7.1 Conclusion

CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE OF RESEARCH
7.1 CONCLUSION
Modern systems of wireless communication require low cost, light weight and low
profile antennas. To achieve above characteristics of an antenna, the parameters
such as impedance, bandwidth, S parameters, radiation pattern, directivity,
efficiency, gain and polarization are to be optimized. The work in the present
thesis focuses on the design, fabrication and testing of three different kind of
antennas, namely;
1. Circularly polarized compact microstrip patch antenna.
2. Wide multiband microstrip patch antenna.
3. Wideband integrated stacked microstrip patch antenna.
1. Circularly polarized compact microstrip patch antenna:
In order to design circularly polarized antenna, firstly diagonal corners are

circularly truncated and asymmetric cross slot is embedded at the centre of the
patch and compactness of 12.5 % is achieved. Further, defected ground structure
(DGS) is used as the latest technique and trend to obtain compact microstrip patch
antenna, herby shifting the operating frequency band of antenna from 2.1 GHz to
2.05 GHz.
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Moreover circular polarization is achieved by shorting the cross slot diagonally.
Thus in this chapter, three different antennas has been designed for compact
operation at 2.1 GHz and 2.05 GHz. Here the antennas were designed,
manufactured and tested using conventional printed circuit boards (PCB’s),
operating at a range of frequencies 2.05- 2.1 GHz. The above antennas have been
designed with the help of HFSS version 14 as simulation software. Also various
VNA and spectrum analyzers were used to obtain many of the fundamental
parameters used to characterize fabricated antennas.
An anechoic chamber was used in this research work for measuring radiation
pattern characterization of the patch antennas. Antenna shows good return loss,
power gain, axial ratio and excellent current distribution for circular polarization
operation. The results also show stable radiation characteristics for desired
operating band of frequency. Measured results show a good agreement with the
simulated results. The above practically designed antennas are widely used in
application such as indoor WLAN and various 3G wireless applications.
2. Wide multiband microstrip patch antenna:
In today’s world multiband antenna are in huge demand due to various wireless
applications like Bluetooth, WiMAX and WLAN bands. Wide multiband antenna
is designed by using different shaped slots in the patch antenna and providing
meandered microstrip feed in the ground plane. In this design corner truncated
rectangular patch with triangular slot and circular slot are used for wide multi
standard operation due to slotted ground plane so as to provide desired impedance
resonating structure.
Both the antenna shows triple resonance at frequencies 2.2, 4.45, and 5.3 GHz
having excellent bandwidth. By using circular slot in place of triangular;
bandwidth of first and second band is improved by 4.34% and 13.98%
respectively. Each operating frequency of the proposed antenna can be evaluated
easily and almost independently. The antenna shows stable gain and
omnidirectional radiation characteristics for entire triple band operation. Also the
antenna shows small cross polarization characteristics. The simulated and
measured results are shown to have good agreements.
124
3. Wideband integrated stacked microstrip patch antenna:
The integrated patch antenna design is the latest trend and technique in antenna
community nowadays. This area and associated work was challenging task for
implementation but the results was so outstanding that it gave new insight to the
antenna field. In this work novel design of proposed integrated CMOS PA with
stacked square patch antenna using coplanar line has been designed and
implemented for K-band application in the frequency band of 22.5-27GHz.
Firstly, an improved design technique was proposed for designing broadband
CMOS PA so that a high PAE can be achieved over a broad frequency range by
using a technique of coplanar line to provide broadband multi-section matching
networks. Secondly a stacked square shaped patch antenna is designed. Thirdly,
the antenna is connected directly to the output of the PA forming the load network
in the integrated active antenna to form the proposed design structure.
Moreover, the proposed method of integrated system provides optimized output

parameters that are more suitable for K-band applications, thereby increasing the
level of system integration, reducing chip area size and escalating the overall
system performance. The state of the art of this integrated proposed work achieves
S11 of -43.06dB by proper impedance matching. The power gains are more than
10dB of broadband within 22.5GHz to 24.5GHz, and PAE is over 73%. Thus
Performance standards are met for the integrated CMOS PA with stacked patch
antenna.
Following are the important results obtained as an outcome of this thesis.
• A novel compact circularly polarized microstrip patch antenna is designed

and implemented for wireless mobile 3G and indoor WLAN applications. The
circular polarization characteristics of above antennas are able to achieve
insensitive orientation between the transmitter and receiver section of the antenna.
• A novel wide multiband antenna fed with proximity coupled meandered
microstrip line is designed and implemented for various wireless applications like
Bluetooth, WiMAX and WLAN bands. The antenna shows stable gain,
omnidirectional radiation pattern and cross polarization characteristics for entire
triple band operation.
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• The integrated CMOS PA with stacked square patch antenna using
coplanar line has been designed and implemented for K-band wireless application
in the frequency band of 22.5-27 GHz.
7.2 FUTURE SCOPE OF RESEARCH
Based on the experience and knowledge acquired during this research, the future
research will be focused on the following areas:
• Designing of Ultra Wide Band (UWB) antenna.

• Exploiting the suitability of metamaterials based active integrated antenna.
• Realization of adaptive and smart antennas in active antenna configuration.
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CHAPTER 7

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE OF RESEARCH

1. Circularly polarized compact microstrip patch antenna.

2. Wide multiband microstrip patch antenna.

3. Wideband integrated stacked microstrip patch antenna.

1. Circularly polarized compact microstrip patch antenna:

In order to design circularly polarized antenna, firstly diagonal corners are

2. Wide multiband microstrip patch antenna:

Moreover, the proposed method of integrated system provides optimized output

Following are the important results obtained as an outcome of this thesis.

• A novel compact circularly polarized microstrip patch antenna is designed

7.2 FUTURE SCOPE OF RESEARCH

• Designing of Ultra Wide Band (UWB) antenna.

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