
values. Keep your values positive because your values become your destiny. ― Mahatma
Gandhi.”
2. Clarify Your Mind and Reflect

The second step to being more satisfied with your life is to actually stop thinking so much. Our
minds are amazing machines, but many times this sheer processing power can turn against us. By
over thinking we unknowingly make connections that aren’t really there and eventually things
that aren’t very likely to happen or aren’t really there begin to become a reality.

“Always look at people lower than you to be thankful, look at people higher than you to set goals
and look at the people around you to be satisfied and happy.”

Be thankful for what you have and understand the true value of your life by giving to those who
are less fortunate.

3. Smile

The last and final step is to smile more. If you follow the steps above and act on them, you will
already have become a more positive, relaxed and well-supported person. You will already have
the strength to tackle whatever life throws at you.

Life satisfaction

Life satisfaction is a complex term and is sometimes used interchangeably with the
emotion of happiness, but they are indeed two separate concepts. Life satisfaction is defined as
one's evaluation of life as a whole, rather than the feelings and emotions that are experienced in
the moment.

It is a measure of well-being and may be assessed in terms of mood, satisfaction with

relations with others and with achieved goals, self-concepts, and self-perceived ability to cope
with daily life. It is having a favorable attitude of one's life rather than an assessment of current
feelings.

CONCEPT OF LIFE SATISFACTION

Satisfaction is a state of mind. It is an evaluative appraisal of something. The term refers to both
‘contentment’ and ‘enjoyment’. As such it covers cognitive- as well as affective-appraisals.
Satisfaction can be both evanescent and stable through time.

Ways to Improve Life Satisfaction

1. Be positive

Live in the now, be appreciative of what you have and stop comparing yourself to others. Focus
on what you love about yourself or what you’re good at, and build on that.

2. Set and achieve goals

Get into the habit of being goal-oriented. Make distinctions between day-to-day goals and long-
term goals, and prioritize as necessary.

3. Get an education

Your education doesn’t have to stop once you get a job. Enroll in some distance education
courses, take a certificate course at a local college, or learn on your own by reading.

4. Stay healthy

Living healthy is a lifestyle and not a temporary fix. Pick up healthy habits and commit to
changing how you live before you begin the transition.

5. Surround yourself with friends

Build yourself a strong network of female or male friends by getting in touch with old
classmates, trying new hobbies or joining community sports or activity groups.

6. Have a life story

Research shows that meaning in life comes from the stories we tell ourselves about our lives.

7. Keep Growing

As long as you live, keep learning how to live.

 Chapter-7

DECISION-MAKING

Meaning & Definition

In psychology, decision-making is regarded as the cognitive process resulting in the selection of

a belief or a course of action among several alternative possibilities. Every decision-making
process produces a final choice, which may or may not prompt action.

Decision-making is the process of identifying and choosing alternatives based on the values,
preferences and beliefs of the decision-maker.

When trying to make a good decision, a person must weight the positives and negatives of each
option, and consider all the alternatives. For effective decision making, a person must be able to
forecast the outcome of each option as well, and based on all these items, determine which
option is the best for that particular situation.

Logical decision-making is an important part of all science-based professions, where specialists

apply their knowledge in a given area to make informed decisions. For example, medical
decision-making often involves a diagnosis and the selection of appropriate treatment.

Naturalistic decision-making research shows that in situations with higher time pressure, higher
stakes, or increased ambiguities, experts may use intuitive decision-making rather than structured
approaches.

It is important to differentiate between problem analysis and decision-making.

Characteristics of problem analysis

• Problems are merely deviations from performance standards.

• Problems must be precisely identified and described.
• Problems are caused by a change from a distinctive feature.
• Something can always be used to distinguish between what has and hasn't been affected
by a cause.
• Causes of problems can be deduced from relevant changes found in analyzing the
problem.

Characteristics of decision-making

• Objectives must first be established.

• Objectives must be classified and placed in order of importance.
• Alternative actions must be developed.
• The alternatives must be evaluated against all the objectives.
• The alternative that is able to achieve all the objectives is the tentative decision.
• The tentative decision is evaluated for more possible consequences.
 • The decisive actions are taken, and additional actions are taken to prevent any adverse
consequences from becoming problems and starting both systems (problem analysis and
decision-making) all over again.

Decision Types
1. Programmed and non-programmed decisions:

Programmed decisions are concerned with the problems of repetitive nature or routine
type matters. These decisions are taken generally by lower level managers. Decisions of this type
may pertain to e.g. purchase of raw material, granting leave to an employee and supply of goods
and implements to the employees, etc.

Non-programmed decisions relate to difficult situations for which there is no easy

solution. These matters are very important for the organisation. For example, opening of a new
branch of the organisation or a large number of employees absenting from the organisation or
introducing new product in the market, etc., are the decisions which are normally taken at the
higher level.

2. Routine and strategic decisions:

Routine decisions are related to the general functioning of the organisation. They do not
require much evaluation and analysis and can be taken quickly. Ample powers are delegated to
lower ranks to take these decisions within the broad policy structure of the organisation.

Strategic decisions are important which affect objectives, organisational goals and other
important policy matters. These decisions usually involve huge investments or funds. These are
non-repetitive in nature and are taken after careful analysis and evaluation of many alternatives.
These decisions are taken at the higher level of management.

3. Major and minor decisions:

Another classification of decisions is major and minor. Decision pertaining to purchase of

new factory premises is a major decision. Major decisions are taken by top management.
Purchase of office stationery is a minor decision which can be taken by office superintendent.

4. Individual and group decisions:

When the decision is taken by a single individual, it is known as individual decision.

Usually routine type decisions are taken by individuals within the broad policy framework of the
organization.

Group decisions are taken by group of individuals constituted in the form of a standing
committee. Generally, very important and pertinent matters for the organization are referred to
this committee. The main aim in taking group decisions is the involvement of maximum number
of individuals in the process of decision- making.
Decision-making process

Decision making is the process of making choices by identifying a decision, gathering

information, and assessing alternative resolutions.

Using a step-by-step decision-making process can help you make more deliberate,
thoughtful decisions by organizing relevant information and defining alternatives. This approach
increases the chances that you will choose the most satisfying alternative possible.

Step 1: Identify the decision

You realize that you need to make a decision. Try to clearly define the nature of the decision you
must make. This first step is very important.

Step 2: Gather relevant information

Collect some pertinent information before you make your decision: what information is needed,
the best sources of information, and how to get it. This step involves both internal and external
“work.” Some information is internal: you’ll seek it through a process of self-assessment. Other
information is external: you’ll find it online, in books, from other people, and from other sources.

Step 3: Identify the alternatives

As you collect information, you will probably identify several possible paths of action, or
alternatives. You can also use your imagination and additional information to construct new
alternatives. In this step, you will list all possible and desirable alternatives.

Step 4: Weigh the evidence

Draw on your information and emotions to imagine what it would be like if you carried out each
of the alternatives to the end. Evaluate whether the need identified in Step 1 would be met or
resolved through the use of each alternative. As you go through this difficult internal process,
you’ll begin to favor certain alternatives: those that seem to have a higher potential for reaching
your goal. Finally, place the alternatives in a priority order, based upon your own value system.

Step 5: Choose among alternatives

Once you have weighed all the evidence, you are ready to select the alternative that seems to be
best one for you. You may even choose a combination of alternatives.

Step 6: Take action

You’re now ready to take some positive action by beginning to implement the alternative you
chose in Step 5.

Step 7: Review your decision & its consequences

In this final step, consider the results of your decision and evaluate whether or not it has resolved
the need you identified in Step 1. If the decision has not met the identified need, you may want to
repeat certain steps of the process to make a new decision. For example, you might want to
gather more detailed or somewhat different information or explore additional alternatives.

DECISION MAKING IN LIFE

People forget the great power they hold within that will shape their life and they ignore
the importance of decision making.

Our life is designed by the choices we make. You are the one who chooses how to live
your life or create your life’s path. So make the decisions which will take your life in the
direction you want.

“Success and failure are not overnight experiences. It is the small decisions along the way the
cause people to fail or succeed.” – Antony Robbins

Some important life changing decisions:

1. Realize the power of decision making.

2. Go with your gut.

3. Carry your decision out.

4. Tell others about your decisions.

5. Learn from your past decisions.

6. Maintain a flexible approach.

 Chapter-8
MOTIVATION & ATTITUDE

Motivation is the process of initiating a conscious and purposeful action. Motive means
an urge (drive or force) or combination of urges, to induce conscious or purposeful action.
Motivation is a goal directed and need satisfying behavior. It explains why people do the
things they do. It influences a person to do a thing in a certain way. Motive is something (a need
or desire) that causes a person to act.

Motivation is derived from latin word which “movere means to move”.

Definitions:

Motivation may be defined as goal seeking or goal directed behavior or activity.

Behavior is a function of the person, which is interaction within a situation

Motivation is also defined as a stage of the organism in which bodily energy is mobilized and
selectively directed towards parts of the environment

This definition breaks in to two parts:

1. Mobilization of bodily energy or drive and 2. Direction

Elements of motivation are:-

Needs Drives Incentives

Types of Motivation

There are two types of motivation, Intrinsic and Extrinsic motivation.

Intrinsic Motivation

Intrinsic motivation means that the individual's motivational stimuli are coming from within. The
individual has the desire to perform a specific task, because its results are in accordance with his
belief system or fulfills a desire and therefore importance is attached to it.

Our deep-rooted desires have the highest motivational power. Below are some examples:

• Acceptance: We all need to feel that we, as well as our decisions, are accepted by our co-
workers.
• Curiosity: We all have the desire to be in the know.
• Honor: We all need to respect the rules and to be ethical.
• Independence: We all need to feel we are unique.
 • Order: We all need to be organized.
• Power: We all have the desire to be able to have influence.
• Social contact: We all need to have some social interactions.
• Social Status: We all have the desire to feel important.

