Research Methods in Architecture: Spring 2012
Research Methods in Architecture: Spring 2012
Research Methods in Architecture: Spring 2012
of Kansas
School of Architecture, Design & Planning
ARCH 701
RESEARCH METHODS IN ARCHITECTURE
Spring 2012
Wednesdays, 7:00pm – 9:50pm Instructor: Kapila D. Silva, PhD
Room: Lindley 412 Office: Marvin Studios 132
Office Hours: T 3.00pm ‐ 5.30pm
3 credits / G E‐mail: kapilads@ku.edu
Class Number 58537
Teaching Assistant : Julie Lawless
Office : Snow Hall 217
Office Hours: TBA
E‐mail : jumawila@ku.edu
Course Description & Objectives discussions on a variety of research techniques
and the progress of your research project.
This course introduces students to
architectural research as both a professional Initially, we will discuss why we need
and scholarly activity, which constitutes research in design, what constitutes research
systematic inquiry as a means of answering in architecture, whether research is different
questions related to the creation of the built from design, and how research can be applied
environment. It provides an overview of in design. We will also explore the potential
theories and methods that seek to clarify the for understanding design as a mode of
relationship between people and places and a research inquiry.
range of techniques on gathering, assessing,
interpreting, and comparatively evaluating As a discipline, architecture draws from a
relevant information for such an inquiry. broad base of academic traditions: the natural
These techniques include, among others, sciences, the social sciences, and the arts and
historical, archival, ethnographical, humanities. As a result, the sheer breadth of
experimental, simulational, survey, mapping, knowledge that relates to architecture can
statistical, and qualitative analysis present a significant challenge for
methods. The course also provides you an architectural researchers and those who
understanding of the role of applied research would apply research in practice.
in determining function, form, and systems Unfortunately, the types and content of
and their impact on human conditions and inquiry that constitute the discipline of
behavior. architecture tend to reify themselves behind
conceptual firewalls/barriers that prevent a
Content and Structure robust and holistic discourse from emerging.
Thus we will discuss this range of latent
The course has several components: a research aspects in generating new knowledge in any
project, lectures and discussions, and a written discipline, such as the range of assumptions
research report. Class sessions will consist of about the material and human reality that
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underlie different systems of inquiry, research Course Assessment
design and strategy, and research quality.
Assessment is based on semester‐long
The remainder of the course will research project and class participation. Your
systematically consider a wide array of performance will primarily be assessed by the
specific research tactics – data collection and quality of your research project and the level
data analysis methods ‐ that can be utilized in of your engagement in it, evaluated in an on‐
generating knowledge in different domains of going basis.
architecture.
Research Project: This is the key assignment
Course Readings of the class, which is designed to help you
understand how to conduct a research project
The readings provide general discussions of and to advance your thinking about your own
various research tactics and published research interests in a ‘hands‐on’ manner. The
examples of each. It is highly recommended project is especially designed to go hand‐in‐
referring to the following text, available in the hand with your Comprehensive Studio. You
Hatch Library Reserve, for research strategies
are given a research question to investigate,
& tactics.
derive design principles from the study, to
apply those principles into your own Studio
Linda Groat & David Wang (2002)
project, and to test the validity of your design
Architectural Research Methods. New York:
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. decisions or design hypotheses.
You may also refer to the following texts, The research project should be undertaken in
available at KU Libraries, too. groups. Each group should have four
members, ideally from the same
Robert Sommer & Barbara Sommer (2002) A Comprehensive Studio. I expect a very high
Practical Guide to Behavioral Research: Tools quality final product, and the final grades will
and Techniques. New York: The Oxford be equally distributed among the group
University Press. members. If you want to see different
weightings be assigned in order to reflect each
Henry Sanoff (1991) Visual Research Methods member’s level of contribution, each group
in Design. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. should discuss that with the instructor before
May 10, 2012.
John W. Creswell (2003) Research Design:
Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Method The research project is conducted in several
Approaches. 2nd Edition. Thousand Oaks, CA: stages, and there will be a series of
Sage Publications. submissions to take you on this path step by
step. You will be given specific instructions on
John Zeisel (1981) Inquiry by Design: Tools for how to work on these assignments. Each
Environment‐Behavior Research. Monterey, submission will be assigned a letter grade and
CA: Brooks/Cole Publishing Co. the final grade will reflect the cumulative
effect of these. However, it is expected that
Copies of other recommended readings on you will continue to improve these different
specific research examples are available on the steps of the project, so that your effort is
Course Blackboard. clearly reflected in the final report, which will
be noticed and rewarded.
