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CAS NS 3b - Genetics

This is a property of
PRESIDENT RAMON MAGSAYSAY STATE UNIVERSITY
NOT FOR SALE

Self-Learning Module in Genetics (Major 10) Estigoy and Sazon., 2021

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CAS NS 3b - Genetics
First Edition, 2021

Copyright. Republic Act 8293 Section 176 provides that “No copyright shall subsist in any work of
the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office
wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or
office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.

Borrowed materials included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every
effort has been exerted to reach and seek permission to use these materials from their respective
copyright owners. The University and authors do not claim ownership over them.

Learning Module Development Team

Assigned Chapter Title Author/s

Chapter 1 Introduction to Genetics Mr. Brandon M. Estigoy
Dr. Rowena R. Sazon
Chapter 2 Cytological Basis of Mr. Brandon M. Estigoy
Inheritance Dr. Rowena R. Sazon
Chapter 3 Basic Principles of Heredity Mr. Brandon M. Estigoy
Dr. Rowena R. Sazon
Chapter 4 Extension and Modification Mr. Brandon M. Estigoy
of the Basic Principles Dr. Rowena R. Sazon
Chapter 5 Linkage and Recombination Mr. Brandon M. Estigoy
Dr. Rowena R. Sazon
Chapter 6 DNA: The Chemical Nature Mr. Brandon M. Estigoy
of Genes Dr. Rowena R. Sazon
Chapter 7 Genes and Proteins Mr. Brandon M. Estigoy
Dr. Rowena R. Sazon
Chapter 8 Mutation Mr. Brandon M. Estigoy
Chapter 9 Genetic Engineering and the Mr. Brandon M. Estigoy
Future Dr. Rowena R. Sazon

Evaluators:

(First Name, Middle Initial, Last Name), Position

(First Name, Middle Initial, Last Name), Position
(First Name, Middle Initial, Last Name), Position

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Course Overview
Introduction

This course covers fundamental understanding of how physical and physiological traits are
inherited and the chemical structures that influence those traits. It also focuses on physical
basis of inheritance, Mendelian and non-Mendelian (or transmission) genetics, molecular
genetics, mutation, human and behavioral genetics.

Course General Objectives

At the end of the lecture course, the students should be able to:

1. Know the principles and the mechanisms of genetic transmission;

2. Understand the cellular and molecular basis of inheritance;
3. The ability to predict outcomes in monohybrid and dihybrid crosses using Mendelian
genetics.
4. The ability to analyze pedigrees and predict the inheritance of human genetic disease.
5. Understand the basic principles on the nature, expression and regulation of genes in
an individual;
6. Describe mutations at the molecular and relate the concepts with evolutionary
process; at the macro-level and its health implications;

7. Appreciate the importance of basic genetic principles in the improvement of plants,

animals, microorganisms and humans through genetic engineering and biotechnology.

At the end of the laboratory course, the students should be able to:

1. Develop the ability to explain concepts using models during online laboratory class
demonstration;
2. Demonstrate the physical and chemical basis of heredity and variations through the
use of planar and three-dimensional models of genetic materials; and
3. Develop the students’ mastery of the basic concepts of genetics by accurately
demonstrating the different phases of cell division and the processes of DNA
replication, transcription and synthesis through the use teaching models (eg. gene
action kit).

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Course Details:

 Course Code: CAS NS 3b

 Course Title: Genetics
 No. of Units (State the lecture and laboratory units): 3
 Classification: Lecture-based
 Pre-requisite: None
 Co-requisite: None
 Semester and Academic Year: 1st Semester, AY 2021-2022
 Schedule:
 Lecture - Th 1:00 – 4:00 PM (Psych 2B)
- F 7:30 – 10:30 AM (Psych 2A)
 Name of Faculty:
 Mr. Brandon M. Estigoy
 Contact Details
 Mr. Brandon M. Estigoy
email address: branestigoy28@gmail.com
FB Account: Brandon Estigoy
 Consultation
Day: Wednesday
Time: 10:30 PM - 12:00 PM

Learning Management System

The University LMS will be used for asynchronous learning and assessment. The link and class
code for LMS will be provided at the start of class through the class’ official Facebook
Messenger Group.

 Edmodo
 Google Classroom
 University LMS

Assessment with Rubrics

Students will be assessed in a regular basis thru quizzes, long/unit/chapter tests,

individual/group outputs using synchronous and/or asynchronous modalities or submission of
SLM exercises. Rubrics are also provided for evaluation of individual/group outputs.

Major examinations will be given as scheduled. The scope and coverage of the examination
will be based on the lessons/topics as plotted in the course syllabus.

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Module Overview
Introduction

This module provides students an introduction on the science of heredity. The topic
focus on the cytological basis of inheritance, Mendelian and non-Mendelian inheritance,
molecular structure of DNA, mutation and human genetics with focus to behavioral genetics.
This module also equips students with knowledge and skills in doing genetic crosses, that genes
come in pairs, alleles can be dominant or recessive, and how to use Punnet squares to predict
ratios of phenotypes in offspring. Mechanisms of DNA replication, RNA transcription and
protein translation and how gene expression can be regulated were also given emphasis on this
module.

