Machines Lab Manual
Machines Lab Manual
Machines Lab Manual
Open circuit and load characteristics of separately excited and self excited D.C. generator.
1. Load test on D.C. shunt motor.
2. Swinburne’s test and speed control of D.C. shunt motor.
3. Load test on single phase transformer and open circuit and short circuit test on single
phase transformer
4. Regulation of three phase alternator by EMF and MMF methods.
5. Load test on three phase induction motor.
6. No load and blocked rotor tests on three phase induction motor (Determination of
equivalent circuit parameters)
7. Study of D.C. motor and induction motor starters.
8. Digital simulation of linear systems.
9. Stability Analysis of Linear system using Mat lab.
10. Study the effect of P, PI, PID controllers using Mat lab.
11. Design of Lead and Lag compensator.
12. Transfer Function of separately excited D.C.Generator.
13. Transfer Function of armature and Field Controller D.C.Motor.
LOAD TEST ON DC SHUNT MOTOR
Aim:
To conduct Load test on DC shunt motor and to find the efficiency.
Apparatus Required:
Precautions:
Formulae:
Nm
Watts
Watts
%
Tabular column:
Spring
Balance (S1 ~ S 2) Output Input
Voltage Current Reading Speed Kg Torque Efficiency
Power Power
S.No V I N T
Pm Pm
(Volts) (A) S1 S2 (rpm) (Nm) η %
(Watts) (Watts)
(Kg) (Kg)
Theory:
When the armature terminals of the motor are connected to and external source of D.C
supply; the field magnets are excited developing alternate N ad S poles. The armature conductors
carry currents. All conductors under N-pole carry currents in one direction while all the
conductors under S-pole carry currents in the opposite direction. Since each armature conductor
is carrying current and is placed in the magnetic field. Mechanical force acts on it. And applying
Fleming’s left hand rule, states that when a current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic
field the conductor experiences a mechanical force as such a way force on each conductor is
tending to rotate the armature in anticlockwise direction. All these forces add together to produce
a driving torque, which sets the armature rotating. When the conductor moves from one side of a
brush to the other the current in that conductor is reversed and at the same time it comes under
the influence of next pole, which is of opposite polarity. The direction of force on the conductor
remains the same.
Characteristics:
The field current I sh is constant since the field winding is directly connected to the supply
voltage V which is assumed to be constant. Hence, the flux in a shunt motor is approximately
constant.
Speed Vs Torque Characteristics:
Ta α Ø Ia since the motor is operating from a constant supply voltage, flux Ø is constant
(neglecting the armature reaction), this characteristic is a straight line.
Model Graph:
Model Calculation:
Speed vs Armature Current.
The speed N of a motor is given by:
The flux in a shunt motor is almost constant under normal condition. So the speed of the
motor remains constant as the armature current varies. When the load is increased Eb = V – I a Ra
and Ø decrease due to the armature resistance drop and armature reaction respectively. However,
E b decrease slightly more than Ø so that the speed of the motor decreases slightly with load..
Procedures:
Result:
Thus Load test on DC shunt motor was conducted and its efficiency was determined.
Speed Control
Aim:
To obtain speed control of DC shunt motor by
i) Varying Armature voltage with field current constant.
ii) Varying field current with Armature voltage with constant.
Apparatus Required:
Precautions:
1. Field rheostat should be kept in the minimum position at the time of starting and
stopping.
2. Armature Rheostat should be kept in the maximum resistance position at the time
of starting and stopping the motor.
Theory:
DC shunt motor is one which converts electrical energy into mechanical energy in which
field winding is connected in parallel with the armature winding which works on the principle of
Faradays laws of electromagnetic induction. i.e. When a current carrying conductor is placed in a
magnetic field, it experiences a mechanical force whose direction is given by Fleming’s left hand
rule.
Tabular column:
S.No If = If = If =
Armature Speed, N Armature Speed, N Armature Speed, N
Voltage, Va Voltage, Va Voltage, Va
(Volts) (Volts) (Volts)
(rpm) (rpm) (rpm)
S.N Va = Va = Va =
o Field Current, Speed, N Field Speed, N Field Speed, N
If Current, If Current, If
(A) (A) (A)
(rpm) (rpm) (rpm)
The equation governing the speed of a DC shunt motor is
Procedures:
1. Armature voltage is fixed to various values and for each fixed value, by adjusting
the field rheostat, speed is noted for various field current.