Extrinsic Motivation

Extrinsic motivation means that the individual's motivational stimuli are coming from outside. In
other words, our desires to perform a task are controlled by an outside source. Note that even
though the stimuli are coming from outside, the result of performing the task will still be
rewarding for the individual performing the task.

Extrinsic motivation is external in nature. The most well-known and the most debated motivation
is money. Below are some other examples:

• Employee of the month award

• Benefit package
• Bonuses
• Organized activities

Some of the important types of motivation are as follows:

1. Achievement Motivation:

It is the drive to pursue and attain goals. An individual with achievement motivation wishes to
achieve objectives and advance up on the ladder of success.
2. Affiliation Motivation:

It is a drive to relate to people on a social basis. Persons with affiliation motivation perform work
better when they are complimented for their favorable attitudes and co-operation. This
motivation is of greater use where money cannot be used to motivate, especially minimum-wage
employees and contingent professionals.

3. Competence Motivation:

It is the drive to be good at something, allowing the individual to perform high quality work.
Competence motivated people seek job mastery, take pride in developing and using their
problem-solving skills and strive to be creative when confronted with obstacles. They learn from
their experience. Specialists, like heart surgeons would feel motivated if they get chances to
operate upon unique cases.

4. Power Motivation:

It is the drive to influence people and change situations. Power motivated people create an
impact on their organization and are willing to take risk to do so. Ms Mayawati, Chief Minister
of UP, is power motivated.

5. Attitude Motivation:

Attitude motivation is how people think and feel. It is their self- confidence, their belief in
themselves, and their attitude to life. It is how they feel about the future and how they react to the
past.

6. Incentive Motivation:

It is where a person or a team reaps a reward from an activity. It is “you do this and you get
that”, attitude. It is the type of rewards and prizes that drive people to work a little harder. Most
of the unorganized job workers get motivated when they are offered more money.

7. Fear Motivation:

Fear motivation coercions a person to act against will. It is instantaneous and gets the job done
quickly. It is helpful in the short run. Managers following Theory x come into this category. In
Indian army, this kind of motivation is very popular.

Factors for the Motivation or motivated behavior are:

1. Environmental conditions
2. Internal urge
3. Incentive awards
Classification of Motives or Basic Needs:
THEORIES OF MOTIVATION
MASLOW’S’ CLASSIFICATION OF NEEDS:

According to the famous psychologist Abraham Maslow (1954), the needs in order of
importance to individuals i.e. the fulfillment of needs starts from the first order and if first order
needs are fulfilled the individual thinks of second order and so on as given below

1. Physiological needs: These are called first order needs. These needs are necessary for survival
of the individual e.g. food, clothing, shelter etc. these are most important, if these needs are
fulfilled then only the individual steps in to second order needs

2. Safety needs: These are second order needs. These needs are for the security of the individual
from physical, physiological, economic and social viewpoints e.g. protection from danger,
threatening etc.

3. Social needs: These are third order needs. Man is a social animal and has an inherent desire to
be with others in some form e.g. friendship, company etc. These are also called response needs.

4. Esteem needs: These are fourth order needs. The individual likes to get appreciation and
recognition from others in the society e.g. power, status, prestige etc

5. Self-actualization: These are called last order or fifth order or highest order needs. It is self-
realization and knowing self or the ultimate purpose of human being e.g. what is human being,
how he should live, what is his purpose of living etc.

Maslow’s Classification of Needs According to order of importance or hierarchy

The major benefits of motivation in an organisations are as follows:

• Need satisfaction.
• Job satisfaction.
• Productivity.
• Learning.
• Discipline.
• Dynamism.

1. Need satisfaction

• Motivation satisfies the needs of individuals as well groups. Every individual or group of
individuals joins an organisation to fulfill certain personal needs. The motivation function
of the manager serves to help such fulfillment.

2. Job satisfaction

• Motivation also promotes job satisfaction. When an employee’s needs are satisfied, he is
on the whole happy. His job satisfaction is of more direct concern. It is the key to other
important consequences.

3. Productivity

• An individual’s contribution to output is the resultant of two variables-his capacity for

work and his willingness to work. If P is performance, an ability and M motivation, then
P = A X M. It is clear that performance is not equal to the sum of an individual’s ability
and motivation but rather to the product of these two variables.

4. Learning

• Motivation helps the learning process. Without motivation learning does not take place.
There must be motivation or drive before there can be learning. Motivation stimulates
interest and the attitude of willing to learn.
• If a person does not want to learn, he will not learn, even though he understands clearly
what is being taught and has perfect capacity to respond in the way that would show the
learning.

5. Discipline

• Motivation promotes self-discipline. The idea of discipline generally carries a negative

connotation. Subordinates obey a superior and maintain orderly behaviour for fear of
punishment. But motivation raises discipline to a positive level.

6. Dynamism
 • There is an element of dynamism in motivation. When the rank and file workers and
managers are properly motivated, a kinetic energy is generated which produces a
tremendous impact not merely on the productivity and profits of an organisation but also
on its industrial relations, public image, stability and future development.

The content theories of motivation attempt to determine what it is that motivates people
at work. The content theorists identify the needs or drives that people have and how these
needs or drives energies behaviour. They are concerned with the goals that people strive
to attain in order to be satisfied and perform well.

ATTITUDE

Meaning and Nature

Attitudes are fundamental determinants of our perceptions of, and actions toward all aspects of
our social environment. Attitudes involve a complex organisation of evaluative beliefs, feelings
and tendencies toward certain actions.

Attitudes are simply expressions of much we like or dislike various things. Attitudes represent
our evaluations, preferences or rejections based on the information we receive.

Attitude may be defined as ‘an enduring predisposition or readiness to react or behave in a

particular manner to a given object or situation, idea, material or person’. It is a generalized
tendency to think or act in a certain way in respect of some object or situation, often
accompanied by feeling.

Types of Attitudes:

Attitudes are of three types:

Positive Attitude

Individuals who have a positive attitude will pay attention to

the good, rather than bad in people, situations, events, etc. They
will not consider a mistake or failure as a hurdle, but as an
opportunity.

Confidence, Optimism, Sincerity, and Reliability are traits that

represent positive attitude
They learn from mistakes, and move forward in life.

Negative Attitude
People with a negative attitude ignore the good, and pay attention to the bad in people, situations,
events, etc. Also, they are likely to complain about changes, rather than adapting to the changing
environment. Also, they might blame their failure on others.
Hatred, Pessimism, Resentment, and Doubt are traits that
represent negative attitude
~ Anger
~ Hatred
~ Pessimism
~ Frustration

Neutral Attitude
People with a neutral attitude don't give enough
importance to situations or events. They ignore the
problem, leaving it for someone else to solve. Also, they
don't feel the need to change. Their traits include:

Indifference and Detachment are traits that represent

neutral attitude.
~ Complacence
~ Indifference
~ Detachment
~ Feeling of being disconnected
~ Unemotional
 Chapter-9

SENSITIVITY
Sensitivity is the strength of the capacity to detect and discriminate stimuli. It denotes the
strength of the perception of a stimulus, in an individual. A person who has higher sensitivity
will perceive a stimulus more strongly, than someone who is less sensitive to the stimulus.

If two people are looking at a light that is increasing in brightness, the one who is more sensitive
will squint and close his eye sooner than other person who is less sensitive. People have
variations in sensitivities to different stimuli. For example, research has shown that redheads are
more sensitive to pain than people with other hair colors.

Sensitivity has many shades of meaning but mostly relate to your response to your environment;
either physical or emotional. It is a term with wide ranging implications depending on the
context it is used.

However, with respect to the human beings in general:

— Sensitivity is defined as an ability to understand what other people need, and to be helpful and
kind to their feelings liable to be offended or hurt: or their sensibilities.

— Sensitivity is the quality or condition of being sensitive.

Sensitivity can be described with reference to various different factors or conditions such as:

Kindness — an ability to understand what other people need, and be helpful and kind to them.

Nature — the quality of being easily upset by the things people say or do, or causing people to
be upset, embarrassed, or angry.

Reacting- having a strong physical or emotional reaction to something.

SOCIAL SENSITIVITY

Social sensitivity can be described as the proficiency at which an individual can identify,
perceive, and understand cues and contexts in social interactions along with being socially
respectful to others. This is an important social skill and having high levels of social sensitivity
can make you more well-liked and successful in social relationships.

An example of someone with low social sensitivity would be an individual, who only
talks about themselves, interrupts and talks over others, and who ignores social hints to stop
talking.

WHAT IS HYPERSENSITIVITY?
 Hypersensitivity -- also known as being a "highly sensitive person" (HSP) — s not a
disorder. in fact, it brings many benefits, such as being able to "read" the mood of a room
quickly and factoring in subtle cues when making a decision.

According to Zeff following are the tips for coping up with high sensitivity.

1. Set a Bedtime and Morning Routine

For at least an hour or two before bedtime, shut down all electronic equipment and
engage in calming activities, such as reading an interesting book. Keep calm in the morning too.
Spend 30 minutes centering you by practicing yoga or meditation.

2. Identify Your Triggers

As all highly sensitive people are different, so it is important to determine what stimuli
trigger your discomfort.

3. Plan Ahead

If you are sensitive to loud noises and crowds, plan your activities so as to avoid noisy or
crowded places and occasions.

4. Work Around Triggers

Planning ahead does not mean avoiding the activities you love.

5. Investigate Current Stressors and Solutions

If you are in a super stressful job, consider what causes the stress and whether you could
really do something about it. Discuss with others to find a solution and try whatever you can
think of to improve the situation, before you decide to quit.

6. Remember Your Gifts

Even though being highly sensitive is not a flaw, you still might feel bad that you are
easily bothered by things that others are not. But being HSP also tends to have many positive
qualities, including being creative, conscientious, loyal and deeply appreciative of the arts.
Sensitivity is the soul of every creative activity or art.