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All submissions should be in a suitable Schedule of Classes & Submissions
format (8.5 x 11 or 11 x 17 or other format)
hard copy version and are due at the January 18 Course Introduction;
beginning of the class on the day of the Interpretive‐Historical
submission. Names of the Group members Research
and the submission title should be clearly
identified on the cover page. Include a list of January 25 Group Meetings/Work
sources of reference, if any. (E‐mail team members names)
Grading: The final grade will be determined February 01 Ethnographic Research /
as follows: Research Ethics
(Assignment 1 due)
Assignment 1 15%
Assignment 2 15% February 08 & 15 Group Meetings/Work
Assignment 3 15%
Assignment 4 15% February 22 Typological Research
Assignment 5 15% (Assignment 2 due)
Assignment 6 15%
Assignment 7 10% February 29 Group Meetings/Work
Participation: This includes your enthusiastic March 07 Sustainable Design Research
participation in class discussions and in the (Assignment 3 due)
assigned research task. Since this subject of
research methods is an unfamiliar territory to March 14 Group Meetings/Work
you, it is important to keep an on‐going
discussion with your instructors regarding March 21 SPRING RECESS
your understanding of the subject.
Consequently, a greater degree of ‘coaching’ is March 28 Design Hypotheses &
necessary. Thus, it is imperative to utilize the Evidence‐based Design
in‐class meetings and the instructors’ office (Assignment 4 due)
hours to the fullest.
April 04 Individual Work
Attendance: Attendance at all class meetings
is mandatory. Three absences without prior April 11 Simulation Research
approval will drop your final grade by one (Assignment 5 due)
grade point.
April 18 Individual Work
April 25 Course Review
(Assignment 6 due)
May 02 Individual Work
May 09 Assignment 7
Research Report (Final) Due
(E‐mail a PDF version to the
instructor by 9.00pm)
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Research Project
You may need to locate specific precedents of
Student teams (04 students from the same the place type for this investigation. Select at
studio in a team) will investigate the least 04 precedents that have made significant
following research questions in relation to the impact on its urban and societal context. Read
specific Place Type that you will be designing architects’ own reflections and writings of
in the studio. The outcome of the research other architectural critics on how the
study will become a part of your designers interpreted the societal and
Comprehensive Studio documentation. The contextual expectations of those place types.
first four steps should be conducted as a
team and the last three steps should be Student teams from the same studio may
performed individually. Grades will be decide either to divide the four specific
assigned separately for team work and questions among themselves to focus on or to
individual work, and your final grade will be investigate all four questions within each
determined by both. team.
You are expected to consult your Recommended: Groat & Wang: Chapter 6‐
Comprehensive Studio Instructor in Interpretive‐Historical Research
conducting these investigations. Studio
Instructors will be able to provide you with
appropriate case studies/precedents, reading Research Task 2 (due February 22):
materials, and other useful sources and Defining the User Needs
contacts of information.
Study the user/stakeholder objectives, needs,
and expectations of the place type and clearly
Research Task 1 (due February 01): develop and define the program for the studio
Interpreting the Place Type project. With the help of your Studio
Instructor, identify the different groups of
Study the key socio‐cultural, political, and your clientele, develop a list of programmatic
urban contextual roles played by the aspects you want to discuss with the client
particular place type that you will be and user groups, and devise a questionnaire.
designing over its course of history, with If possible, try to identify four different
particular attention given to the contemporary groups of users, whom four student teams in
times. The study should focus on four specific the same studio could interview separately.
questions: (a) how has this place type emerged Interview and/or survey the client/user groups
and evolved responding to what socio‐cultural and report the findings. You also can observe
and political issues in the society; (b) how has the current behavior of a key user group in a
this place type become a catalyst for growth specific space of or within the place type, and
and/or change in its physical context and the use the data to understand how users interact
urban fabric; (c) how have architects who with their setting or function within specific
worked on this place type interpreted its spaces.
societal and contextual role and expectations
in their designs; and (d) what are the key If you do not have direct access to the user
expectations that this place type is supposed groups/client of your specific project, locate
to deliver in today’s societal and physical and talk to users of a similar project. For
context with regard to your own project’s site example, if your project is a hypothetical film
and community. school project and thus does not have an
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identifiable client, interview students and diagrams of the plans and sections, identifying
faculty at KU film or theater school. the essential Plan Configuration, Sectional
Configuration, Primary Circulation Pattern,
You could use a range of research techniques, Program Distribution Pattern, and
including surveys, structured interviews, Served/Service Spatial Pattern for each
focus group interviews, cognitive mapping, precedent. Compare and contrast the patterns
etc., for this purpose. You may also conduct of the precedents. Do you see any
more organized observations using techniques commonalities in each pattern across the
such as activity mapping. selected precedents? Derive a common
abstract typology or typologies for the place
Recommended: Groat & Wang: Chapter 7‐ type based on these patterns. Identify the
Qualitative Research and Chapter 8‐ Peripheral design attributes that do not play
Correlational Research any significant role in determining the generic
place typology. Discuss what factors may
have determined the emergence of the generic
Research Task 3 (due March 07): typology/typologies for the place type. Include
Typological Analysis the plans, sections, photos, and your diagrams
for each precedent.
