TYPES OF TEXT

ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION
Based on generic structure and language feature dominantly Purpose: To reveal the readers that something is the
used, texts are divided into several types. They are important case
narrative, recount, descriptive, report, explanation, analytical Generic Structure:
exposition, hortatory exposition, procedure, discussion, 1. Thesis
review, anecdote, spoof, and news item. These variations 2. Arguments
are known as GENRES. 3. Reiteration/Conclusion
Dominant Language Features:
NARRATIVE 1. Using modals
Purpose: To amuse/entertain the readers and to tell a story 2. Using action verbs
Generic Structure: 3. Using thinking verbs
1. Orientation 4. Using adverbs
2. Complication 5. Using adjective
3. Resolution 6. Using technical terms
4. Reorientation 7. Using general and abstract noun
Dominant Language Features: 8. Using connectives/transition
1. Using Past Tense
2. Using action verb HORTATORY EXPOSITION
3. Chronologically arranged Purpose: to persuade the readers that something should or
should not be the case or be done
RECOUNT Generic Structure:
Purpose: to retell something that happened in the past and 1. Thesis
to tell a series of past event 2. Arguments
Generic Structure: 3. Recommendation
1. Orientation Dominant Language features:
2. Event(s) 1. Using Simple Present Tense
3. Reorientation 2. Using modals
Dominant Language Features: 3. Using action verbs
1. Using Past Tense 4. Using thinking verbs
2. Using action verb 5. Using adverbs
3. Using adjectives 6. Using adjective
Narrative and recount in some ways are similar. Both are 7. Using technical terms
telling something in the past so narrative and recount usually 8. Using general and abstract noun
apply PAST TENSE; whether Simple Past Tense, Simple 9. Using connectives/transition
Past Continuous Tense, or Past Perfect Tense. The ways Then what is the basic difference between analytical and
narrative and recount told are in chronological order using hortatory exposition. In simple word. Analytical is the answer
time or place. Commonly narrative text is found in story of "How is/will" while hortatory is the answer of "How
book; myth, fable, folklore, etc while recount text is found in should". Analytical exposition will be best to describe "How
biography. will student do for his examination? The point is the
The thing that makes narrative and recount different is the important thing to do. But for the question" How should
structure in which they are constructed. Narrative uses student do for his exam?" will be good to be answered with
conflicts among the participants whether natural conflict, hortatory. It is to convince that the thing should be done
social conflict or psychological conflict. In some ways
narrative text combines all these conflicts. In the contrary, SPOOF
we do not find these conflicts inside recount text. Recount Purpose: to tell an event with a humorous twist and entertain
applies series of event as the basic structure the readers
Generic Structure:
DESCRIPTIVE 1. Orientation
Purpose: to describe a particular person, place or thing in 2. Event(s)
detail. 3. Twist
Dominant Generic Structure: Dominant Language Features:
1. Identification 1. Using Past Tense
2. Description 2. Using action verb
Language Features: 3. Using adverb
1. Using Simple Present Tense 4. Chronologically arranged
2. Using action verb
3. Using adverb
4. Using special technical terms
REPORT ANECDOTE
Purpose: to presents information about something, as it is. Purpose: to share with others an account of an unusual or
Generic Structure amusing incident
1. General classification Generic Structure:
2. Description 1. Abstract
Dominant Language Feature 2. Orientation
1. Introducing group or general aspect 3. Crisis
2. Using conditional logical connection 4. Reaction
3. Using Simple Present Tense 5. Coda.
Dominant Language Features:
1. Using exclamations, rhetorical question or intensifiers
2. Using material process
PROCEDURE
3. Using temporal conjunctions
Purpose: to help readers how to do or make something
completely
Generic Structure:
1. Goal/Aim
2. Materials/Equipments NEWS ITEM
3. Steps/Methods Purpose: to inform readers about events of the day which
Dominant Language Features: are considered newsworthy or important
1. Using Simple Present Tense Dominant Generic Structure:
2. Using Imperatives sentence 1. Newsworthy event(s)
3. Using adverb 2. Background event(s)
4. Using technical terms 3. Sources
Dominant Language Features:
DISCUSSION 1. Short, telegraphic information about story captured in
Purpose: to present information and opinions about issues in headline
more one side of an issue (‘For/Pros’ and ‘Against/Cons’) 2. Using action verbs
Generic Structure: 3. Using saying verbs
1. Issue 4. Using adverbs : time, place and manner.
2. Arguments for and against
3. Conclusion
Dominant Language Features: EXPLANATION
1. Using Simple Present Tense Purpose: To explain the processes involved in the formation
2. Use of relating verb/to be or working of natural or socio-cultural phenomena.
3. Using thinking verb Generic Structure:
4. Using general and abstract noun 1. General statement
5. Using conjunction/transition 2. Explanation
6. Using modality 3. Closing
7. Using adverb of manner Dominant Language Features:
1. Using Simple Present Tense
REVIEW 2. Using action verbs
Purpose: to critique or evaluate an art work or event for a 3. Using passive voice
public audience 4. Using noun phrase
dominant Generic Structure: 5. Using adverbial phrase
1. Orientation 6. Using technical terms
2. Evaluation 7. Using general and abstract noun
3. Interpretative Recount 8. Using conjunction of time and cause-effect.
4. Evaluation
5. Evaluative Summation
Dominant Language features:
1. Focus on specific participants
2. Using adjectives
3. Using long and complex clauses
4. Using metaphor