Table of Contents

Chapter 1: Introduction to Genetics

Chapter 2: Cytological Basis of Inheritance
Chapter 3: Basic Principles of Heredity
Chapter 4: Extension and Modification of the Basic Principles
Chapter 5: Linkage and Recombination
Chapter 6: DNA: The Chemical Nature of Genes
Chapter 7: Genes and Proteins
Chapter 8: Mutation
Chapter 9: Human Genetics

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Genetics

Chapter 1

Introduction to Genetics

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Chapter 1

Introduction to Genetics
Introduction

Genetics is a field of biology that studies how traits are passed from parents to their
offspring. The passing of traits from parents to offspring is known as heredity, therefore,
genetics is the study of heredity. These traits are described by the genetic information carried
by a molecule called DNA. The instructions for constructing and operating an organism are
contained in the organism's DNA. Every living thing on earth has DNA in its cells. A gene is
a hereditary unit consisting of DNA that occupies a spot on a chromosome and determines a
characteristic in an organism. Genes are passed on from parent to child and are believed by
many to be an important part of what decides looks and behavior.
This module will introduce you to the importance of understanding Genetics and how
it relates to you. This will provide information about the discovery and the progress that leads
to the development genetic and how it transformed the understanding scientific community
about heredity. It also covers the applications of genetics in agriculture, medicine and other
fields of sciences.

Specific Objectives

At the end of this chapter, the students should be able to:

1. Define the Science of Heredity
2. Learn the theories and discoveries that yield to the development of genetics
3. Understand and appreciate the importance and application of genetics in our society.

Duration

Chapter 1: Introduction to Genetics = 3 hours

(1 hour discussion; 2 hours
assessment)

Lesson Proper

Lesson 1. Definition of Genetics

Genetics was coined by William Bateson from the Greek word gen, meaning to become
to grow into something.
Genetics is the branch of biology that deals with the principles of heredity and
variation in all living things. It is the core biological science that seeks to understand the
molecular and physical bases of biological diversity.

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Beginnings of Genetics

Before Mendel’s time, heredity was thought to be a blending process and that offspring
were essentially mixture of different parental characteristics.

 Aristotle’s Theory of Pangenesis

- Its states that semen was formed everywhere in a man’s body and such semen
reflected the characteristics of the body part from where it was formed.

 Germ Plasm Theory

- Proposed by August Weismann which states that germplasm or sex cells
perpetuated themselves in reproduction generation after generation.

Figure 1. Comparison between the theory of Pangenesis and Germplasm theory

(http://teoriasantesdemendell.blogspot.com/2012/04/pangenesis.html)

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Birth Genetics

 Gregor Mendel (1822–1884), an Austrian monk

who began to experiment with crossing plants and
creating hybrids. Mendel went on to discover the
basic principles of heredity in the 1860s.
 He studied the inheritance of different traits in
peas.
 Mendel’s careful analysis enabled him to discern
patterns, which led him to postulate the existence of
hereditary factors responsible for the traits he
studied. We now call these factors genes. He
suggested that these genes exist in different forms,
which we now call alleles.
 He showed that pea plants carry two copies of
each gene, but only one copy of these gene is Figure 2. Gregor Johann Mendel
(https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor
present in the egg and sperm, the number of gene _Mendel)
restored during fertilization.

 Publish his research result in 1866 but remained unrecognized by the scientific world
until 1900 (after his death).
 Three scientist from Netherlands, Austria, and Germany rediscovered Mendel’s work.
 The significance of his conclusions was recognized, other biologists immediately began
to conduct similar genetic studies on mice, chickens, and other organisms. The results
of these investigations showed that many traits indeed follow Mendel’s rules
 The result of his experiments laid the foundation of the science of heredity.

Modern Era of Genetics

 1902, Bateson, Sanders, and Cuenot had provided the information indicating that
Mendel’s Principles also applied to animals.

 Fruit fly experiments in Thomas Hunt Morgan’s Laboratory (1910) – his student
Sturtevent had an idea that genes are linearly arranged, next to each other, like pearls
on a necklace. Some genes are close to each other while the others are quite far from
one another.

 Researches also try to find the physical place within the cell where heredity begins.
They started with chromosomes – slender strand of materials in the cell nucleus found
out that chromosome of a dividing cell were duplicated, with a copy being send to each
of the two new cells. Sturtevant realized that the chromosomes are likely to be the
physical place of the gene.

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 1927 – Herman Muller confirmed the idea that genes are located in the
chromosomes. Chromosomes of flies when damage by X-ray also affected the genes.
They found out that genes could be changed or altered.

 1944 – monumental discovery when it was showed that genetic information are
contained in a chemical DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) Avery, Macleod, and McCarty
transferred the DNA of a pneumonia-causing bacterium into a harmless kind,
transforming the letter into a deadly kind of bacterium.