Most place types have a generic typology in
which certain functions and spaces are
organized in a fairly similar manner across Research Task 4 (March 28):
different buildings of the same place type. Sustainable Design Principles
These are Core design attributes that remain
constant in any given design of the specific The Living Building Challenge and Biophilic
place type. In the meantime, all other Design are two approaches that lead the
functions and spaces change in response to discussion of sustainable design today. You
architect’s design preferences and other will study these approaches in‐depth and
contextual and programmatic requirements. identify the ways how these approaches
These Peripherals are what give architects would impact the design of your selected
greater design freedom. Do you think the place type. Each team should pick 04 specific
place type you design too have such a generic principles out of the 20 principles included in
typology, in which there are Core design the Living Building Challenge and other
attributes that remain constant and other principles in Biophilic Design. Discuss how
Peripheral design attributes that change the selected principles relate to your place
depending on the context, program, and type and site conditions and what specific
designer preference? Are there single or design strategies, materials, and technologies
multiple typologies for the place type? What are available for achieving the desired
factors have determined the emergence of objectives.
such typologies? If your place type does not
have specific typologies, what are the reasons Recommended:
for it? Jason McLennan (2010). The Living Building
Challenge 2.0: A Visionary Path to a
Each team should select 04 precedents of the Restorative Future. Seattle, WA: International
place type designed within last 20 years. Living Building Institute.
Consult your own Studio Instructor to
determine the best precedents for this Stephen Kellert, Judith Heerwagen, & Martin
purpose. Locate plans and sections of those Mador (2008). Biophilic Design: The Theory,
precedents. Develop abstract analytic
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Science, and Practice of Bringing Buildings to should be carried out individually. Mention
Life. NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. your design intentions/hypotheses behind the
design of the envelope system in your design
Alison G. Kwok & Walter Grondzik (2011) The project and how you expect it to perform.
Green Studio Handbook: Environmental Using suitable software programs, run a
Strategies for Schematic Design. London, UK: simulation analysis of the climatic
The Architectural Press. responsiveness and/or energy performance of
your building envelop/skin system to test
whether it would perform as you intended.
Research Task 5 (due April 11): Indicate your findings and what changes you
Design Hypotheses and Evidence may make to the design to improve the
performance of the envelop system. Illustrate
This particular step is specifically about your your report with relevant graphics.
own individual design project and, therefore,
should be carried out individually. Based on Recommended:
the findings of above research investigations Groat & Wang: Chapter 10 – Simulation and
on the selected place type, derive a set of Modeling Research.
principles that could guide your own
Comprehensive Design Project. You are
making a range of design decisions (design Research Task 7 (due May 09):
hypotheses) assuming that your design would Final Research Report
respond to a range of factors and that your
design would perform in certain ways, when Please submit a report containing all of the
it is constructed and occupied. Write down above submissions. You may make necessary
those design intentions/hypotheses and the revisions to the previous submissions before
factors that guide them, illustrated with including them in this Final Report. Please e‐
relevant graphics (plans, sections, elevations, mail the PDF version to the instructor by
perspectives, analytic diagrams). Articulate 9.00pm.
how the design principles derived from the
previous research tasks (on the societal and
contextual role of the place type, user needs,
place typology, and sustainable design
principles) have informed those design
intentions. Select at the least 04 specific
major design decisions to reflect upon. If
your design is not informed by the design
principles derived from the previous research
conducted, discuss why you did not rely on
those research and, in such an event, what
other research/evidence you have to support
your design claims.
Research Task 6 (due April 25):
Simulation of Building Envelope
This particular step is specifically about your
own individual design project and, therefore,
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KU and SADP POLICIES with the course schedule or requirements
should contact me at the beginning of the
Students with Disabilities semester to discuss alternate
accommodations.
The KU Office of Disability Resources (DR)
coordinates accommodations and services for Prerequisites
all eligible students with disabilities. If you
have a disability and wish to request If any enrolled student has not completed all
accommodations and have not contacted DR, the prerequisites for the course, they may be
please do so as soon as possible. Their office administratively disenrolled unless they have
is located in 22 Strong Hall; their phone a previously approved petition.
number is 785‐864‐2620 (V/TTY). Information
about their services can be found at Disclaimer
http://www.disability.ku.edu/. Please also
contact me privately in regard to your needs The schedule and requirements for the course
in this course. presented in this syllabus are subject to
change in the event of extenuating
Academic Misconduct circumstances.