7. Take Mini Retreats

Zeff has stressed the importance of downtime. He suggested getting away at least once a
month and relaxing several days a week. Enjoy nature (if you live in an urban area, visit a park)
or get a massage. Add calm into your week with activities like aromatherapy. Periodical
relaxation helps in excelling in performance when you get back to regular business.
8. Engage in Gentle Exercise

Yoga, physical exercises and walking are always good for your physical and mental
health. It is also better to exercise before 6 p.m. or 7 p.m., because it takes a few hours for your
nervous system to calm down.

9. Speak up

Non-HSPs simply do not notice loud noises or strong smells or other stimuli that might
be bothering you, so speak up. For instance, say your co-worker talks loudly on the phone. If you
think they will be open to adjusting their behavior, first build a rapport with them. Then explain
that while they are not doing anything wrong, you have a trait that makes it tougher to tune out
stimuli (which about 20 percent of people have). You do not want to interfere with their lifestyle,
but may be they could speak more softly or when you are on break.
 Chapter-10

SUCCESS
Definition

Achievement of an action within a specified period of time or within a specified

parameter. Success can also mean completing an objective or reaching a goal. Success can be
expanded to encompass an entire project or be restricted to a single component of a project or
task. It can be achieved within the workplace, or in an individual's personal life.
For example, if an individual's personal goal is to be accepted in a new career, success would
occur after the individual has been officially accepted into his or her new place of employment.

The dictionary describes success as “attaining wealth, prosperity and/ or fame”. Success
is something that we all want to attain. It is a station of life that we dream about. Who does not
want to be successful and power? You need to realize that chances of attaining success in life, in
whatever you dream to accomplish, depends on your attitude and the principles you follow to
make your dream a reality.

Being successful means the achievement of desired visions and planned goals.
Furthermore, success can be a certain social status that describes a prosperous person that could
also have gained fame for its favorable outcome.

The meaning of success

One of the most important key steps to achieving success in life is to know the meaning
of success for your personal life. The true meaning of success goes far beyond the common
definitions of success, such as having a lot of money, being wealthy, having a lot of tangibles
and earned degrees. Quite the opposite: true success in life cannot be measured with the above-
named factors, but instead with the amount of people that are able to live a better and more
advanced life because of what you created. This is the meaning of success. Not the trophies
people are collecting in their lives. Media and society let us often conclude that living a
successful life means to be extraordinarily wealthy and have a lot of tangibles. But the meaning
of success is to live a happy life and to make this world a better place for everyone.

How to define success in life?

The only person that can answer the question above is you. I am neither able nor willing
to prescribe the ultimate definition of success, as this is not possible. Every person is thinking
differently about being prosperous in life and is defining success in another way, so there can’t
exist a definition that is suitable for all. It is very important that you know exactly how to define
success in life! Make yourself aware what accomplishment, success, and prosperity in general
means to you in your life. Some might define success as having luxurious cars and a huge
mansion, whereas others consider a life full of joy and happiness with their family as the true
meaning of success. Once you have figured out what is important for you personally you are able
to focus on your visions and goals.
How to achieve success in life?

• The process of becoming successful starts with elaborated goal setting

• Define a strategy and a plan how you intend to reach your goals, aims, and visions
• Keep in mind that success is the consequence of having earned a series of
accomplishments, so make sure to divide your goals into easier to reach sub goals.

Definition of failure

The opposite of success is failure as it means to fail while trying to achieve aims or objectives.
Besides this regular definition of failure, it also can be said that even wealthy and successful
persons fail in their lives. Just think about the rich and famous and all their scandals, addictions
and suicides. All of them were extraordinary persons but a lot of them were also extremely
unhappy with their lives and were not able to see the meaning of success. Wealth cannot be
defined with money, but instead with values in your life that make you a happy person, such as
friendship, relationships, and your family.

Definition of accomplishment

Accomplishment can be seen as the process to become successful and with every accomplished
goal you take a step towards prosperity and a life full of success.

The difference between accomplishment and success:

Accomplishment is often associated with success, but it is not the same. Accomplishment refers
to the results we desire when we attempt to reach specific goals. Basically it is the results that we
plan or expect to occur. Success is the positive consequence or outcome of an achieved
accomplishment.

Secret to Success in Life

Step 1 — Set a Goal

It’s quite clear then that in order to succeed in life at any endeavor we need to set specific goals.
But, not only do they have to be specific, they have to be S.M.A.R.T.E.R. goals — goals that are
specific, meaningful, achievable, relevant, and time-based. Those goals also need to be
constantly evaluated and the plans re-adjusted in order to attain them.

But the initial focus here should be on creating written goals that are specific. What do you want
to achieve? Make sure that you get into detail about this and ensure that you can quantify your
goals. For example, don’t just say you want to make more money; come up with a precise
amount you want to make and be sure it’s written down.

The goal also has to be meaningful in that you need a strong-enough reason why you’re willing
to do just about anything to see it through. You won’t give up because it’s something that you
care so deeply about. Things like family, security, and freedom are some examples of strong-
enough reasons. But, like the first part, this must also be written out. Don’t just think about it in
your head.

A tremendous transformation occurs in the mind when we write something out. All of a sudden it
moves out of the abstract and into reality. When it’s written out in plain English before us, it
becomes more far real. It’s like flipping a light switch on in the mind. It’s something tangible
now that’s staring us right back in the face.

Step 2 — Create a Plan

The next step in the success recipe is to create a plan. While your definition of success (your
goals) gives structure to your life, the plan gives it a direction. Without a plan, we’re simply dead
in the water. We need to have a general direction of travel even if we don’t know every single
step we’re going to take along the way.

Create a plan to reach your goals. Outline the steps that you need to take to move you one step
closer every single day. Whether you want to earn a million dollars, buy your dream home, or
start your own company, detail out what you need to do to get there from where you are at this
very moment.

You also need to ask yourself the right questions to help formulate your plan. What skills do you
need to acquire to reach your goal? What types of people can you meet to help move you a little
bit closer? Do you need some extra form of education or certification from a higher-learning
institute?

Your supreme focus should be on building out a step-by-step roadmap to help you achieve your
goals since this is a big part of the secret to success. You should also put your effort into creating
the right team to get you there. Finding a good lawyer, accountant, real estate agent, and
financial advisor are just some examples of the team members we might need to ultimately
succeed in business and in life.

Step 3 — Take Massive Action

You’ve likely heard the mantra before: take massive action. But no words could be truer. Part of
the secret recipe to success is to follow through and take action on a daily basis. It doesn’t matter
how small the progress might be in any given day; what matters is that there’s some progress at
all.

But this is the one step that many people get caught up on. They can’t seem to overcome their
tendencies to procrastinate and waste time with other pursuits that don’t help to advance their
progress towards their goals. For one reason or another, they get distracted, veer off course, and
almost entirely lose interest in something they thought they once wanted so badly.

Yet, for the person who can effectively manage their time and take action consistently, and do so
on a massive scale, any goal is achievable. Thus, part of the secret to success definitely consists
of taking action. If you can’t take action, all the goals and planning in the world won’t help you
unlock the life of your dreams.

So the question that remains for most folks is, just how do you take action when the goal seems
so far off? In order to answer that question, we need to understand why we do what we do in the
first place. For the first part, we will always do more to avoid pain than we will to gain pleasure.

For example, students cram the night before a big exam or a paper that’s due because the pain of
not doing it supersedes the pleasure of putting it off any longer. The same thing applies to taxes.
Why do most people get their taxes in just before the deadline when it’s due? The same reason.
They’re doing more to avoid pain than they are to gain pleasure.

Why does a person keep smoking cigarettes when they know smoking might give them cancer?
Why does an overweight person keep eating when they know they should be dieting? Once
again: they’re doing more to avoid pain than to gain pleasure. But there’s also one very
important thing to note about the pain versus pleasure paradigm: we will always do more to
avoid pain in the short term and not in the long term.

So, while part of the secret to success lies in the principle of taking massive action on a daily
basis, it also requires a shift in thinking. You have to look at pain in the long term as the driver,
and not pain in the short term. When you can associate enough pain to the long term of not doing
something than the pleasure of putting it off any longer, then the real magic can start to happen.

Until that shift occurs, no amount of reasoning or coaxing will get a person to follow through on
a goal that might take them months, years, or even a decade or longer to pull off.

Step 4 — Develop Keystone Habits

The fourth and very vital part of the secret to success is to undertake the development of
keystone habits. What are keystone habits? They act as the soil from which other good habits
will go from. They also help to deter bad habits and require no extra effort to form than any other
habit.

When it comes to good habit development, keystone habits act as the gateway to developing a
repertoire of habits that will help to push us forward rather than to hold us back from achieving
our dreams. They also pave the way to succeeding in life at whatever endeavor we decide to
undertake.

While developing any habit isn’t a simple feat, focusing on keystone habits will provide the
greatest benefits. However, the important thing is to identify the right keystone habits that are
going to help you along the way. That’s a unique undertaking and very much reliant on the types
of goals you’ve set for yourself and just what you’re trying to succeed at in life.

When you can identify the right keystone habits and instill them into your life, other good habits
will automatically follow. For example, if you have money goals, the keystone habit of expense
tracking can revolutionize your life. Expense tracking involves keeping track of every penny you
spend no matter what it’s for.

By tracking expenses down the very last red cent, a few things are happening in your mind. First
of all, the behavior needs to become habitual. That will take approximately 90 to 180 days of
daily repetition. Second, when we become more aware of precisely where our money is going,
we’re more careful about our spending, possibly save more money, and even begin
contemplating various investments.

Third, when this occurs, the truth is revealed to the mind. You see, the mind has a clever way of
hiding our behavior from us in order for us to avoid pain and gain pleasure. When we overspend
frivolously in areas we know we shouldn’t be overspending, the mind has a way of covering it up
so that we can avoid pain and gain pleasure for as long as possible. That’s why most people have
difficulty looking at their overdrawn bank accounts or over-the-limit credit card statements or
just about any other bill that will cause pain.