2. Bringing field rheostat to minimum position and armature rheostat to maximum
position DPST switch is opened.
3. The motor is then brought to no load condition and field rheostat to minimum
position, then DPST switch is opened.
Result:
Thus Load test on DC shunt motor was conducted and its efficiency was determined.
Swinburne’s Test
Aim:
Apparatus Required:
Precautions:
1. Field rheostat should be kept in the minimum position at the time of starting and
stopping.
Formulae:
Tabular column:
No load Test:
Procedures:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. After checking minimum resistance position of field rheostat, DPST switch is
closed and start motor with the help of 3 point starter.
3. By adjust the field rheostat and bring the speed of the motor to its rated value.
4. The no load meter readings are notes and tabulated.
5. The field rheostat is then brought to minimum resistance position, DPST switch is
opened.
As Motor:
Thus Load test on DC shunt motor was conducted and its efficiency was determined.
LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER
Aim:
To conduct load test on Single Phase Transformer and to find efficiency and percentage
regulation.
Apparatus Required:
Precautions:
Formulae:
TABULATION:
Primary Reading Secondary Reading Input Output Regulation
Efficiency
S.No Load Power( Power
V1 I1 W1 V2 I2 W2 %
Watt) (Watt) %
(volt) (A) (Watt) (volt) (A) (Watt)
Theory:
The transformer is one which transformer energy from source to another without changes
in frequency. It works on the principle of mutual inductance when the transformer is loaded the
secondary current flows through the secondary windings. The load determines the magnitude of
i2. If it is a resistive load i2 is in phase with the v2.there exist a secondary mmf n2i2 due to which
secondary current sets up its own flux 2. This opposes main flux produced in the core due to
magnetizing component of no load current. Hence the mmf n2i2 is called demagnetizing ampere-
turns.
The flux reduced the main fluxes due to which the pry-induced emf e1 also reduces.
Hence the vector difference v1 –e1 increases due which pry draws more current from the supply.
The additional current drawn by primary is due to the load hence called load component of
primary current. This load component is in antiphase with i2. This load component sets up its
own flux2’ and opposes 2 and helps the main flux. This flux 2’ neutralizes the flux 2
produced by i2. The mmf n1i2’ balances the ampere-turns n2i2. Hence the flux in the core is
maintained constant.
Thus for any load condition no load to full load the flux in the core is practically constant.
The load component i2’ always neutralizes the changes in the load. As practically flux is constant
the core loss is also constant for all the loads. Hence the transformer is called constant flux
machine.
PROCEDURE:
Model Calculation:
Result:
Apparatus Required:
Precaution:
Auto transformer should be in minimum voltage position at the time of closing and
opening DPST switch.
Theory:
Core loss,
(A) (A)
Where X is the load and it is 1 for full load, ½ for half load, ¾ load, ¼ load etc., and the
power factor is upf, 0.8p.f lag and 0.8 p.f lead.
TABULATION:
Open Circuit Test:
W0
V0 I0 (Watt)
S.No (Volts) (A)
Observed Actual
WSC
VSC ISC (Watt)
S.No (Volts) (A)
Observed Actual
Regulation:
% Voltage Regulation
Power Factor
lagging leading
PROCEDURE:
O.C TEST:
1. The circuit connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. After checking the minimum position of autotransformer, DPST switch is closed.
3. Auto transformer is adjusted get the rated primary voltage.
4. Under this condition the ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter readings are noted down.
5. After the experiment is completed, the autotransformer is slowly brought back to
minimum position and then the main supply is switched OFF.
S.C. TEST:
1. Circuit connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. After checking the minimum position of autotransformer, DPST switch is closed.
3. Auto transformer is adjusted get the rated primary current.
4. Under this condition the ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter readings are noted down.
5. After the experiment is completed, the autotransformer is slowly brought back to
minimum position and then the main supply is switched OFF
Efficiency:
Aim:
To conduct the Open circuit test on Separately Excited DC shunt generator and to draw
the Open circuit characteristics (Eg Vs Ia)
Apparatus Required:
Precautions:
1. Field rheostat of the motor should be kept in the minimum position at the time of
starting and stopping.
