Section B

Short questions and there answer

Q-01: What is the effect of light on ecosystem?

Ans: the most important climate factor for ecosystem is sunlight and water
sunlight is necessary for plants to grow, and to provide energy to warm the
earth’s atmosphere. Light intensity controls plants growth. Light duration affects
plant flowering and animal/insects habit.
Q-02: which one is the first trophic level of ecosystem and how?
Ans: The solar radiation from the sun provides the input of energy which is used
by primary producers, also known as autotrophs. Primary producers are usually
plants and algae, which perform photosynthesis in order to manufacture their
own food source. Primary producers make up the first trophic level.
Q-03: What do we mean by nitrogen fixation and how it occurs in an
ecosystem?
Ans: conversion of atmospheric free nitrogen gas into nitrates called nitrogen
fixation. The atmospheric nitrogen combines with oxygen during lightning to
make certain compounds which ultimately form midrates and reach to soil by
rain water. The atmospheric Nitrogen also fix by three types of bacteria. One
group live in water which is photosynthetic called cyanobacteria, second group
lives in the soil and third group lives in the roots of certain leguminous plants.
Q-04: What is the interaction?
Ans: In ecology, a biological interaction is the effect that a pair of organisms living
together in a community have on each other. They can be either the same
species, or of different species. A long term interaction is called a symbiosis.
Q-05: What is pyramid of number?
Ans: A pyramid of number show the total number of individual organisms at each
level in the food chain of an ecosystem. The shape of the pyramid of numbers
does not change the shape of the pyramid of energy.
Q-06:What is greenhouse effect?
Ans: In urban areas during burning of fossil fuels, CO2 and methane produces
which are generally called green house gases. These gases if produced in high
quantity in atmosphere will accumulate below the ozone layer, Which do not
allow heat energy of sun to reflect back in space. As a result, heat remains within
the earth’s atmosphere and increases the temperature. This is called global
warming or greenhouse effect.
Q-07: What is the algal bloom and how it destroy the life of an aquatic
ecosystem?
Ans: Algal bloom are the result of a nutrient, like nitrogen or phosphorus from
fertilizer run off, entering the aquatic system and causing excessive growth of
algae algal blooms can reduce the ability of fish and other aquatic life to find food
and can cause entire populations to leave an area or even die. Harmful algal
blooms cause thick, green much that impacts clear water, recreation, business
and property values.
Q-08: What measures can be taken to control water pollution?
Ans: Following measures can be taken to overcome water pollution.
1. Public awareness at all level is important. It should be through social media,
political leaders, institutions from pre-primary level.
2. Strict legislation and implementation is required on sewage treatment and
industrial recycling processes.
3. No industrial and agricultural waste should be added to water bodies
before complete treatment.
Q-09: write down the name of some endangered mammals of Pakistan?
Ans: Endangered mammals of Pakistan are as under:
(a) Punjab urial
(b) Markhor
(c) Snow leopard
(d) Asian sandpit green turtle
(e) Indus river dolphin
(f) Bear of deosai
Q-10- Draw the diagram of nitrogen cycle?
 Ans: Diagram of nitrogen cycle are as under:
.
.
Section C
EXTENSIVE RESPONSE QUESTIONS
Q-01: Describe biotic factors of an ecosystem?
Ans: Biotic components of an ecosystem
The living organisms which interact in an ecosystem are called biotic
component. These living components include producers, consumers of all
types and decomposers.
1- Producers
All living organisms which can trap and convert energy into food molecules
called producers because they produce food for themselves and other
organisms. Hence all members of community depend, directly or indirectly
on the producers for their food and energy. These are photosynthetic
bacteria, algae and plants.
2- Consumers
Animals and all other organisms which cannot make their own food are
called consumers. They get energy and food from producers directly or
indirectly.
On the basis of feeding level (trophic) mainly consumers are of
three types.
1- Primary Consumers
The consumers which directly feed on producers i.e., get energy and food
directly from producers is called Primary Consumers e.g., a grasshopper or
caterpillar feeding on leaves or plants are primary consumers. They are
herbivores.
2- Secondary Consumers
The type of consumers which feed on primary consumers e.g., gets energy
and food from primary consumers called secondary consumers. For
 example a bird is a secondary consumer gets its energy and food when it
eats grasshopper or caterpillar. They are carnivores.
3- Tertiary Consumers
The organism which eats the secondary consumers to get energy and food
called tertiary consumers and they are carnivores e.g., an eagle which eat
the small bird, which has already eaten grasshopper.
3- Decomposers
Microorganisms which breakdown complex food molecules of dead organisms called
decomposers. They are generally bacteria and fungi. They recycle the nutrients because they
returned it by decomposing and converting complex organic end molecules into simple
inorganic molecule.