However, we also usually don’t pay attention to the amounts of money that we spend on a daily
basis on small expenses until it’s a little too late. As Benjamin Franklin once said, “Beware of
small expenses, a small leak will sink a great ship.” He was referring to the small payments for
things we tend to forget about or overlook. Yet, it’s those same small expenses that can add up to
a lot of money over the course of a month, year, or even a lifetime.

Take the time to develop the keystone habits in the right areas of your life so that you can
advance towards your goals far more automatically. When behavior isn’t automatic, it’s far
harder to concentrate and much easier to get sidetracked.

Step 5 — Stay Motivated

Motivation is most certainly one of the secrets to success in life. While staying motivated can be
incredibly difficult, it can also be extremely rewarding over time. The motivated person is far
more able to cope with stumbling blocks and overcome potential limitations on the road towards
achieving their dreams.

Staying motivated is also a way that you can ensure you take action on a daily basis. But, what
are the ways that we can stay motivated even when times are tough and we don’t feel like putting
in the work on a given day? How can we still push forward even when nearly every fiber in our
beings are screaming that we should either take a break or possibly even give up?

While there are a number of motivational strategies that you can use to ensure that you keep
pushing towards your goals, having a strong enough reason to achieve something can help you
stay motivated no matter what. When we set SMARTER goals in Step 1, the “M” for meaningful
can have an enormous impact on just how likely we are to follow through.

But aside from setting meaningful goals and carrying out all the other steps in the secret-to-
success formula, in order to stay motivated, you need to focus on developing the willpower to
follow through. Find things that inspire you. Find others who’ve achieved the success that you’re
after and look to emulate them. Focus on developing the right amount of willpower to see things
through.

Willpower is just like any other muscle, it can easily weaken if it’s not used often enough. And,
studies have confirmed that willpower can be drained, so the potential for willpower must be
built up. This happens in the mind through a form of brain training.

But if something means enough to you, you’ll do what it takes to achieve it. These secrets to
success in life won’t work when there’s no fuel to drive the engine. However, if you follow
through with each of the recommendations, you’ll be far more likely to push through than to give
up.

Of course, you’re going to hit some resistance along the way. But be persistent. As Confucius
once said, “It does not matter how slowly you go, as long as you do not stop.”

Success Quotes
 Chapter-11

SELFLESS SERVICE
Meaning

“It’s important to note that individuals experience their God or higher power in many different
ways, but that all religions and beliefs appear to experience these connections in a similar way.
Selflessness is a neuropsychological foundation of spiritual experience”.

Selfless service or Sewa (in Sanskrit word ‘Seva’) is a service which is performed without any
expectation of result or award for the person performing it. The idea of selfless service is an
important concept in most Indian religions.

God is perceived as having a relationship with others, as well as oneself, serving other people is
considered an essential devotional practice of indirectly serving God. It is one of central tenets
of Sikhism. In Sikhism, sewa refers to selfless service for altruistic purposes on behalf of, and
for the betterment of a Community. Sewa is the very essence of Sikhism.

Sikhism is founded on principles of Sarbat da bhalla - working towards the "common good of
all". For Sikhs, this means reaching out to serve and uplift all of humanity as an expression or
devotion to the Creator. Many other Sikh institutes, such as Guru-ka-Langar, Kirtan, - Paath,
etc., depend on the performance of Sewa by many in the congregation. So the principles of Sewa
underpin many Sikh values - such is the importance given to Sewa in Sikhism.

The holy text explains the spiritual benefits of doing seva and the ways in which one should
perform it, focussing on the state of the mind when performing seva. The Guru says: “One who
performs selfless service, without thought of reward, shall attain his Lord and Master."

The Guru states that one who perform selfless service without desire for reward will certainly
attain liberation. The need to be "desire-less" is critical in making this action fruitful. When one
does Sewa, one should just do it without any thought for a return - think of it as a duty to the
society.

God's plan for man's evolution is work. Love of God and service of man is the secret of true
life. What is the object in Sewa or service? Why do you serve poor people and the suffering
humanity at large? Why do you serve the society and the country? By doing service, you purify
your heart. Egoism, hatred, jealousy, idea of superiority vanish. Humility, pure love, sympathy,
tolerance, and mercy are developed. Sense of separateness is annihilated. Selfishness is
eradicated. You get a broad outlook of life. You begin to feel oneness or unity of life. You
develop a broad heart with broad, generous views. Eventually, you get Knowledge of the Self.
You realize the 'One-in-all' and 'all-in-One'. You feel unbounded joy.
 The first step in the spiritual path is selfless service of humanity. Selfless service is the
watchword along the road to salvation. Selfless service of humanity prepares the aspirant for the
attainment of cosmic consciousness, or the life of oneness or unity with God. Aspirants should
direct their whole attention in the beginning towards removal of selfishness by protracted selfless
service.
Through selfless service and charity, develop the heart and cleanse the lower mind.
Purify your heart by selfless and humble service of the poor and the afflicted, and make it a fit
abode for God to dwell. Selfless service alone can purify your heart and fill it with divine virtues.
Only the pure in heart will have the vision of God. Become a servant of humanity. This is the
secret of attaining God-realisation. Seek out the lowly and the miserable; cheer up and bring a
ray of comfort to them by serving them unstintingly. Console the disconsolate. Comfort the
distressed. You will be blessed.

Some animals and birds also selflessly serve human beings, never voicing their own
demands. Let me share with you a short story which is a lesson for all the human beings. One
day a bird, who was a friend with a bee, asks her, “Dear friend, all day I see you working so
hard with so many of your other fellow bees to make honey. After such a lot of time and effort,
you make a little quantity of honey and then men come and rob you of that honey. Don’t you feel
bad about it?”

“Never”, said the beaming bee. She said, “One can steal my honey, but one can never steal the
art of making honey from me.” The bird was astonished to see the altruistic and selfless attitude
of her bee friend and was really inspired from her. The story teaches a lesson to all human
beings, to be selfless, caring and thoughtful towards others.

Selfishness downgrades work, making it sheer labour. On the other hand, selflessness
uplifts and transforms work into inspiration. Selflessness can end only with love. Only when
there is love in the heart can we be ready to give up our own selfish wants and desires in order to
bring joy and happiness to others. When actions are dedicated with love to a higher altar or goal,
the ego with all its selfishness dissolves. Sewa should be rendered with smile, humility and
sweetness. If one serves, grudges, shows bad temper, feels irritated, it is no Sewa.

According to Sri Sri Ravi Shankar, the joy of giving is far more exhilarating than the joy
of getting, and can be likened to a thrill or high. "It is reasonable for people to volunteer in part
because of benefits to the self, however, our research implies that, ironically, should these
benefits to the self become the main motive for volunteering they may not see those benefits."

The importance of selfless service

Sri Chinmoy: Dedicated, devoted service is of paramount importance for each disciple.
This service can be of various types: It can be physical work or it can take the form of an
offering of devoted thoughts, ideas, love and concern. Physically you can do dedicated service
and spiritually you can do dedicated service. Financially and materially also you can do
dedicated service. Each disciple has the opportunity to serve the Centre, which is his spiritual
home, and the Supreme. Each person can be the Supreme's true divine Pride. Physical service,
vital service, mental service, psychic service and soul's service can be offered at the Feet of the
Supreme.

The greatest service is to have conscious surrendered oneness with the Master and the
Supreme. But all these other types of service do help considerably in entering the
unconditionally surrendered life. Start where you are now, and each moment offer your
dedicated service to the Will of the Supreme.

The greatest benefit you will receive only when you are totally one with me in the inner
world. If you are truly one with me in the inner world, you can easily be one with me in the outer
world. From the outer world if you enter into the inner world, you may fail, but from the inner
world if you come to the outer world, you are always bound to succeed. While working, please
try to feel that in the inner world you are marching with me. It is the inner dedication that you are
offering in your outer activities. It is my inner breath that you are consciously breathing.

Again and again I wish to tell you that each disciple, if he is sincere enough, can claim to
be the most chosen child and instrument of the Supreme. But he consciously has to know, feel
and realise that he is an unconditionally surrendered soul of the all-seeing, all-loving and all-
fulfilling Guru — the Guru of all Gurus, the Supreme. The Supreme is the only Guru, here on
earth and there in Heaven. There is only one Guru and that is the Supreme. Let us try to please
Him the way He wants us to please Him. Let us try; we shall succeed. We shall all march toward
the goal and shall be fulfilled.

How to be Selfless

Selflessness means putting your community's needs above your own instead of always
acting in your own interest. Acting selflessly isn't easy, but the more you practice the better
you'll get at being kind and generous more often. When you make a habit of taking action to help
others feel good and make the world a better place, you'll see that being selfless can actually
make you happier.

1. Broaden your perspective. Being selfless starts with having the ability to see beyond your
personal concerns and empathize with others, even those you've never met. If you're constantly
consumed by your own problems and status, you won't have time or energy to act selflessly.
Having greater awareness of the world outside your head is the first step to becoming more
selfless. Here are some ways you can get some perspective:

• Listen when other people are talking. Really listen, instead of letting your mind wander
when someone is confiding to you about his or her troubles, or telling you an exciting
story. Allow yourself to get completely absorbed in someone else's world for a change.
• Read, watch, or listen to the news. Make it a point to be aware of major world events as
well as happenings in your own city.
• Read novels. Studies show that reading literary fiction improves your ability to be
empathetic.
2. Think about how other people feel. Empathy and selflessness go hand in hand. If you
understand how someone else feels, you'll be more likely to be moved to act selflessly toward
that person. You can have empathy toward people you've never met, too.

• Practice imagining yourself in other people's situations. If you were the one experiencing
the problem, how would you feel? How would you want to be treated?