2. Field rheostat of the generator should be kept in the maximum position at the time
of starting and stopping.
Theory:
The external characteristic is the graph of the terminal voltage against load current. The
internal characteristic is the graph of the generated emf against the armature current. While
plotting both the characteristics, the speed N of the generator is maintained constant. In most of
the cases, the shunt field current is very small as compared with load current. Hence in practice,
the internal characteristics shows the graph of the induced emf against load current instead of
armature current neglecting shunt current.
Ideally the induced emf is dependent on the load current or armature current. But as the
load current increases, the armature current increases to supply load demand. As armature
current increases the armature flux increases. This distorts the main flux more and more. Hence
the generated emf decreases due to this armature reaction.
For DC shunt generator we know that, E = V + IaRa neglecting other drops. So as load
current Il, Ia increases. Thus the drop IaRa increases and the terminal voltages= E - IaRa
decreases. But the value of armature resistance is very small; the drop in terminal voltage as I l
changes from no load to full load is very small. Hence the DC shunt generator is called constant
voltage generator.
TABULATION:
DC Shunt Generator:
Result:
Aim:
To conduct the load test on Separately Excited DC shunt generator and to draw the
a) Internal characteristics (Ia Vs Eg)
b) External characteristics (IL Vs VL)
Apparatus Required:
Precautions:
3. Field rheostat of the motor should be kept in the minimum position at the time of
starting and stopping.
4. Field rheostat of the generator should be kept in the maximum position at the time
of starting and stopping.
Formulae:
Model Graph:
Theory:
The external characteristic is the graph of the terminal voltage against load current. The
internal characteristic is the graph of the generated emf against the armature current. While
plotting both the characteristics, the speed N of the generator is maintained constant. In most of
the cases, the shunt field current is very small as compared with load current. Hence in practice,
the internal characteristics shows the
graph of the induced emf against load current instead of armature current neglecting shunt
current.
Ideally the induced emf is dependent on the load current or armature current. But as the
load current increases, the armature current increases to supply load demand. As armature
current increases the armature flux increases. This distorts the main flux more and more. Hence
the generated emf decreases due to this armature reaction.
For DC shunt generator we know that, E = V + IaRa neglecting other drops. So as load
current Il, Ia increases. Thus the drop IaRa increases and the terminal voltages= E - IaRa
decreases. But the value of armature resistance is very small; the drop in terminal voltage as I l
changes from no load to full load is very small. Hence the DC shunt generator is called constant
voltage generator.
Procedure:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Precautions are checked and DPST switch is closed
3. The motor is started using the 3-point starter.
4. Under no load condition, ammeter and voltmeter readings are noted, after bringing the
voltage to rated voltage by adjusting the field rheostat of generator.
5. Load is varied gradually and for various load conditions ammeter and voltmeter readings
are noted.
6. Then the generator is unloaded and the field rheostat of DC shunt generator is brought to
maximum position and the field rheostat of DC shunt motor to minimum position, DPST
switch is opened.
Result:
AIM:
To conduct the OC Test on Self Excited DC shunt generator and to draw the Open circuit
characteristics (Eg Vs Ia)
Apparatus Required:
Precautions:
1. Field rheostat of the motor should be kept in the minimum position at the time of starting
and stopping.
2. Field rheostat of the generator should be kept in the maximum position at the time of
starting and stopping.
3. SPST switch is kept open during starting and stopping.
Theory:
The external characteristic is the graph of the terminal voltage against load current. The
internal characteristic is the graph of the generated emf against the armature current. While
plotting both the characteristics, the speed N of the generator is maintained constant. In most of
the cases, the shunt field current is very small as compared with load current. Hence in practice,
the internal characteristics shows the graph of the induced emf against load current instead of
armature current neglecting shunt current.
Ideally the induced emf is dependent on the load current or armature current. But as the
load current increases, the armature current increases to supply load demand. As armature
current increases the armature flux increases. This distorts the main flux more and more. Hence
the generated emf decreases due to this armature reaction.