 1953 – James Watson and Francis Crick proposed the helical structure of the DNA

 1960 – showed that there was a code made up of chemical adenine, thymine, cytosine,
and guanine in a special sequence within the DNA, the code was a triplet of the four
basic chemicals A, T, C, and G (ATC, AAA, AAC)

 1970-1980 – important discoveries of genetic engineering, DNA sequencing, and

DNA amplification.

Genetic Engineering - manipulation or reconstruction of the genes.

DNA sequencing – ability to sequence DNA or to identify the correct order of A’s, T’s, G’s,
and C’s making up the DNA. It was made possible by Gilbert and Sanger.
DNA amplification – a method that allow small amount of DNA to be faithfully reproduced
in a test tube through Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR.

Lesson 2. Application of Genetics

1. Genetics in Human Health/Medicine

- Early human studies focused on easily observable characteristics such as urine color,
or the occurrence of serious diseases in a family.

- 1902 Archibald Garrod suggested that diseases were due to inborn errors of
metabolism, meaning that inheritance of defective genes results to the production of
defective enzymes leading to a disease. It is fairly evident that the same disease
clustered in a certain family.

- There about 500 specific gene defects that cause human disease have been identified.
But how many genes are there? Current estimates range from 70,000 to 150,000.
Human Genome Project, which was started in 1989, was organized to sequence the
entire human genome and to discover all human genes. Years of work are still needed
in order to reveal all the secrets of the human DNA.

So what is the relevance of the knowledge of genetics in the field of medicine?

 Knowledge of genetics is of great help in the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of

diseases (prevention of hereditary diseases, inborn errors of metabolism, exposure to
agents of mutation).

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2. Genetics in Agriculture

- Of most importance in plant and animal breeding (development of super ovulation

hormones, animals with increased meat protein and milk production).

3. Legal Applications

- In court cases such as divorce, custody of children, state inheritance, support of

illegitimate children, cases of rape, homicide and assaults.
- In identification of people

4. Genetic Counseling

- For counseling parents with family background of abnormalities

- Detecting of carriers of harmful genes.

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Suggested Readings

Read Chapter 1 of Genetics book (7th ed) by Ramirez et al. (2015).

Additional Resources

Pierce, Benjamin A.2016. Essential of Genetics 3rd ed. New York: W. H. Freeman and
Company

Ramirez, D. A., Mendioro, M. S. and Laude, R. P. 2013. Lectures in Genetics 10th ed.
Laguna: University of the Philippines Los Banos.

Sazon, Rowena R. A Course Lecture in Genetics. (2017). PRMSU-CAS Biology Department.

PRMSU-Iba, Zambales.

Snustad, Peter D. & Simmons, Michael J. 2012. Principles of Genetics. 6th ed. John Wiley &
Sons, Inc.

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Activity Sheet
ACTIVITY 1

Name: ______________________Course/Year/Section: ___________ Score: _________

1. Watch the videos on Applications of Genetics

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OIN4keY8q3k

Answer the exercises.

Exercises

A. Matching Type: Match Column A with Column B by writing the letter of the correct
answer.

Column A Column B

__ 1. William Bateson a. fruitflies genes are associated with inheritance

__ 2. Sturtevant b. first to capture DNA image through X-ray diffraction
__ 3. Morgan’s experiment c. Chromosomes serve as physical basis of heredity
__ 4. Avery, Macleod, & McCarty d. DNA model
__ 5. Rosalind Franklin e. coined the term “Genetics”
__ 6. Watson and Crick f. mixed heat killed pathogenic bacteria with harmless
bacteria

B. Answer the question below:

In the early years of the twentieth century, why did many biologists and biochemists
believe that proteins were probably the genetic material?

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Assessment (insert Rubrics)

Each question will be graded based on this five (5) point rubric.

LEVEL DESCRIPTION

Well written and very organized.

Excellent grammar mechanics.
5 - Outstanding Clear and concise statements.
Excellent effort and presentation with detail.
Demonstrates a thorough understanding of the topic.

Writes fairly clear.

Good grammar mechanics.
4 - Good
Good presentation and organization.
Sufficient effort and detail.

Minimal effort.
Minimal grammar mechanics.
3 - Fair
Fair presentation.
Few supporting details

Somewhat unclear.
Shows little effort.
2 - Poor Poor grammar mechanics.
Confusing and choppy, incomplete sentences.
No organization of thoughts.

Very poor grammar mechanics.

Very unclear.
1 - Very Poor
Does not address topic.
Limited attempt.

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Assignment

No assignment for Chapter 1.

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Learner’s Feedback Form

Name of Student: ___________________________________________________

Program : ___________________________________________________
Year Level : ___________ Section : ___________
Faculty : ___________________________________________________
Schedule : ___________________________________________________

Learning Module : Number: _________ Title : ______________________

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□ I completely get it. □ I’m struggling.
□ I’ve almost got it. □ I’m lost.

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NOTE: This is an essential part of course module. This must be submitted to the subject
teacher (within the 1st week of the class).

Self-Learning Module in Genetics (Major 10) Estigoy and Sazon., 2021