3. Be selfless even when no one notices. Selfless people don't act with kindness and generosity
with the expectation of getting credited for it. They do it because it's the right thing to do, and
because it feels good to help other people when you have the capacity to do so. Donating
something anonymously is a good way to practice being generous without needing to get
something in return.

4. Take pleasure in other people's happiness. Have you ever experienced a rush of joy when
you made someone else happy? Some people wonder whether it's possible to be truly selfless,
since the act of selflessness can actually bring great pleasure. Rather than focusing on whether
selflessness is, in fact, selfish, relish the good feelings that come with helping other people. If
you take pleasure in other people's happiness, you'll be more likely to find extra ways to be
selfless.

5. Don't hurt someone else for your own benefit. Whether it's something as seemingly
insignificant as taking the biggest helping of cake and leaving none left for your sister, or a more
impactful decision like devising a way to get the attention of your best friend's boyfriend, never
hurt someone else to get ahead. Doing this often enough will backfire on you. Seek out the
selfless choice, even when it's also the hardest.

• Resist the temptation to cheat, steal, or pull the wool over someone's eyes, even when
you're sure you won't get caught.

6. Forgive and forget. If someone crossed you and seeks forgiveness, do your best not to hold a
grudge. The selfless approach is to try to see the situation from the other person's point of view,
and realize that it's almost always better to foster peace, love and forgiveness than spitefulness
and hate. Forgiving someone who has wronged you can be incredibly difficult, but it's also
exquisitely selfless.

7. Volunteer your time and skills. This is one of the most rewarding ways to practice
selflessness. When you volunteer your time and skills, all you get in return is the rewarding sense
that you've played a part in helping your community. Studies show that volunteering may
actually boost happiness and longevity. There are endless ways to volunteer, so identify a need
and determine how you can contribute.

• Homeless shelters, soup kitchens, and other nonprofit organizations to help those in need
are always seeking volunteers.
• If you have a specific skill you'd like to use, look for an opportunity to work with an
organization that could use your help. For example, if you're a skilled teacher, you could
teach literacy classes at your local library.
 • Sites like volunteermatch.com provide information on opportunities in many
communities.

8. Donate what you can. Donating money and goods is another great selfless act that you should
practice as frequently as you're able. This is not to say you should donate more than you can
afford. Take a look at your budget and decide how much you can give, then commit to donating
that amount, even if it means sacrificing a few extras.

• Consider picking out a few charities to which you regularly donate a specific sum.
• Making a practice of donating to those who ask for change is a kind, selfless act you can
do on a daily basis.
• Donating food, clothing, and other material goods to homeless shelters, disaster relief
organizations, animal shelters, and so on is another great way to give back.

Some Examples of Selfless Persons

1. Mahatma Gandhi

One of the most iconic men that ever took birth and still continues to survive in the
lessons of passive-resistance and non-violence that he selflessly gave to the world, hence making
it a much better place. He gave up everything, his law career; his house and wealthy family to
fight for justice and for the betterment of his people who were being treated as third class
citizens by the colonial British. Even in the harshest of conditions, he never gave up his morals
and rules, no matter what the cost of it. Mahatma Gandhi has right fully been given the title of
the father of the nation as India truly owes its independence as a republic and a democracy to this
Short, thin brown man who needed a stick while walking to support him but who was strong
enough to take the responsibility of an entire country and usher it to the world of sovereignty.

2. Bhagat Singh

Bhagat Singh is rightly considered to be the most influential revolutionary during the
Independence movement for India. When we think of all the martyrs who gave away their life
for the pride and honor of their motherland, we often remember “Shaheed” Bhagat Singh. From
seeking revenge on Lala Lajpat Rai’s death and 1929 assembly bomb throwing incident to the
116 days fast in jail, Singh was not a believer in Gandhian ideology of Satyagraha and non-
violence. At the age of 23 Singh was sentenced to death along with Rajguru and Sukhdev while
all three of them kissed the rope, put it around their neck themselves and died for the sake of
Bharat Mata. Singh’s death proved to be an awakening for the youth of the nation which got
committed to make India the Independent India.

3. Subhash Chandra Bose

Another great freedom fighter was Subhash Chandra Bose who was the founder of Indian
National Army, more popularly known as “Azad Hind Fauj”. Subhash Chandra Bose was a
believer in Swami Vivekananda’s teachings and had a patriotic zeal even as a student. During his
days in Calcutta University, he had beat one of his British professors who made a racist remark
over Indian students. Bose was a rebel and he joined the Indian National Congress and later
became its president. “Tum mujhe khoon do, main tumhe azadi dunga” (You give me blood, and
I promise you freedom). These are the ever famous words said by Netaji in his speech which
motivated a large number of Indians to take up intense and serious actions towards freeing their
motherland from colonial powers.

4. Rani Lakshmi Bai

The Indian struggle for freedom wasn’t just a man’s affair but thousands of women too
fought with bravery to bring back this nation’s pride and Rani Lakshmi Bai’s name shines in the
list. “Khoob ladi mardani wo to Jhansi wali Rani thi” (She fought a man’s war, she was Rani
Lakshmi Bai of Jhansi). These words wonderfully talk about the bravery with which she fought
the British army to save her reign over the Princely state of Jhansi. Rani Lakshmi Bai led her
troop, the largest women army till date, and fought the battle against the British.

5. Mother Teresa

Mother Teresa was born in Albania, but, she made her home in the slums of Calcutta. Her
compassion and selfless service to the underprivileged of India and the whole world slowly won
the hearts of her fellow Indians.

6. Swami Vivekananda

The indomitable spirit of Swami Vivekananda awoke in his fellow Indians a renewed
sense of pride and self-belief. Vivekananda embodied both the spirituality of ancient India and
the dynamism of the West. He became renowned in the West after his inspirational message of
religious tolerance was heard at the World Parliament of Religions.
 Chapter-12

CASE STUDY IN ETHICAL LIVES

A case study is an in-depth study of one person, group, or event. In a case study, nearly
every aspect of the subject's life and history is analyzed to seek patterns and causes of behavior.
Case studies can be used in a variety of fields including psychology, medicine, education,
anthropology, political science, and social work.

The hope is that learning gained from studying one case can be generalized to many
others. Unfortunately, case studies tend to be highly subjective and it is sometimes difficult to
generalize results to a larger population. While case studies focus on a single individual or group,
they follow a format that is similar to other types of psychology writing.

Types of case study

There are a few different types of case studies that psychologists and other researchers might
utilize:

• Collective case studies: These involve studying a group of individuals. Researchers

might study a group of people in a certain setting or look at an entire community of
people.
• Descriptive case studies: These involve starting with a descriptive theory. The subjects
are then observed and the information gathered is compared to the pre-existing theory.
• Explanatory case studies: These are often used to do causal investigations. In other
words, researchers are interested in looking at factors that may have actually caused
certain things to occur.
• Exploratory case studies: These are sometimes used as a prelude to further, more in-
depth research. This allows researchers to gather more information before developing
their research questions and hypotheses.
• Instrumental case studies: These occur when the individual or group allows researchers
to understand more than what is initially obvious to observers.
• Intrinsic case studies: This type of case study is when the researcher has a personal
interest in the case. Jean Piaget's observations of his own children are good examples of
how an intrinsic cast study can contribute to the development of a psychological theory.

There are a number of different sources and methods that researchers can use to gather
information about an individual or group. The six major sources that have been identified by
researchers are:

• Archival records: Census records, survey records, and name lists are examples of
archival records.
• Direct observation: This strategy involves observing the subject, often in a natural
setting. While an individual observer is sometimes used, it is more common to utilize a
group of observers.
 • Documents: Letters, newspaper articles, administrative records, etc., are the types of
documents often used as sources.
• Interviews: Interviews are one of the most important methods for gathering information
in case studies. An interview can involve structured survey questions or more open-ended
questions.
• Participant observation: When the researcher serves as a participant in events and
observes the actions and outcomes, it is called participant observation.
• Physical artifacts: Tools, objects, instruments, and other artifacts are often observed
during a direct observation of the subject.

How to Write a Case Study?

There are also different methods that can be used to conduct a case study, including prospective
and retrospective case study methods.

Prospective case study methods are those in which an individual or group of people is observed
in order to determine outcomes. For example, a group of individuals might be watched over an
extended period of time to observe the progression of a particular disease.

Retrospective case study methods involve looking at historical information. For example,
researchers might start with an outcome, such as a disease, and then work their way backward to
look at information about the individual's life to determine risk factors that may have contributed
to the onset of the illness.

Section 1: A Case History

This section will have the following structure and content:

Background information: The first section of your paper will present your client's background.
Include factors such as age, gender, work, health status, family mental health history, family and
social relationships, drug and alcohol history, life difficulties, goals, and coping skills and
weaknesses.

Description of the presenting problem: In the next section of your case study, you will
describe the problem or symptoms that the client presented with.

Describe any physical, emotional, or sensory symptoms reported by the client. Thoughts,
feelings, and perceptions related to the symptoms should also be noted. Any screening or
diagnostic assessments that are used should also be described in detail and all scores reported.

Section 2: Treatment Plan

This portion of the paper will address the chosen treatment for the condition. This might also
include the theoretical basis for the chosen treatment or any other evidence that might exist to
support why this approach was chosen.
 • Cognitive behavioural approach: Explain how a cognitive behavioural therapist would
approach treatment. Offer background information on cognitive behavioural therapy and
describe the treatment sessions, client response, and outcome of this type of treatment.
Make note of any difficulties or successes encountered by your client during treatment.
• Humanistic approach: Describe a humanistic approach that could be used to treat your
client, such as client-centered therapy. Provide information on the type of treatment you
chose, the client's reaction to the treatment, and the end result of this approach. Explain
why the treatment was successful or unsuccessful.
• Psychoanalytic approach: Describe how a psychoanalytic therapist would view the
client's problem. Provide some background on the psychoanalytic approach and cite
relevant references. Explain how psychoanalytic therapy would be used to treat the client,
how the client would respond to therapy, and the effectiveness of this treatment approach.
• Pharmacological approach: If treatment primarily involves the use of medications,
explain which medications were used and why. Provide background on the effectiveness
of these medications and how monotherapy may compare with an approach that
combines medications with therapy or other treatments.