Tabulation:
Procedure:
Result:
AIM:
To conduct the load test on Self Excited DC shunt generator and to draw the
Apparatus Required:
Precautions:
1. Field rheostat of the motor should be kept in the minimum position at the time of
starting and stopping.
2. Field rheostat of the generator should be kept in the maximum position at the time
of starting and stopping.
Theory:
The external characteristic is the graph of the terminal voltage against load current. The
internal characteristic is the graph of the generated emf against the armature current. While
plotting both the characteristics, the speed N of the generator is maintained constant. In most of
the cases, the shunt field current is very small as compared with load current. Hence in practice,
the internal characteristics shows the graph of the induced emf against load current instead of
armature current neglecting shunt current.
Ideally the induced emf is dependent on the load current or armature current. But as the
load current increases, the armature current increases to supply load demand. As armature
current increases the armature flux increases. This distorts the main flux more and more. Hence
the generated emf decreases due to this armature reaction.
Tabulation:
Model Graph:
MODEL CALCULATION:
For DC shunt generator we know that, E = V + IaRa neglecting other drops. So as load current I l,
Ia increases. Thus the drop IaRa increases and the terminal voltages= E - IaRa decreases. But the
value of armature resistance is very small; the drop in terminal voltage as I l changes from no load
to full load is very small. Hence the DC shunt generator is called constant voltage generator.
Procedure:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Precautions are checked and DPST switch is closed.
3. The motor is started using the 3-point starter.
4. Adjusting the field rheostat of the motor speed is brought to the rated value.
5. By varying the generator field rheostat gradually, the open circuit voltage and
corresponding field current are tabulated.
6. The Load is gradually varied in steps and at each step the field current Load Current and
the corresponding induced EMF are recorded in the tabular column.
7. After bringing the generator field rheostat to maximum position field rheostat of motor to
minimum, DPST switch is opened.
RESULT:
Aim:
To conduct Load test on DC series motor and to find the efficiency.
Apparatus Required:
Precautions:
Formulae:
Nm
Watts
Watts
THEORY:
DC series motor is one which converts electrical energy into mechanical energy in which
field winding is connected in series with the armature winding which works on the principle of
Faradays laws of electromagnetic induction. i.e. When a current carrying conductor is placed in a
magnetic field, it experiences a mechanical force whose direction is given by Fleming’s left hand
rule.
We know that Ta Ia, in this case field windings also carry the armature current, Ia
hence Ta Ia2. At light loads, Ia and hence is small. But as I a increases Ta increases as the square
of the armature current. Hence Ta / Ia curve is parabola. After saturation is almost independent
of Ia hence Ta Ia only .so the characteristics becomes a straight line. The shaft torque T sh is less
than armature torque due to stray losses. Hence in cases where huge starting torque is required
for accelerating heavy masses quickly as in hoists and electric trains, series motor is used.
N Eb/ change in Eb for various load currents is small and hence may be neglected for
the time being. With increased Ia , also increases. Hence, speed varies inversely as armature
current.
When the load is heavy Ia is large. Hence, speed is low this decreases Eb and allows more
armature current to flow. But when load current and hence Ia falls to a small value, speed
becomes dangerously high. Hence a series motor should never be started without some
mechanical load on it. Otherwise it may develop excessive speed and get damaged due to heavy
centrifugal forces so produced. It should be noted that series motor is a variable speed.
It should be noted that when speed is high torque would be low.
Procedures:
Tabular column:
Result:
Thus Load test on DC series motor was conducted and its efficiency was determined.
REGULATION OF 3 PHASE ALTERNATOR BY EMF AND MMF METHOD
Aim:
Apparatus Required:
1 Voltmeter (0-600)V MI 1
2 Ammeter (0-2)A,(0-10)A MI 2
300Ω, 0.8A
FORMULA:
E.M.F Method
(iv) Open circuit induced Emf:
For ¼ load I
For ½ load I
For ¾ load I
- For upf
E.M.F Method
Xs/ph=√(Zs/ph)2 +(Ra/ph)2
E0=√(VcosΦ+IaRa)2+(VsinΦ±IaXs)2
%Reg= (Eo-V)x100/V
PRECAUTIONS:
1) The field rheostat of motor should be in minimum resistance position at the time of starting
and stopping the machine.