Q-02: Describe nitrogen cycle as biochemical cycle in detail?

Ans: Nitrogen Cycle

Nitrogen is one of the important constituent of protein and DNA, It is therefore, an essential
element in the structure of all living things. Plants use atmospheric nitrogen in the form of
nitrate. This cycle consists of three steps.

1. Nitrogen fixation
2. Nitrification
3. Denitrification
1. Nitrogen fixation
Conversion of atmospheric free nitrogen gas into nitrates called nitrogen fixation. The
atmospheric Nitrogen combines with oxygen during lightning to make certain compound which
ultimately form nitrates and reach to soil by rain water. The atmospheric nitrogen also fix by
three types of cyanobacteria, second group lives in soil and third of bacteria lives in the roots of
certain leguminous plants. The bacteria perform this function of nitrogen called fixing bacteria.
2. Nitrification
Process where nitrogen compounds of living organisms convert into nitrate called Nitrification.
It is also performed by microorganisms live in soil. These nitrates are reabsorbed by plants and
the nitrogen cycle starts again. Protein of dead animals and plants, execratory waste like
ammonia, urea, uric acid and all nitrogen wastes.
3. Denitrification
Process of converting nitrogenous compound into free nitrogen called enitrificaiton. It takes
place by special bacteria which lives in anaerobic condition of soil. These bacteria called
denitrifying bacteria. These bacteria breaks ammonia or nitrates into free nitrogen, which is
released in the air so as to complete the cycle and to keep the nitrogen balance in nature.
Q-03: What is pollution? Describe different types of hazardous effects caused by air pollution?
Ans: Scientifically pollution may be define as any undesirable change in the physical, chemical or
biological characteristics of air, land, water and soil which may or will harmfully effect human
life, plants, animals, our industrial processed, living conditions and cultural assets.
 Common pollutants are:
1. Deposited matter such as soot, smoke, tar, dust and grit.
2. Gases like SO2, CO, CO2, NO2, CL2,O3 etc
3. Chemical compounds like aldehyde, arsines, hydrogen fluoride, chloroform methane,
phosgene, detergents etc.
4. Heavy metals like lead, mercury, iron, Zinc etc.
5. Economic poison like herbicide, fungicide, insecticide etc.
6. Fertilizers
7. Sewages.
8. Radioactive substances
9. Noise and heat
General pollution is classified as:
1. Material pollution
Where some material or substance become excessive in environment; like air, water or
soil pollution.
2. Non-material pollution
Where material does not increase but environment disturb or become unbearable to
live, i.e., Noise, heat, or radiation pollution.

BIOTECHNOLOGY
SECTION – A
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
Choose the correct Answer.
(i) The artificial manipulation, medication and recombination of DNA.
(a) Genetic Engineering (b) Biotechnology
(c) Molecular biology (d) Genetic
(ii) The earlier biotechnologist were:
(a) Biologist (b) Agriculturalist
(c) Genetist (d) Farmers
(iii) The complete graph of human genome was studied by:
(a) PCR (b) HGP
(c) medicine (d) Soma-clonal
(iv) Alcohol and antibiotics on large scale production by organism
is an area of:
(a) Environmental biotechnology (b) Fermentation
(c) Biotechnology in industry (d) Medical biotechnology
(v) Most of the living things use O2 to produce.
(a) ATP (b) Alcohol
(c) Organic acid (d) Ecological pyramid
(vi) In acidic formulation lactic acid produced from:
(a) Pyruvic acid (b) Acetic acid
(c) Citric acid (d) Glyceric acid
(vii) The bread dough rises during alcoholic fermentation is due to:
(a) Methyl alcohol (b) CO2
(c) Ethyl alcohol (d) H2O
(viii) The container use to grow bacteria on large scale are called:
(a) Chillers (b) Sterilizers
(c) Fermenters (d) Ferments
(ix) Naturally occurring enzyme used as defense chemical by
bacteria.
(a) Defense protein (b) Restriction enzyme
(c) Hydrolytic enzyme (d) Ligase enzyme
(x) Extra circular DNA which use as vector of gene is
(a) Genome (b) Plasmid
(c) Pilli (d) Ligase