This section of a case study should also include information about the treatment goals, process,
and outcomes.

Benefits and Limitations

A case study can have both strengths and weaknesses. Researchers must consider these pros and
cons before deciding if this type of study is appropriate for their needs.

One of the greatest advantages of a case study is that it allows researchers to investigate things
that are often difficult to impossible to replicate in a lab. Some other benefits of a case study:

• Allows researchers to collect a great deal of information

• Give researchers the chance to collect information on rare or unusual cases
• Allows researchers to develop hypotheses that can be explored in experimental research

On the negative side, a case study:

• Cannot necessarily be generalized to the larger population

• Cannot demonstrate cause and effect
• May not be scientifically rigorous
• Can lead to bias

Researchers may choose to perform a case study if they are interested in exploring a unique or
recently discovered phenomenon. The insights gained from such research can then help the
researchers develop additional ideas and study questions that might then be explored in future
studies.
 Chapter-13

POSITIVE SPIRIT
Positive spirit can be best defined as the optimistic attitude that comes from knowing, that God
works on all things that are good for those who love him. Being optimistic is to always look on
the brighter side of things. Positive spirit comes from positive attitude.

A positive attitude will make you an optimist, and help you avoid worries and negative thoughts.
It is a mental state that expects the best to happen. It is actually, positive thinking, the habit of
believing that things would turn well and not allowing negative thoughts and doubts to disturb
this belief.

1. Constructive thinking - You think about solutions and believe that you can find them. It
means being active about solving problems. It is not enough just to believe that things will turn
out okay. You also need to be actively thinking about constructive solutions and carrying them
out.

2. Creative thinking - Looking at life and situations with a broader vision and finding creative
solutions. With a positive attitude, you are not afraid to look for new ways of doing things. This
makes you unique and can help you do things in a better way than others.

3. Optimism - This is one of its main characteristics. It means hope and expecting situations to
improve and plans to turn out well.

4. Motivation - This is the energy and zest to do things and accomplish goals. When motivation
is present you are keen on doing, spending energy and time on work, studies, or accomplishing a
goal. When you are sure of yourself, believe in your abilities and do not allow anything to
discourage you, you become motivated.
5. Happiness - A person with a positive attitude is usually happy, and content.

The Benefits of a Positive Attitude

The benefits of adopting a positive attitude and the importance of developing it.

• It helps you achieve goals and attain success.

• It can bring more joy into your life.
• It makes you a pleasant person to be with, and makes it easier to be liked and gain
friends.
• It produces more energy, enthusiasm, interest, and even curiosity, making life more
interesting.
• Positive attitude increases your confidence in your abilities, and brings hope and
expectation of a brighter future.
• It enhances your motivation when carrying out tasks and working on goals, and you are
also able to inspire and motivate others.
 • Obstacles and difficulties do not spoil your happiness and optimism. You do not focus on
them you focus on solutions.
• One's attitude is contagious and affects other people. When it is good and pleasant,
people will like you and want your company.
• When you feel good and happy, and expect good things to happen, life smiles at you.

Tips for Developing a Positive Attitude:

1. Choose to be happy. Yes, it is a matter of choice. When negative thoughts enter your
mind, just refuse to look at them and think them. Do your best to substitute them with
happy thoughts.
2. Look at the bright side of life. It's a matter of choice and repeated attempts. No matter
how tough a situation is, there is always some good in it, some insight and lessons to
learn.
3. Choose to be optimistic. Choose to believe that things would change for the better.
4. Find reasons to smile more often. You can find such reasons, if you look around you.
There are funny events, funny incidents, pleasant events and small daily
accomplishments. All of them are reasons for a smile.
5. Have faith in yourself, and believe that the Universe can help you. A strong belief in
yourself and in your ability to cope with every situation, fosters a positive attitude in you.
6. Associate yourself with happy people, since happiness is contagious.
7. Read inspiring stories about inspiring, happy or successful people. Do not envy them or
be jealous of them. Just learn from their stories, and let them inspire and motivate you to
do similar things.
8. Read inspiring quotes. You can find such quotes on the Internet and at our quotes
directory. I suggest you read a few in the morning, before going to work, and at night,
before you go to sleep.
9. Repeat affirmations to inspire and motivate you.
10. Visualize only what you want to happen in your life, and avoid thinking and visualizing
what you do not want.

Learn to develop a focused mind and master your thoughts. When you can focus, you can direct
your attention more easily to thoughts that you choose, and avoid negative thoughts.
 Chapter-14

BODY, MIND AND SOUL

The body, mind and soul work as a system of energy. We connect our body, mind and
soul to keep energy flowing within us. This energy flow can be abundant or restricted, depending
on our ‘state of being’ in each moment and it changes constantly.

The Body

The physical body is designed to communicate its needs, dislikes, problems through
sensory perception. Our actions are directed towards satisfying our desires that are highlighted
through the sense of sight, smell, taste, touch, and hearing. Our body reflects our inner being, if
our mind, body and soul are in balance then our body is in balance. Disease occurs when the
mind, body and soul are not working in harmony, the term disease represents the turmoil created
when these three components are out of alignment. The body is a complex machine designed by
nature to serve the spirit /soul. Without the soul or connection to the vital life force, the body is
useless. After death the body decays and cannot function.

The Mind

The mind can function at different levels, it is the thought mechanism that drives our
physical body to experience, it works with the brain and the soul and as such determines how the
body responds. Actions generate responses, pain, laughter, sadness, anger and over time the mind
creates a memory bank which serves to influence future actions. The mind starts to depend on
the learnt responses rather than the intuitive ones and a discrepancy with the soul path can
emerge, creating dissatisfaction and imbalance. When this happens people can face
disappointment, failure, stress, anxiety, loss of faith, loss of self-esteem, low confidence, fear
from future, hopelessness and depression.

It is so important for our mind to be aligned with our soul/spirit, to make decisions that
feel right, to allow our bodies and actions to be guided by that source of Infinite Intelligence and
wisdom that creates and drives everything in nature. Everyone deserves to be happy, we are born
to experience life, to fulfill our desires and contribute to the world in which we live in a way that
satisfies our soul. In this connected state our soul mind and body are in balance, bringing health
and wellbeing to our lives and ultimately true happiness in our lives.

The Soul

The soul is the core of our being. We can never experience happiness by suppressing our
spirit and our soul. The mind needs to feed the soul without which life does not exist. By
connecting to our inner guidance system and raising our consciousness, the mind nourishes the
soul and we are able to attain profound peace and inner bliss.

The soul is ultimately responsible for giving the body its life force. In subtle ways, it
guides and directs our behaviour and actions in the physical form. When the soul chooses to
leave the physical body, the body perishes. The soul is driven by wisdom, love and universal
service.

The soul mind and body are said to be in harmony

• Awareness of the Self

• Realization of life purpose
• Raised consciousness
• No fear of the uncertain
• A deep connection with the God of your understanding

It's important to maintain a healthy balance between your mind, body, and soul by nurturing
your whole self, including your physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual needs. Our mind and
body are interconnected and affect each other tremendously.

There are many things you can do in your daily life to achieve overall wellness.

1. Read and learn often: Open your mind to new possibilities, beliefs, and interests by reading,
taking online classes, watching documentaries, and attending workshops.

2. Meditate regularly. Meditation improves memory, attention, mood, immune system function,
sleep, and creativity. All it takes is a few minutes a day to start reaping the benefits.

3. Practice yoga. Yoga is amazing for your overall health. It helps you build strength,
coordination, and flexibility while calming your mind. It also encompasses the mind-body-soul
connection.
4. Get plenty of sleep - Sleep is regenerative for your body. The more sleep you get the better
you will perform the next day.

5. Breathe deeply - Whenever you think about it stop and take a deep breath. Over time this will
become a healthy habit.

6. Eat organic - Chemicals are killing pests on the crops. They are not good for you either.

7. Smile more - It feels great

8. Spend more time with loved ones - In our busy lives we need to make time for the people
who matter to us most.

9. Live your passion - Do more of what you love.

10. Drink clean water - Get a filtration system for your drinking water. Fluoride is not good for
your body.

11. Get outdoors more - Go for a hike and enjoy nature.

12. Eat plenty of greens - Dark leafy greens are rich in vitamins, minerals and chlorophyll.
They help alkalize the body.

13. Be kind to everyone. This includes yourself!

 Chapter-15

ATTACHMENT AND DETACHMENT

The psychological theory which is used by mental health professionals and social
workers to describe and investigate the predictable emotional connection between individuals.
Attachment is a feeling that binds one to a person, thing, cause, ideal, or the like; devotion;
regard.

Attachment theory is a psychological model attempting to describe the dynamics of long-term

and short-term interpersonal relationships between humans.

"Attachment theory is not formulated as a general theory of relationships; it addresses only a

specific facet" how human beings respond within relationships when hurt, separated from loved
ones, or perceiving a threat.

Just as children are absolutely dependent on their parents for sustenance, so in all hut the most
primitive communities, are parents, especially their mothers, dependent on a greater society for
economic provision. If a community values its children it must cherish their parents.

Why Do We Form Attachments?

Psychologist John Bowlby is generally thought of as the father of attachment theory. He

defined attachment as a "lasting psychological connectedness between human beings."
Childhood, he suggested, played a critical role in the formation of attachments and early
experiences could have an impact on the relationships people form later in life. Attachments tend
to be enduring, meaning they may last a very long time.