2) The field rheostat of Alternator should be in maximum position at the time of starting and
stopping the machine.
Procedure:
2. After checking minimum position of motor field rheostat, maximum position of alternator
field rheostat, DPST switch is closed and starting resistance is gradually removed.
3. By adjusting the field rheostat, the Motor is brought to rated speed and thereby the speed to
the Synchronous speed of the alternator is adjusted.
Tabulation:
Open circuit
Field Current
Voltage
S.No IF (Amps)
VO.C (Volts)
5. After bringing the alternator rheostat to maximum position, field rheostat of motor to
minimum position, TPST switch at the alternator is closed and Ammeter readings of field is
obtained by adjusting the field rheostat of alternator and the corresponding short circuit
ammeter readings are noted.
6. After opening the TPST switch at the alternator side and bringing the alternator rheostat to
maximum position, field rheostat of motor to minimum position, DPST switch at the motor
side is opened.
= ( V*1.5) / I
Voltage Current Armature Resistance
THEORY:
The Alternator is run at synchronous speed and the load terminals are kept open. That is all
the loads are disconnected the field is set to Zero. Then the field current is gradually increased in
steps, and the terminal voltage V is measured at each steps. The excitation current may be increased
to get 25% more than rated voltage of the alternator. A graph is plotted between the open circuit
phase voltage and field current If. The characteristics curve so obtained is called open circuit
characteristics.
The armature terminals are shorted through ammeters. Care should be taken in
performing this test, and the field current should be first decreased to zero before starting the
alternator .The alternator is then run at synchronous speed. Then the field current is gradually
increased in steps, and the ammeter current is measured at each steps. The field current may
be increased to get the armature current up to 150%of the rated value. The field current and
the ammeter reading at each step are taken. Graph is plotted between the armature current
and the field current. The characteristics so obtained are called short circuit characteristics.
RESULT:
Thus the % Regulation of the 3Φ Alternator was predetermined by the EMF and MMF
method
Aim:
Apparatus required:
1 Voltmeter (0-600)V MI 1
2 Ammeter (0-5)A,(0-2)A MI 2
4 wattmeter 600V,10A,upf 2
Precautions:
Theory:
There are two types of induction motor squirrel cage type rotor and slip ring type rotor is
also called wound rotor type .The rotor has a proper 3 phase winding with three leads brought
out through slip rings and brushes. These leads are normally short circuited when the motor is
running. Resistance are introduced in the rotor circuit Via the slip rings at the time of starting to
improve the starting torque that is not possible in cage type motor. The rotating field created by
stator winding moves past the shorted rotor conductors inducing the current in the latter. These
induced current produce their own fields which rotates at the same speed with respect to the
stator as the stator produced field. Torque is developed by the interaction of these two relatively
stationary fields .The rotor runs at a speed close to synchronous but always slightly lower than it.
Procedure:
S.N V1( I1( S1(K S2(K SPEE W1( W2( W=W1+ PO( T( % % P.
O V) A) g) g) D w) w) W2 W) N- η S F
(N)Rp m)
m (W)
Result:
The performance characteristics of 3-phase induction motor are drawn by conducting load
test.
NO LOAD AND BLOCKED ROTOR TEST ON THE
3ΦINDUCTION MOTOR
AIM:
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
FORMULA:
Xs+Xrs=ZscsinΦsc(Ω)
Φsr =tan-1[(Xs+Xrs)/(Rs +Rrs)] (deg) Power input to motor under no load test=Woc(W)
PRECAUTIONS:
1.Motor on no load(O.C.C)
PROCEDURE:
NO – LOAD TEST:
Thus the equivalent circuit of three phase induction motor is obtained and the efficiency, slip and
torque is pre determined.
REGULATION OF 3 PHASE ALTERNATOR BY EMF AND MMF METHOD
AIM:
1 Voltmeter (0-600)V MI 1
2 Ammeter (0-5)A,(0-2)A MI 2
4 Connecting
wires
FORMULA:
M.M.F Method
E.M.F Method
Xs/ph=√(Zs/ph)2 +(Ra/ph)2
E0=√(VcosΦ+IaRa)2+(VsinΦ±IaXs)2
%Reg= (Eo-V)x100/V
PRECAUTIONS:
THEORY:
The Alternator is run at synchronous speed and the load terminals are kept open. That is all
the loads are disconnected the field is set to Zero. Then the field current is gradually increased in
steps, and the terminal voltage V is measured at each steps. The excitation current may be increased
to get 25% more than rated voltage of the alternator. A graph is plotted between the open circuit
phase voltage and field current If. The characteristics curve so obtained is called open circuit
characteristics.