Section B
Short question and their answer
Q-01: what kind of enzymes allows scientists to cut and paste pieces of DNA together to
form recombinant DNA?
ANS: In the laboratory, restriction enzymes are used to cut DNA into smaller fragments. The
cuts are always made specific nucleotide sequences. Different restriction enzymes recognize
and cut different DNA sequences
Q-02: Explain how making human tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) in Chinese hamster
ovary (CHO) cells is an example of genetic engeneering?
ANS: The ovary cells are grown into culture and a given segment of human DNA with the
genetic instructions to make the human t-PA enzyme.
Q-03: How do organisms obtain energy? How does fermentation work?
Ans: Most organisms carry out fermentation through a chemical reaction that converts the
pyruvate from glycolysis into lactic acid or lactate. Lactic acid fermentation also converts
NADH into NAD + . so that glycolysis can continue. Fermentation makes it possible for cells
to continue.
Q-04: What type of microorganisms cause fermentation to occur?
Ans: The fermentation micro organisms mainly involve L.A.B like Enterococcus,
streptococcus, leucon Stoc, lactobacillus, and Pedi coccus [6] and yeast molds viz
Debaryomyces, kluyveromyces, saccharomyces, geotrichium, mucor, penicillium and
Rhzopus.
Q-05: What food and non-food products are created by fermentation?
ANS: Food formed by fermentation.
1. Cultured milk and yogurt
2. Wine
3. Beer
4. Cider
5. Tempeh
6. Miso
7. Kimchi
8. Sauer Kraut
9. Bread Cakes etc.
Q-06: What are some advantages and some disadvantages of fermentation in food
processing?
Ans: Advantages of fermentation
The process of fermentation destroys many of the harmful micro organisms and
chemicals in food and adds beneficial bacteria. These bacteria produce new enzymes to
assist in the digestion. Food that benefit from fermentation are soy, products, dairy
products grains and some vegetables.
Disadvantages of fermentations
Production can be slow, the product is impure and needs to have further
treatment and the production carries a high cost and more energy.
Q-07: What factors can affect the fermentation process?
Ans: Following factors can affect the fermentation process.
 (a) Temprature
(b) pH
(c) Acidity
(d) Ethanool
(e) Sulfite and availability of nutrients
Q-08: Define biotechnology?
Ans: Biotechnology
Definition: According to the national science Academy of United States, biotechnology is the
“controlled use of biological agents like cells or cellular components for beneficial use.”
Q-09: What is the classical biotechnology?
Ans: Scientist use classical biotechnology techniques to alter the genetic make up (genotype)
and microorganisms, plants and animals for the purpose of changing their physical
characteristics (phenotypes)
Q-10: Prove that the classical biotechnology is an old technology?
Ans: The term biotechnology was used before twentieth century for traditional activities such
as making dairy products like cheese and curd, as well as bread, wine, beer etc. in 1919 , a
Hungarian agriculture engineer called Karl Ereky coined the word biotechnology. There are
several definitions for biotechnology. One simple definition is that it is the commercialization of
cell and molecular biology. According to the National Science academy of United States ,
biotechnology is the controlled use of biological agents like cells or cellular components for
beneficial use. It covers both classical as well as modern biotechnology. Generally,
biotechnology can be defined as “the use of living organisms, cells or cellular components for
the production of compounds or precise genetic improvement of living things for the benefit of
man.”
Q-11: Describe the contribution of Louis Pasteur toward development of classical bio
technology?
Ans: During the mid to late 19th century Pasteur demonstrated that micro organisms cause
desease and dis covered how to make vaccine from weakened, or attenuated, microbes, he
developed the earliest vaccines against fowl cholera, anthrax, and rabies.
Q-12: What are the defrrent types of fermentation?
Ans: Different types of fermentation are as under:
1. Lactic acid fermentation
2. Alcohol fermentation
3. Acetic acid fermentation
Q-13: What is lactic acid bacillus? Explain its role in the formation of curd.
Ans: Bacillus coagulans is a type of bacteria. It is used mainly to Lactobacillus and other
probiotics as “beneficial” bacteria.
Bacillus coagulans produces lactic acid and is often ms-classified as lactobacillus in fact, some
commercial products containing Bacillus coagula are marked as lactobacillus.
Lactobacillus used for souring milk into yogurt and production of various types of cheese.
Q-14: Name some of the fermented food products of Pakistan?
Ans: Fermented food products of Pakistan are as under:
1. Yogurt
2. Cheese
3. Cereal Products
4. Bread, cakes
5. Flavoring
6. Candy
7. Fruit Juice
8. Silage
9. Beverages
10. Pickles
Q-15: Name four recombinant DNA products available on the market?
Ans: Several recombinant products for human therapeutic use have been already approved by
FDA and are currently in the marked. Such as human insulin, choriogonadotropin follicle.
Stimulating and luteinizing harm erythropoietin, human blood coagulation factors, interferons
etc.