The earliest attachments we form are with parents and other caregivers, which is perhaps
why Bowlby believed that attachment had a strong evolutionary component. These early
attachments with caregivers serve to keep an infant safe and secure, thus ensuring the child's
survival. Attachments motivate children to stay close to their parents, which allows the parent to
provide protection, security, and care. This helps ensure that the child has all of the things he or
she needs to survive.

Bowlby suggested that there were four critical characteristics of attachment.

• First is proximity maintenance, or the desire to be near those with which we share an
attachment. We enjoy the company of those we are attached to, so we strive to be near
them whenever possible.
• Attachments also create a safe haven, or the need to return to attachment figures for care
and comfort. During times of distress, fear, or uncertainty, we may seek out the people
we are attached to for care and comfort.
 • Next, attachment figures also offer a secure base for exploration. This is particularly
important during childhood. This secure base allows kids to explore the world while
knowing they can still return to the safety of the attachment figure.
• Finally, kids experience separation distress when parted from an attachment figure. For
example, kids tend to become upset when parents have to leave them in the care of
others.

Process of Developing Secure Attachment

“Repeated experiences of parents reducing uncomfortable emotions (e.g. fear, anxiety, sadness),
enabling child to feel soothed and safe when upset, become encoded in implicit memory as
expectations and then as mental models or schemata of attachment, which serve to help the child
feel an internal sense of a secure base in the world.” (Siegel, D.)

Infant Attachment Behaviors

• Smiling
• Reaching
• Vocalizing
• Crying
• Crawling
• Walking

Young Child Attachment Behaviors

• Affection
• Comfort seeking
• Reliance on caregiver for help
• Cooperation
• Exploration
• Controlling behavior
• Reunion response
• Response to strangers

Adolescent Attachment Behaviors

• Active avoidance of primary caregiver in times of stress.
• Emphasis on the exploratory aspects of the attachment system.
• Autonomy-seeking behavior in adolescence is positively correlated to secure infant
attachment.
• Expansion of attachment relationships into intimate peer relationships.

Development of attachment

Attachment develops in four phases. In the first phase — indiscriminately orienting and
signalling to people — the baby seems “tuned” to certain wave-lengths of signals from the
environment. These signals are mostly of human origin (e.g. the sound of voices). During the
second phase, probably first by smell and then by sight, the baby develops preference for one or
more caregivers — the phase of orienting and signalling to one or several specific persons. Not
until the infant is able to show active attachment behaviour, such as actively seeking proximity to
and following the attachment figure, does the infant enters the third phase, the phase of
attachment proper — staying near a specific person by means of signalling and movement.
Children enter the fourth phase of the goal-corrected partnership when they can imagine the
parent or caregiver’s plans and perceptions and fit their own plans and activities according to
these.

DETACHMENT

Detachment is the feeling that you have of not being personally involved in something or
of having no emotional interest in it. Detachment also expressed as non-attachment, is a state in
which a person overcomes his or her attachment to desire for things, people or concepts of the
world. Detachment is a very strong word. Our understanding of detachment is to repulse
something to which we are attached or attracted.

Detachment is the ability of a person to observe, without judgement, their life circumstances,
thoughts, relationships, and emotions.

Emotional detachment

In psychology, emotional detachment is the avoidance of emotional connections. It may be a

temporary reaction to highly emotional circumstances or a chronic condition such as a
depersonalization disorder.

Emotional detachment can be a positive behavior which allows a person to react calmly
to highly emotional circumstances. Emotional detachment in this sense is a decision to avoid
engaging emotional connections, rather than an inability or difficulty in doing so, typically for
personal, social, or other reasons. In this sense it can allow people to maintain boundaries,
psychic integrity and avoid undesired impact by or upon others, related to emotional demands.
As such it is a deliberate mental attitude which avoids engaging the emotions of others.

This detachment does not necessarily mean avoiding empathy; rather, it allows the person
to achieve the space needed to rationally choose whether or not to be overwhelmed or
manipulated by such feelings. Examples where this is used in a positive sense might include
emotional boundary management, where a person avoids emotional levels of engagement related
to people who are in some way emotionally overly demanding, such as difficult co-workers or
relatives, or is adopted to aid the person in helping others such as a person who trains himself to
ignore the "pleading" food requests of a dieting spouse, or indifference by parents towards a
child's begging.

Emotional detachment can also be "emotional numbing", "emotional blunting", i.e.,

dissociation, depersonalization or in its chronic form depersonalization disorder. This type of
emotional numbing or blunting is a disconnection from emotion, it is frequently used as a coping
survival skill during traumatic childhood events such as abuse or severe neglect. Over time and
with much use, this can become second nature when dealing with day to day stressors.

Emotional detachment may allow acts of extreme cruelty, such as torture and abuse,
supported by the decision to not connect empathically with the person concerned. Social
ostracism, such as shunning and parental alienation, are other examples where decisions to shut
out a person creates a psychological trauma for the shunned party.

How to Detach: 5 Steps

1. Observe your mind: Become aware of what kind of thoughts you habitually think. What
things or descriptors do you identify with most? Become a student of self and heighten your
awareness of where attachment happens more frequently for you. Recognize attachment comes
with an emotional charge. Notice where you feel this in your physical body. It’s different for
each individual and learning your patterns is a useful tool in creating change.

2. Distinguish between the voice of your ego and the actual situation: Your ego might tell
you that not getting the job you want has ruined your career. The actual situation is: you are
disappointed because you don’t have something you never had in the first place. There has been
no loss. Nothing has changed except your thoughts about your future potential. The actual
situation is the same as it was prior to not getting the job.

3. Embrace uncertainty: Only a willingness to embrace the unknown provides security. As

Deepak Chopra says, “Those who seek security in the exterior world chase it for a lifetime. By
letting go of your attachment to the illusion of security, which is really an attachment to the
known, you step into the field of all possibilities. This is where you will find true happiness,
abundance, and fulfillment.”

4. Meditate on it: Meditation is a vehicle to help your mind release patterns of thought and
action that no longer serve you. Spend some time in meditation each day and watch how the
patterns in your life begin to change.

5. Don’t beat yourself up for falling into old habits: The first step in making change is
recognizing what it is you want to change. Instead of getting frustrated or disappointed when you
fall back into an old habit, celebrate that you are now noticing when you repeat the pattern of
thought or habit. In time, this will allow you to transform your behavior

Attaching and Detaching

It is very important to understand that we can either attach to skillful or to unskillful things.
Attaching to unskillful things we are like an alcoholic or a gambler. We mistake an external
poison for the cause of real happiness. When you are hungry and see a plate of your favorite food
before you it might tempt you into eating it. If you understand that the food is actually rotten and
leads to heavy food poisoning you will naturally detach from the food and any idea that it will
nourish you well. Instead you would probably seek out healthy food to nourish body and mind,
right?
We can therefore discern two types of attachment. One is skillful. It leads to a “life well lived”.
The other is unskillful. It leads to a life filled with pain, misery, conflict and stress. So make sure
to attach to the right things. First of all, these are things that are a cause for good health,
happiness and comfort as well as relative safety and a good structure in life. Then there are
things like meditation practice that lead to even deeper states of fulfillment and ease. Attach to
your meditation practice – it’s very skillful.

Finally, if you attach to the right methods consistently, they will lead to complete
freedom and realization. Just like someone who is drowning should attach to a boat in order to
get to safety, we should attach to the right practice in order to find true peace. Waves offer no
shelter, we can’t hold on to them and we can’t get rid of them. Upon realizing this we detach
properly.
 Chapter-16

SPIRITUALITY QUOTIENT
Meaning and Definition

Spirituality is a way of living that emphasizes the constant awareness and recognition of
the spiritual dimension (mind and its development) of nature and people, with a dynamic balance
between the material development and the spiritual development. This is said to be the great
virtue of Indian philosophy and for Indians. Sometimes, spirituality includes the faith or belief in
supernatural power/ God, regarding the worldly events. It functions as a fertilizer for the soil
‘character’ to blossom into values and morals.

Spirituality includes creativity, communication, recognition of the individual as human

being (as opposed to a life-less machine), respect to others, acceptance (stop finding faults with
colleagues and accept them the way they are), vision (looking beyond the obvious and not
believing anyone blindly), and partnership (not being too authoritative, and always sharing
responsibility with others, for better returns).

Spirituality is motivation as it encourages the colleagues to perform better. Remember,

lack of motivation leads to isolation. Spirituality is also energy: Be energetic and flexible to
adapt to challenging and changing situations. Spirituality is flexibility as well. One should not be
too dominating. Make space for everyone and learn to recognize and accept people the way they
are. Variety is the order of the day. But one can influence their mind to think and act together.
Spirituality is also fun. Working is okay, but you also need to have fun in office to keep yourself
charged up. Tolerance and empathy are the reflections of spirituality. Blue and saffron colors are
said to be associated with spirituality.

Creativity in spirituality means conscious efforts to see things differently, to break out of
habits and outdated beliefs to find new ways of thinking, doing and being. Suppression of
creativity leads to violence. People are naturally creative. When they are forced to crush their
creativity, its energy turns to destructive release and actions. Creativity includes the use of color,
humor and freedom to enhance productivity. Creativity is fun. When people enjoy what they do,
it is involvement. They work much harder.

Spiritual Quotient
Spiritual quotient (SQ) is described as a measure that looks at a person's spiritual
intelligence in the same way as intelligence quotient (IQ) looks at cognitive intelligence.
We have all heard about the importance of Intelligence Quotient (IQ) and Emotional Quotient
(EQ). The concept of Spiritual Quotient (SQ) is fast emerging as the next big thing.
Spiritual Quotient is study of Social, Investigative, Artistic, Realistic, Contractor and
Conventional aspect of the personality to assess how balanced a person is. Spit is the ultimate
intelligence of a human being and this intelligence decides the ability of an individual to solve
problems on values and to take value based decisions.
Spiritual Quotient (SQ) = Intellectual Quotient (IQ) + Emotional Quotient (EQ).

