Simple Harmonic Motion

Periodic motion: A body repeats its motion along a definite path after regular intervals of time.
The
minimum time interval after which the motion repeats itself is called its Time Period *oscillatory motion:
The body undergoes To and Fro motion on the same path about a fixed point. *Simple harmonic motion:
The motion of a particle trapped between two extreme boundaries, behaving both periodic and oscillatory.
A motion is said to be simple harmonic if 𝐹∝−𝑥 or F=-kx where k is a constant . We know that F=ma.
Thus a=-k/mx =-ω^2x. On substituting a = vdv/dx and on intergrating we get the value of velocity as v=ω
* (A^2-x^2)^1/2. If we integrate this equation further by substituting V=dx/dt we get the value of
displacement x as x=Asin (ωt +𝜙) At mean position v is maximum and zero at the extreme ends.
Acceleration is maximum at the extreme points and thus force is maximum at extreme points. where as
both of them are zero at the mean position. SHM is a projection of Uniform circular motion.
*Characteristics of SHM : AMPLITUDE : Magnitude of maximum displacement of the particle from its
mean position TIME PERIOD : The smallest time interval after which motion gets repeated 𝑇=2 𝜋/𝜔
PHASE(𝛿) : determines the status of particle in SHM ANGULAR FREQUENCY : Rate of change of the
phase (𝛿). " "Standard equation of SHM:( i) Particle at mean position At t=0 x=0 . Substituting these in
equation 𝑥=𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡+𝜙) we get 0=A sin (𝜙) . So, 𝜙 can be either 0 or 𝜋 . Hence at mean position x can be
𝑥=𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡) or 𝑥=-𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡) (ii) Particle at extreme position at t=0 , x=+A or -A Substituting these in
equation A=𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜙) or -A =𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜙) . Thus value of 𝜙 can be 𝜋/2 or 3𝜋/2. Hence displacement in this case
can be x=𝐴cos(𝜔𝑡) or 𝑥=-𝐴cos(𝜔𝑡)
Points to remember: 1) For SHM : 𝐹 =− ⃗ 𝑘𝑥 ⃗ that gives 𝑎 =−