Academic misconduct by a student shall
include, but not be limited to, disruption of
classes; threatening an instructor or fellow
student in an academic setting; giving or
receiving of unauthorized aid on examinations
or in the preparation of notebooks, themes,
reports or other assignments; knowingly
misrepresenting the source of any academic
work; unauthorized changing of grades;
unauthorized use of University approvals or
forging of signatures; falsification of research
results; plagiarizing of anotherʹs work;
violation of regulations or ethical codes for the
treatment of human and animal subjects; or
otherwise acting dishonestly in research.
When academic misconduct is alleged, the
clear university policies and procedures
expressed in the academic misconduct section
of the student handbook, available at
www.studenthandbook.ku.edu will be
followed. Look specifically at the section on
“Codes, Policies, Laws, and Guidelines” :
http://www.studenthandbook.ku.edu/codes.s
html#Academic%20Misconduct.
Religious Holidays
Any student in this course who plans to
observe a religious holiday which conflicts
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LIST OF SOME USEFUL RESEARCH Habitat International
JOURNALS GF 101. H 28 Anschutz
Journal of Architectural and Planning Journal of Architecture
Research TH 4. C 48 Art & Architecture
NA 1. J 68 Art & Architecture
Journal of Planning Literature
Journal of the Society of Architectural Z 5942. J 68 Art & Archi./ Hatch
Historians
NA 1. A 327 Art & Architecture Journal of Environmental Planning and
Management
Journal of Architectural Education NA 9000. P 58 Art & Architecture
NA 1. J 77 Art & Archi./ Hatch
Indoor and Built Environment
Environment & Behavior TA 170. I 53 Engineering
HM 206. E 5 Watson
Applied Acoustics
Journal of Environmental Psychology TA 365. A 6 Engineering
BF 353. J 68 Watson
Ergonomics
Design Studies TA 166. E 7 Engineering
NA 1. D 47 Art & Architecture
Journal of Housing Research
Traditional Dwellings & Settlement Review HD 1361. J 66 Watson
NA 7117.5 .T 73 Art & Architecture
Cities
Journal of Architectural Engineering HT 119. C 563 Watson
TH 1. J 67 Art & Architecture
Sage Urban Studies Abstracts
Journal of Interior Design HT 51. S 24 Watson
NK 1700. J 68 Art & Architecture
International Development Planning Review
Journal of Design History HT 169.5 T 5 Watson
NK 1175. J 68 Art & Architecture
Environment and Urbanization
Health Environments Research and Design HT 243. D 44 E 58 Watson
Journal‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ Hatch
Urban Geography
Environment & Planning A: City Planning HT 101. U 74 Watson
HT 166. E 55 Watson
Journal of Urban Affairs
Environment & Planning B: Planning & HT 101. J 65 Watson
Design
NA 2005. E 58 Art & Architecture Urban Studies
HT 103. U 7 Watson
Environment & Planning D: Society & Space
H 1. E 58 Watson
8
Journal of the Community Development Material History Review
Society F 1021. N37a Watson
HN 1. C 63 Watson
Pioneer America
Community Development E 161. p 56 Watson
302.3405 C 737 Anschutz
Visual Anthropology
Transportation Research D: Transport & GN 347. V 57 Watson
Environment
TA 1001. T 725x Engineering Visual Anthropology Review
GN 347. S 86 Watson
Urban Anthropology
HT 101. U 6723 Watson Winterthur Portfolio
N 9. W 52 Art & Architecture
Urban History
HT 101. U 675 Watson Space & Culture (International Journal of
Social Spaces)
Journal of Urban History Electronic Resource
HT 101. J 68 x Watson
Journal of Urban Design
Landscape Electronic Resource
GF 1. L 35 Anschutz
Worldviews: Environment, Culture, Religion
Landscape & Urban Planning Electronic Resource
QH 75. A 1 L 35 Anschutz
Architecture, City and Environment
Landscape Architecture Electronic Resource
SB 469. L 3 Anschutz/ Hatch
Journal of Housing and the Built Environment
Landscape Design Electronic Resource
SB 469. I 59 Anschutz
Environment, Development and Sustainability
Land Use Policy Electronic Resource
KF 5698. Z 95. C 68 Law Library
Journal of Light & Visual Environment
Cultural Anthropology Electronic Resource
GN 301. C 85 Watson
Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning
Journal of Cultural Geography Electronic Resource
GF 1. J 68 Watson
Housing Studies
Journal of American Folklore Electronic Resource
GR 1. J 8 Watson
Intelligent Buildings
Material Culture Electronic Resource
E 161. P 56 Watson