The armature terminals are shorted through ammeters. Care should be taken in
performing this test, and the field current should be first decreased to zero before starting the
alternator .The alternator is then run at synchronous speed. Then the field current is gradually
increased in steps, and the ammeter current is measured at each steps. The field current may
be increased to get the armature current up to 150%of the rated value. The field current and
the ammeter reading at each step are taken. Graph is plotted between the armature current
and the field current. The characteristics so obtained are called short circuit characteristics.
PROCEDURE:
OPEN CIRCUIT TEST
2. Keeping the motor field rheostat in the minimum position , the main supply is
switched ON.
3.The Motor is started using three point starter and the motor is brought to its rated rated
4. Using the potential divider the current in the field circuit of the alternator is increased in
5.This procedure is continued until the alternator voltage is 150% of its rated voltage.
1.The Rated current is made to flow through the armature of the alternator by adjusting the
Potential divider
2.The value of field current required to pass rated current through the alternator winding is
3.After the completion of short circuit test, the two rheostat are brought back to there
IF(A) VO.C(V)
S.NO
IF(A) ISC(A)
S.NO
RESULT:
Thus the % Regulation of the 3Φ Alternator was predetermined by the EMF and MMF
method
Aim:
When the supply is connected to the stator of a three-phase induction motor, a rotating
magnetic field is produced and the rotor starts rotating. Thus, a three-phase induction motor is
self-starting. At the time of starting the motor slip is unity and the
Starting current is very large. The purpose of a starter is not to start the motor as the name
implies. The starter of the motor perform two function:
1. To reduce the heavy starting current.
2. To provide overload and no-load protection.
In general, three-phase induction motors may be started either by connecting the motor
directly to the full voltage of the supply or by applying a reduced voltage to the motor
during starting period. The torque of an induction motor is proportional
To the square of the applied voltage. Thus, a greater torque is exerted by a motor
The following are the commonly used starters for cage motors:
In the direct-on-line method of starting cage motors, the motor is connected by means of
a starter across the full supply voltage. Figure shows the connections for one type of the direct-
on-line(D.O.L) starter. It consists of a coil-operated contactor C controlled by start and stop push
buttons, which may be installed at convenient places remote from the starter. On pressing the
START push button s1 (which is normally held Open by a spring) the contactor coil C is
energized from two line conductors L1 and L2.
The three main contacts M and the auxiliary contact A close and the terminals a and b are
Short-circuited. The motor is thus connected to the supply. When the pressure on s1 is
released, it moves back under spring action. Even than the coil C remains energized
through ab. Thus, the main contacts M remain closed and the motor continues to get
supply. For this reason, contact A is called hold-on-contact.
When the STOP push button S2 (which is normally held closed by spring) is pressed, the
supply through the contactor coil C is disconnected. Since the coil C is de-energised, the main
contacts M and auxiliary contact A are opened. The supply to motor Is disconnected and the
motor stops.
Undervoltage protection
When the voltage falls below a certain value, or in the event of failure of supply.
During motor operation, the coil C is de-energized. The motor is than disconnected from
the supply.
Overload protection
In case of an overload on the motor, one or all the overload coil(O.L.C) are energized .The
normally closed contact D is opened and the contactor coil c is energized to disconnect the
supply to the motor.Fuses are provided in the circuit for short circuit protection.
Direct on line starting is a simple and cheap method .The starting current may be
as large as 10 times the full load current and the starting torque is equal to full load
torque .such a large starting current produces excessive voltage drop in the line supplying
the motor. Small motors upto 5kw rating may be started by D.O.L. starters to avoid supply
voltage fluctuations.