⃗ 𝑘/𝑚 𝑥 ⃗ on replacing 𝑘/𝑚 with 𝜔^2 we get 𝑎
⃗=−𝜔^2 𝑥 .From
⃗ this we can write 𝑑𝑣/𝑑𝑡×𝑑𝑥/𝑑𝑥=𝑣 𝑑𝑣/𝑑𝑥=−𝜔^2 𝑥. On integrating we get ∫0^𝑣
𝑣𝑑𝑣=∫(𝑥=+𝐴)^𝑥−𝜔^2 𝑥𝑑𝑥⇒[𝑣^2/2]0^𝑣=−𝜔^2 [𝑥^2/2]𝐴^𝑥 . That is 𝑣^2=𝜔^2 (𝐴^2−𝑥^2) or 𝑣=± 𝜔√((𝐴^2−𝑥^2
) ). At mean position v is maximum and zero at the extreme ends. Acceleration is maximum at the extreme
points and thus force is maximum at extreme points. where as both of them are zero at the mean position.
2)Graphical representation of displacement, velocity & acceleration: Displacement: 𝑥= 𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡= 𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛
(𝜔𝑡+0) Velocity: 𝑣=𝐴𝜔𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡= 𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝜔𝑡+π/2) Acceleration: 𝑎=−𝐴𝜔^2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡= 𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝜔𝑡+π) From these
equations, we conclude that: (a) There is phase difference of π/2 between velocity and displacement and
velocity leads displacement by π/2 (b)There is phase difference of π/2 between acceleration and
displacement and acceleration leads displacement by π. Also, there is phase difference of π/2 between
acceleration and velocity and acceleration leads velocity by π/2 3)Phase difference:For two particles
performing the SHM, phase difference is the difference between the phase angles of both with respect to
their mean position. For example:if two particles are performing SHM with displacements as x1=Asin(ωt +
Φ1) & x2=Asin(ωt + Φ2).Then, phase difference, ΔΦ= (ωt + Φ1) - (ωt + Φ2) =Φ1 - Φ2 4)Potential energy
expression in SHM: U=1/2 kx² =1/2 mω²x², U=1/2 mω²A²sin²ωt. & Umax= 1/2 mω²A² (at extreme
position) Note:In general, U= U_o +1/2 kx² (U_o is the potential energy at origin, but if not given
specifically we assume it to be zero) 5)Kinetic energy expression in SHM: K=1/2 mv²=1/2 mω²(A²-x²) &
Kmax=1/2 mω²A² (at mean position). 6) Total Energy = PE + KE = 1/2 mω²x² +1/2 mω²(A²-x²) = 1/2
mω²A² (=constant, which means in ideal conditions , energy remains conserved)
SUMMARY : As this session is purely based on problems, so the questions alongwith the solutions are as
follows : 1. A hollow cylindrical shell of radius R has mass 𝑀. It is filled with water having mass m. It is
placed on an inclined plane connected to a spring (spring constant 𝑘) as shown. When it is disturbed it
performs oscillations without slipping on the inclined plane. a. Find the time period of the resulting
oscillation. [ SOLUTION : T=2𝜋√((2M+m)/k).] |||| b. If the water in the above case freezes into ice which
is tightly pressed against the inner surface of the cylinder, find the time period of the resulting oscillation.
[SOLUTION : T=2𝜋√((4M+3m)/2k). ] |||| 2. Calculate the period of small oscillations of a floating box
which was slightly pushed down in vertical direction. The mass of box is m, area of its base is A and the
density of liquid is ρ. The resistance of the liquid is assumed to be negligible.
1.Every periodic and oscillatory motion is not a SHM . The condition for SHM is that acceleration or
angular acceleration of particle must be proportional to displacement or angular displacement 2.Simple
pendulum always have periodic motion but it's motion is simple harmonic only for small oscillations and
formula 𝑇=2𝜋√(𝑙/𝑔) is valid for small oscillations only . 3. any non inertial frame moving with acceleration
a, 𝑇=2 𝜋 √(𝑙/𝑔_𝑒𝑓𝑓 ), here 𝑔_𝑒𝑓𝑓=|𝑔 −
⃗ 𝑎 ⃗ | 4.A rigid body oscillating about an axis passing through it is known
as compound pendulum 5.Time period for compound pendulum 𝑇=2𝜋√(𝐼/𝑚𝑔𝑙) , where 𝑙 : distance between
point of suspension & CM and 𝐼 : Moment of Inertia about point of suspension since 𝐼=𝐼_ 𝐶𝑀+ 𝑚𝑙^2 and
𝐼_𝐶𝑀=𝑚𝑘^2, we get T= 2pi (K^2+l^2/l*g)^.5 (𝑘^2+𝑙^2)/𝑙=𝑙_𝑒𝑞= Equivalent length of simple pendulum
6.Using dT/dl=0 , we get k=l so 𝑇_𝑚𝑖𝑛=2 𝜋 √(2𝑘/𝑔) 7. Time period for torsional pendulum is given by
𝑇=2𝜋√(𝐼/𝐶) , where 𝐶: Torsional Constant
Summary : Superposition Principle: The resultant caused by two or more stimuli is the sum of the
responses that would have been caused by each stimulus individually. In simple words it can be said that
the net effect on system by any number of incidents is equal to the sum of the effect of each individual
incident assuming that other incidents never happened. For vector response , 𝑟 _⃗ 𝑛𝑒𝑡=𝑟 _1+
⃗ 𝑟 _2+
⃗ 𝑟 _3……+
⃗ 𝑟
⃗_𝑛 For scalar response 𝑟_𝑛𝑒𝑡=𝑟_1+𝑟_2+𝑟_3……+𝑟_𝑛 Case 1 : Same direction and of same frequency
"𝑥_1=𝐴_1 sin⁡𝜔𝑡 𝑥_2=𝐴_2 sin⁡(𝜔𝑡+𝜙) 𝑥=𝑥_1+𝑥_2. => x= 𝐴_1 sin⁡𝜔𝑡 +𝐴_2 sin⁡(𝜔𝑡+𝜙) => x= A1sin𝜔t+
A2sin𝜔tcos𝜙+ A2cos𝜔𝑡sin𝜙. Now by mathematical manipulations we get 𝑥=𝐴 sin⁡(𝜔𝑡+𝛿)
𝐴=√(𝐴_1^2+𝐴_2^2+2𝐴_1 𝐴_2 cos⁡𝜙 ) 𝛿=(𝑡𝑎𝑛)^(−1) [(𝐴_2 sin⁡𝜙)/(𝐴_1+𝐴_2 cos⁡𝜙 )]|| Case 2: same direction
but different frequency:"x=a1sinωt and y=a2sin(ωt+φ) then the general equation of Lissajou's figure can be
obtained as x^2/a1^2+y^2/a2^2−2xycosφ/(a1a2)=sin^2φ. * case1: 𝜙=0° => 𝑦=𝐴_2/𝐴_1 𝑥 =>𝑟=√( 𝑥^2+ 𝑦^2 )
=> 𝑟=√(𝐴_1^2+𝐴_2^2 ) sin⁡𝜔𝑡. Case2: 𝜙=𝜋 => 𝑦=−𝐴_2/𝐴_1 𝑥 =>𝑟=√(𝑥^2+𝑦^2 ) => 𝑟=√(𝐴_1^2+𝐴_2^2 )
sin⁡𝜔𝑡 Case3: 𝜙=𝜋/2 => 𝑥^2/(𝐴_1^2 )+𝑦^2/(𝐴_2^2 )=1 => 𝑟=√(𝑥^2+𝑦^2 ) The resultant is not SHM|| Case
3: same frequency but in perpendicular direction:"x=a1sinωt and y=a2sin(ωt+φ) then the general equation
of Lissajou's figure can be obtained as x^2/a1^2+y^2/a2^2−2xycosφ/(a1a2)=sin^2φ. * case1: 𝜙=0° =>
𝑦=𝐴_2/𝐴_1 𝑥 =>𝑟=√(𝑥^2+𝑦^2 ) => 𝑟=√(𝐴_1^2+𝐴_2^2 ) sin⁡𝜔𝑡. Case2: 𝜙=𝜋 => 𝑦=−𝐴_2/𝐴_1 𝑥
=>𝑟=√(𝑥^2+𝑦^2 ) => 𝑟=√(𝐴_1^2+𝐴_2^2 ) sin⁡𝜔𝑡 Case3: 𝜙=𝜋/2 => 𝑥^2/(𝐴_1^2 )+𝑦^2/(𝐴_2^2 )=1 =>
𝑟=√(𝑥^2+𝑦^2 ) The resultant is not SHM.

Simple Harmonic Motion

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Simple Harmonic Motion

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Periodic motion: A body repeats its motion along a definite path after regular intervals of time.

Points to remember: 1) For SHM : 𝐹 =− ⃗ 𝑘𝑥 ⃗ that gives 𝑎 =−

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