Indicators of High SQ

• Self-awareness
• Flexibility and adaptability
• Ability and capacity to face, use and transcend pain and suffering.
• Vision
• Values
• Wisdom not to harm or hurt others and self
• Holistic approach and views
• Appetite for seeking answers to fundamental questions by using "why" and "what if"
• Courage to work against conventions if necessary

Benefits of Spiritual Quotient SQ

1. Enables one to live an energetic and balanced life.

2. It helps one to effectively manage one’s emotions.

3. One becomes more reflective & introspective.

4. Builds capacity to face suffering &life’s ups & downs.

5. Reluctance to cause unnecessary harm.

6. Helps one control

•Anger
•Disappointment
•Irritation
•Fear
•Sorrow

Spirituality in the Workplace

Building spirituality in the workplace: Spirituality is promoted in the workplace by adhering to
the following activities:

1. Verbally respect the individuals as humans and recognize their values in all decisions and
actions.

2. Get to know the people with whom you work and know what is important to them. Know their
goals, desires, and dreams too.

3. State your personal ethics and your beliefs clearly.

4. Support causes outside the business.

5. Encourage leaders to use value-based discretion in making decisions.

6. Demonstrate your own self-knowledge and spirituality in all your actions.

7. Do unto others as you would have them do unto you.

Sprituality for Corporate Excellence

The spiritual traits to be developed for excellence in corporate activities are listed as follows:

1. Self-awareness — Realization of self-potential. A human has immense capability but it needs

to be developed.

2. Alertness in observation and quickness in decision making, i.e., spontaneity which includes
quick reflexes, no delay but also no hasty decisions.

3. Being visionary and value based — This includes an attitude towards future of the
organization and the society, with clear objectives.

4. Holism — Whole system or comprehensive views and interconnected with different aspects.
Holistic thinking, which means the welfare of the self, family, organization and the society
including all other living beings and environment.

5. Compassion — Sympathy, empathy and concern for others. These are essential for not only
building the team but also for its effective functioning.

6. Respect for diversity — It means search for unity in diversity i.e., respect others and their
views.

7. Moral Autonomy — It means action based on rational and moral judgment. One need not
follow the crowd or majority i.e., band-wagon effect.

8. Creative thinking and constant reasoning — Think if we can do something new and if we can
improve further?

9. Ability to analyze and synthesize — Refrain from doing something only traditional.

10. Positive views of adversity — Make adversities one’s source of power—a typical Karma
yogi’s outlook! Every threat is converted into opportunity.

11. Humility — The attitude to accept criticism (it requires courage!) and willing to correct. It
includes modesty and acknowledging the work of colleagues.

12. Sense of vocation — Treat the duty as a service to society, besides your organization.
 Chapter-17

EVALUATION
Evaluation is a process that critically examines a program. It involves collecting and
analysing information about a program’s activities, characteristics, and outcomes. Its purpose is
to make judgments about a program, to improve its effectiveness, and/or to inform programming
decisions.

According to Hanna- “The process of gathering and interpreted evidence changes in the
behaviour of all students as they progress through school is called evaluation”.

Muffat says – “Evaluation is a continuous process and is concerned with than the formal
academic achievement of pupils. It is interpreted in the development of the individual in terms of
desirable behavioural change relation of his feeling, thinking, and actions”.

Functions of Evaluation:

Evaluation does not end with the summarization of results. It has direct bearing on the

improvement of the system as a whole. The functions of evaluation are:

1. Evaluation provides feed back to the pupils to know their own strengths and weaknesses.

2. It creates a motivational effect on pupils and motivates them towards better attainment and

growth.

3. It encourages in building good study habits.

4. Evaluation helps teacher in guiding the growth of pupils.

5. It helps in locating the areas require remedial measures.

6. It helps the teacher in planning, organizing and implementing learning activities.

7. It provides basis for revision of curriculum.

8. It helps in inter-institutional comparison.

9. It helps the administrator in educational decision making, relating to selection, classification,

placement, promotion etc.
10. It helps in assigning marks and reporting pupil’s progress to their parents.

Types of Evaluation procedure:

Evaluation may be classified on the basis of the sequence in which different procedures are used.

Different types of evaluation procedures involve different ways and techniques. There are seven

evaluation procedure:

Formative Evaluation

Formative evaluation is used before program design or implementation. It generates data on the
need for the program and develops the baseline for subsequent monitoring. It also identifies areas
of improvement and can give insights on what the program’s priorities should be. This helps
project managers determine their areas of concern and focus, and increases awareness of your
program among the target population prior to launch.

Process Evaluation

Process evaluation occurs once program implementation has begun, and it measures how
effective your program’s procedures are. The data it generates is useful in identifying
inefficiencies and streamlining processes, and portrays the program’s status to external parties.

Outcome Evaluation

Outcome evaluation is conventionally used during program implementation. It generates data on

the program’s outcomes and to what degree those outcomes are attributable to the program itself.
It is useful in measuring how effective your program has been and helps make it more effective
in terms of delivering the intended benefits.

Economic Evaluation

Economic evaluation is used during the program’s implementation and looks to measure the
benefits of the programs against the costs. Doing so generates useful quantitative data that
measures the efficiency of the program. This data is like an audit, and provides useful
information to sponsors and backers who often want to see what benefits their money would
bring to beneficiaries.

Impact Evaluation

Impact evaluation studies the entire program from beginning to end (or at whatever stage the
program is at), and looks to quantify whether or not it has been successful. Focused on the long-
 term impact, impact evaluation is useful for measuring sustained changes brought about by the
program or making policy changes or modifications to the program.

Summative Evaluation

Summative evaluation is conducted after the program’s completion or at the end of a program
cycle. It generates data about how well the project delivered benefits to the target population. It
is useful for program administrators to justify the project, show what they have achieved, and
lobby for project continuation or expansion.

Goals-Based Evaluation

Goals-based evaluation is usually done towards the end of the program or at previously agreed-
upon intervals. Development programs often set ‘SMART’ targets — Specific, Measurable,
Attainable, Relevant, and Timely — and goals-based evaluation measures progress towards these
targets. The evaluation is useful in presenting reports to program administrators and backers, as it
provides them the information that was agreed upon at the start of the program.

Development programs with effective monitoring and evaluation frameworks use

different types of evaluation at different points of time. Some programs might even run two
different types of evaluation at the same time for entirely different purposes.

Principles of Evaluation

Evaluation is based on the following principles: -

1. Principle of continuity: - Evaluation is a continuous process, which goes on continuously as

long as the student is related to education. Evaluation is an important part of the teaching-
learning process. Whatever the learner learns, it should be evaluated daily. Only then the learner
could have better command on language.
2. Principle of comprehensiveness: - By comprehensiveness we mean to assess all aspects of the
learner’s personality.it concerned with all-round development of the child.
3. Principle of Objectives: - Evaluation should be based on the objectives of education. It should
be helpful in finding out where there is a need for redesigning and refraining the learner’s
behaviour.
4. Principle of Learning Experience: – Evaluation is also related to the learning experiences of
the learner. In this process, we don’t evaluate only the curricular activities of the learner but his
 co-curricular activities are also evaluated. Both types of activates are helpful in increasing
learner’s experiences.
5. Principle of Broadness: – Evaluation should be broad enough to cover all the aspects of life.
6. Principle of Child – Centeredness: - Child is in the centre, in the process of evaluation. The
behaviour of the child is the central point for assessment. It helps a teacher to know the grasping
power of a child and usefulness of teaching material.
7. Principle of Application: - During the teaching and learning process the child may learn many
things, but it may not be useful in his daily life. He can’t apply it, then it is useless to find. It can
be known through evaluation. Evaluation judges that student is better to apply his knowledge and
understanding in different situations in order to succeed in life.

Characteristics of Evaluation:

(1) Evaluation is a comprehensive process:

Evaluation is a global process it assesses all aspects of child’s development. There are different

techniques which, are used by the teachers to evaluate the performance of the child.

(2) Evaluation is a continuous process:

Evaluation is a continuous process as education. It is not examination but examination is a part

of evaluation process. There is no fixed time limit for the completion of evaluation work. But it

is a continuous process.

Evaluation Devices

A good evaluation device is one which is securing valid evidence regarding the desired change

of behaviour. A teacher needs to know the various devices that are helpful in gathering evidence

on the changes taking place in pupil.

(1) Written Examination:

It is otherwise known as paper pencil tests. These are commonly used in school. Where, answers

are to be written as per the instruction of question.

(2) Oral Examination:

These types of examination or tests are conducted for supplementing to written examination.

Test of reading ability, pronunciation etc. where there is nothing to write.

(3) Practical Examination:

These tests are necessary to test experimental and manipulative skills of learner particularly in

subjects like Science, Technology, Agriculture, Craft and Music.

(4) Observation:

Observation is used to evaluate overt behaviour of pupil in controlled and uncontrolled

situations. It is purposive, systematic and carefully viewing/observing behaviour and recording

it.

(5) Interviews:

Interview is sometimes superior to other device. It is because of the fact that pupils are usually

more willing to talk than write.

(6) Questionnaire:

Questionnaire is a systematic compilation of questions that are submitted to the pupils from

whom information is desired.

(7) Check-list:

A check-list is an instrument that is used for collecting and recording evidence regarding

significant behavioural tendencies of the pupils or specific problems they present in the

classroom.

(8) Rating Scale:

Rating is a term applied to expression of opinion or judgment regarding some situation, object or

character. Rating scale is a device by which judgments can be quantified.

(9) Records:

Anecdotal records, cumulative record cards and dairies of pupils are some other devices used in

evaluation process to know detail about child’s behaviour.

 Evaluation is an important aspect of entire education system. In absence of evaluation our

mission to provide good education cannot be achieved. Evaluation is an indispensable part of the

human activities. Teachers are to be careful and sincere to evaluate child’s behaviour and

educational process as a whole for the success of the teaching learning activities.
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