This is a very common type of starter and extensively used, compared to the other types
of the starter. A star- delta starter is used for a cage motor designed to run normally on delta-
connected stator winding. The connections of a three-phase induction motor with a star-delta
starter. When the switch S is in the START position, the stator windings are connected in STAR
When the motor picks up Speed, say 80 per cent of its rated value, the changeover switch S is
thrown quickly to the RUN position which connects the stator windings in DELTA By
connecting the Stator windings, first in star and than in delta ,the line current drawn by the motor
at starting is reduced to one third as compared to starting current with the windings connected in
delta .At the time of stating when the stator windings are star connected ,each stator phase gets a
voltage Vl/√3,where Vl is the line voltage .since the Torque developed by an induction motor is
proportional to the square of the applied voltage, star delta starting reduces the starting torque to
one third that obtainable by direct delta starting.
Auto-Transformer Starter:
An auto-transformer starter is suitable for both star-and delta connected motorsIn this
method, the starting current is limited by using a three-phase auto-transformer to Reduce the
initial stator applied voltage. The motor with the auto-transformerStarter. The auto-transformer is
provided with a number of tappings.
In practice, the starter is connected to one particular tapping to obtain the most suitable
starting voltage. A double throw switch S is used to connect the auto-transformer In the circuit
for starting. When the handle H of the switch S in the START position, the Primary of the auto-
transformer is connected to the supply line and the motor is connected to the secondary of the
auto-transformer. When the motor picks up the speed,Say to about 80 per cent of its rated value,
the handle H is quickly moved to the RUN Position. The autotransformer is disconnected from
the circuit and the motor is directly
Connected to the line and gets its full rated voltage. The handle is held in the RUN position by
the under-voltage rely. In case the supply voltage fails or falls below a certain value, the handle
is released and returns to the OFF position. Overload protection by Thermal overload relays.
The rotor windings are connected in star. The open ends of the star circuit are
brought outside the rotor and connected to three insulated slip rings. The slip rings are
mounted on the shaft with brushes resting on them. The brushes are connected to three
variable resistors connected in star. The purpose of slip rings and brushes is to provide a
means for connecting external resistors in the rotor circuit .The resistor enable the
variation of each rotor phase resistance to serve two purpose.
1) To increase the starting torque and decrease the starting current from the supply.
2) To control the speed of the motor.
The connection of a 3 phase slip ring induction motor with a starter. Full supply voltage is
connected across the stator .Full starting resistances are connected ,and thus the supply
current to the stator is reduced .The rotor begins to rotate and the rotor resistance are
gradually cut out as the motor speed up. When the motor is running at its rated full speed ,
the starting resistance are cut out completely and the slip rings are short circuited.
AIM
To conduct direct load test on a single phase capacitor start induction motor and to plot
the performance characteristics of the machine.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1 Voltmeter (0-60)V MI 1
2. Ammeter (0-10)A MI 1
THEORY
A single phase induction motor is not self starting one method of making the self starting
is by providing an auxiliary winding on the stator. The auxiliary winding with capacitor in series
connected across the main winding to provide the required phase difference between the current
in parallel plates. This parallel path is only required for starting the motor. Hence a centrifugal
force is to auxiliary winding when the motor is called capacitor motor.
FORMULA:
PRECAUTIONS
Thus the load test on of 1-phase induction motor is conducted and performance
characteristics curves are plotted
Determination J and B:
Determination Kb:
Determination of Ra:
TRANSFER FUNCTION OF ARMATURE CONTROLLED
DC SHUNT MOTOR
Aim:
To determine the transfer function of DC shunt motor by armature controlled
method.
Apparatus Required:
Precautions:
Formulae:
Determination of KTA:
Determination of Za:
Theory:
In armature control the field current is kept constant and the Armature voltage is varied
and speed is varies. The field current, If is maintained constant by keeping the voltage Vf to a
constant value Vf and the armature current Ia is varied to change the torque T m of the load
connected to the motor shaft. Thus inut variable of the motor is the armature voltage V a and
output variable is the torque Tm. The moment of inertia J and viscous friction co-efficient B is
calculated.
Procedure:
Determination of J and B
Without Breaking:
1. The connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. The field rheostat is kept at minimum resistance position and the armature
rheostat is kept at maximum position.
3. The DPST switch is closed and the field rheostat Rf is adjusted to get some
desired field current.