Pharmacology
SECTION – A
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIOS
Choose the Correct answer.
(i) Who is called father of antiseptic?
(a) Alexander Flerning
(b) Edward Jenner
 (c) Lister
(d) Oswald Schmiuedebverg
(ii) Drugs for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis can be obtain from:
(a) Animals (b) Minerals
(c) Plants (d) Microorganisms
(iii) Drugs that slow normal brain functioning are categorized as:
(a) Narcotics (b) Hallucinogen
(c) Marijuana (d) Sedatives
(iv) Vaccination can be administered:
(a) After Infection (b) Before Infection
(c) During Infection (d) All are Correct
(v) The substance which inhabit the growth of bacteria can be considered as:
(a) Vaccine (b) Bactericidal
(c) Bacteristatic (d) Antibodies
(vi) Haris is addicted to a drug, which left the following effect on Haris.
(I) Blurred vision
(II) Making unseen faces in imagination
(III) Euphoria
(Vii) Which one is not the effect or misuse of antibiotics?
(a) Diarrhea (b) Immunization
(c) Stomach upset (d) Antibiotic resistance

Section B

Short question and their answer

Q-01: Why antibiotics are not affective against viral infection?
Ans: Antibiotics are useless against viral infection. This is because viruses are
so simple that they use their host cells to perform their activities for them.
Q-02: Why the sedative is used for?
Ans: sedative drugs are helpful for treating anxiety and sleep problems. Such
as Diazepam (valium) Alprazolam (xanax), and Clonazepam (Klonopin).
Q-03: Why addiction is considered as harmful condition?
Ans: Symptoms of addiction
1. When a person is addicted to a substance, such as a drug, alcohol or
nicotine, they are not able to control the use of that substance.
2. When body levels of that substance go below a certain level the patient
has physical and mood-related symptoms. There are cravings for drugs,
bouts of moodiness, bad temper, frustration, anger, bitterness and
resentment.
3. While under the influence of some substance the addict may ingage in
risky activities, such as driving fast.
Q-04: How drugs (medicine) can be taken from natural source?
Ans: Drugs of plant, animal, microbiological marine, mineral, geographical
origins constitute the natural sources.
Q-05: Is it possible to get drugs from animals name some of them?
Ans: specific medication commonly used today that are derived from
venoms toxins, or secretions include captopril, eptifibatide, lepirudin and
exenatide.
Q-06: Do we have any harm of antibiotics? If so mention them.
Ans: Antibiotics can cause side effects based on how they work. Antibiotics
are prescribed for a particular infection, but can harm to your normal flora
which is beneficial for your body, Apart from it, side effects can also occur
which are:
 1. Antibiotic resistance
2. Diarrhea
3. Upset stomach
4. Thrush, which is a fungal infection that can affect the mouth or digestive
tract.
5. vaginal yeast infection caused by Candida albican, (Discharge , burning,
pain, itchiness)
6. Can cause yellowing of teeth
Q-07: how vaccine work against pathogen? Explain the process with the
help of diagram?
Ans: A vaccine is biological preparation that improves immunity to a
particular disease

C. EXTENSIVE RESPONSE QUESTIONS

Q-01: How bacteria produces antibiotic resistance?
Ans: Over use of Antibiotics can cause antibiotic resistance in which bacteria become habitual
vfor that antibiotics or alter strategy to hinder the effect of antibiotics. The change either
protects the bacterium from the action of the medication or neutralizes the medication. They
can acquire resistance by getting a resistance gene encoded to its chromosomes.
Q-02: Describe the mode of vaccination?
Ans: A vaccine is a biological preparation that improves immunity to a particular disease. A
vaccine typically contains an agent the resembles a disease-causing micro-organism, and is
often made from weakened or killed form of the microbe, its toxin or one of its surface
proteins. A vaccine can confer active immunity against a specific harmful agent by stimulating
the immune system to attack the agent. The first vaccine was introduced by british physician
Edward Jenner, who in 1796 used the cowpox virus (vaccinia) to confer protection against
smallpox, a related virus in humans.

THE END