4. The DPST switch is thrown to position 1.
5. The rheostat Ra is adjusted, so that the motor runs at a speed N, which is above the
rated speed , Nr.
N1 = Nr + ΔN
6. The DPST switch is now opened with the field remaining energized and
stopwatch is started simultaneously.
The time taken is seconds for the speed of the motor to draw from N1 to N2 is
noted, N2 = Nr + ΔN
With Breaking:
1. The initial speed of the motor is brought to a value No
2. The switch is thrown to position2.
3. Now the speed decreases and when the speed reaches N1 the stop watch is started
and when the speed drops to N2, the stop watch is stopped and time t2 is noted.
4. Also the two sets of the ammeter and voltmeter readings, corresponding to N1 and
N2 are noted. Readings V1 and I1 corresponds to the speed N1, while the readings
V2 and I2 corresponds to speed N2.
Determination of K TA
Determination of Kb
Determination of Ra
Determination of Lf
Tabular column:
To find Kb:
To find Ra:
Voltage, Current, Ra
V I (Ω)
(Volt) (A)
To find Za:
Voltage, Current, Za
V I (Ω)
(Volt) (A)
To find J and B:
To find Kt:
Armature Current Spring Balance Reading Torque
T
Ia (A)
S1 S2 (Nm)
(Kg) (Kg)
Model Graph:
Determination of Ra:
Determination of Rf:
Determination of Kg:
Aim:
To determine the transfer function of self excited DC shunt Generator.
Apparatus Required:
Precautions:
Formulae:
Determination of Kt:
Determination of Zf:
Theory:
Procedure:
Determination of Za:
Tabular column:
To find Kg:
To find Ra:
Voltage, Current, Ra
V I (Ω)
(Volt) (A)
To find Za:
Voltage, V Current, I Za
(Volt) (A) (Ω)
To find Rf:
Voltage, Eg Current, If Rf
(Volt) (A) (Ω)
To find Zf:
Voltage, Current, Zf
Ef If (Ω)
(Volt) (A)
To find J and B:
To find Kt:
Model Graph:
STABILITY ANALYSIS OF LINEAR SYSTEM
Aim:
To analyze the stability of linear system using Bode/Root locus/Nyquist plot.
Equipment Required:
System with MATLAB
Theory:
Root Locus:
In control theory, the root locus is the locus of the poles and zeros of a transfer function as the
system gain K is varies on some interval. The root locus is a useful tool for analyzing signals input single
output (SISO) linear dynamic systems. A system is stable if all of its poles are in the left-hand side of the
s-plane (for continuous systems) or inside the unit circle of the z-plane (for discrete systems)
In addition to determining the stability of the system, the root locus can be used to identify the damping
ratio and natural frequency of a system. Where lines of constant damping ratio can be drawn radially
from the origin and lines of constant natural frequency can be drawn as arcs whose center points coincide
with the origin. By selecting a point along the root locus that coincides with a desired damping ratio and
natural frequency a gain can be calculated and implemented in the controller.
Nyquist plot:
A Nyquist plot is used in automatic control and signal processing for assessing the stability of a system
with feedback. It is represented by a graph in polar coordinated in which the gain and phase of a
frequency response are plotted. The plot of these phasor quantities shows the phase as the angle and the
magnitude as the distance from the origin. This plot combines the two types of Bode plot (magnitude and
phase )on a single graph, with frequency as a parameter along the curve. The Nyquist plot is named after
Harry Nyquist, a former engineer at Bell Laboratories.
Assessment of the stability of a closed loop negative feedback system is done by applying the Nyquist
stability criterion to the Nyquist plot of the open loop system. This method is easily applicable even for
systems with delays which may appear difficult to analyze by means of other methods.
Nyquist and related plots are classic methods of assessing stability, but have been supplemented of
supplanted by computer-based mathematical tools in recent year. Such plots remain a convenient method
for an engineer to get an intuitive feel for a circuit.
Bode plot:
A Bode magnitude plot is a graph of log magnitude versus frequency, plotted with a log frequency axis,
to show the transfer function or frequency response of a linear, time invariant system. The Bode plot is
named after Hendrik Wade Bode. It is usually a combination of a Bode magnitude plot and Bode phase
plot.