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General Physics 1
Quarter 2 - Module 5
Fluid Mechanics

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General Physics 1 – Grade 12
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 2 - Module 5: Fluid Mechanics
First Edition, 2020

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Quarter 2 - Module 5
Fluid Mechanics

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 Table of Contents

What This Module is About...........................................................................................................ii

What I Need to Know.....................................................................................................................ii
How to Learn from this Module.....................................................................................................ii
Icons of this Module.......................................................................................................................iii
What I Know....................................................................................................................................iv

First Quarter
Lesson 1: Specific gravity, density, mass, and volume
What I Need to Know.................................................................................. 1
What’s New: ............................................................................................. 1
What Is It.................................................................................................... 1
What’s More: Let’s Work It Out................................................................... 3
What I Have Learned: You Work On This!.................................................. 4

Lesson 2: Pressure
What I Need to Know.................................................................................. 5
What’s New: ............................................................................................. 5
What Is It.................................................................................................... 7
What’s More: Let’s Work It Out................................................................... 11
What I Have Learned: You Work On This!.................................................. 12

Lesson 3: Pascal’s principle

What I Need to Know.................................................................................. 13
What’s New: ............................................................................................. 13
What Is It.................................................................................................... 14
What’s More: Let’s Work It Out...................................................................15
What I Have Learned: You Work On This!.................................................. 16

Lesson 4: Buoyancy and Archimedes’ Principle

What I Need to Know.................................................................................. 17
What’s New: ............................................................................................. 17
What Is It.................................................................................................... 18
What’s More: Lets Work it Out.....................................................................19
What I Have Learned: You Work On This!.................................................. 20

Lesson 5: Bernoulli’s Principle

What’s In..................................................................................................... 20
What’s New: ........................................................................................... 21
What Is It: ................................................................................................ 22
What’s More: Let’s Work it Out.....................................................................25
What I have learned......................................................................................25
Summary......................................................................................................................... ....25
Assessment: (Post-Test).....................................................................................................26
References ..........................................................................................................................32

i
 Module 5
Fluid Mechanics
What This Module is About

This module demonstrates your understanding on the concepts of Fluid

mechanics and on how Physics relate density, mass, volume, specific gravity,
pressure and how it is calculated based on their relationship. It also discusses the
application of Pascal’s law, Archimedes’ and Bernoulli’s principle.

Specifically, this module will discuss five (5) lessons:

 Lesson 1- Specific gravity, density, mass, and volume
 Lesson 2–Pressure
 Lesson 3- Pascal’s principle
 Lesson 4- Buoyancy and Archimedes’ Principle
 Lesson 5- Bernoulli’s principle

What I Need to Know

At the end of this module, you should be able to:

1. Relate specific gravity, density, mass, and volume to each other (STEM_GP12FM-llf-40).
2. Relate pressure to area and force (STEM_GP12FM-llf-41)
3. Relate pressure to fluid density and depth (STEM_GP12FM-llf-42).
4. Apply Pascal’s principle in analyzing fluids in various systems (STEM_GP12FM-llf-43).
5. Apply the concepts of buoyancy and Archimedes’ principle (STEM_GP12FM-If-44).
6. Apply Bernoulli’s principle and continuity equation, whenever appropriate, to infer
relations involving pressure, elevation, and speed (STEM_GP12FM-Ilf-46).

How to Learn from this Module

To achieve the objectives cited above, you need to do the following:
• Take your time reading the lessons carefully.
• Follow the directions and/or instructions in the activities and exercises diligently.
• Answer all the given tests and exercises.

ii
Icons of this Module
What I Need to This part contains learning objectives that
Know are set for you to learn as you go along the
module.

What I know This is an assessment as to your level of

knowledge to the subject matter at hand,
meant specifically to gauge prior related
knowledge
What’s In This part connects previous lesson with that
of the current one.

What’s New An introduction of the new lesson through

various activities, before it will be presented
to you

What is It These are discussions of the activities as a

way to deepen your discovery and under-
standing of the concept.

What’s More These are follow-up activities that are in-

tended for you to practice further in order to
master the competencies.

What I Have Activities designed to process what you

Learned have learned from the lesson

What I can do These are tasks that are designed to show-

case your skills and knowledge gained, and
applied into real-life concerns and situations.

iii
 What I Know (Pre-test)

Multiple Choice. From the given choices, encircle the letter of your best answer.

1) Which of the following is an example of a force?

a) water b) other fluids c) gravity d) mass

2) A fluid can be ______.

a) a gas only b) a liquid only c) a solid or a gas d) a liquid or a gas

3) The velocity of an object is ______.

a) its standard reference point b) the rate of change of its position
c) the process of speeding it up d) its change in direction

4) Earth’s gravity pulls you down with a force ______.

a) greater than your weight b) the size of your feet
c) equal to your weight d) half your weight

5) Which of the following is NOT the SI unit of pressure?

a) N / m2 b) Pa c) Newton d) Pascal

6) Pressure is ______.
a) force x area b) area  force c) force + area d) force  area

7) At higher elevations, air pressure is ______.

a) less because there is less air above b) greater because there is more air below
c) less because gravity is stronger d) less because the air is moving faster

8) When pressure is applied to a confined fluid, the increase in pressure is

transmitted equally to all parts of the fluid. This fact is called ______.
a) Pascal’s principle b) Newton’s principle
c) Archimedes’ principle d) Bernoulli’s principle

9) An object under water feels lighter than it does in air because of ______.
a) air pressure b) buoyancy c) fluid speed d) temperature

10) An object is dropped into a beaker containing a liquid. The object drops to the
bottom of the beaker. Therefore, the ______.
a) Density of the object is greater than the density of the liquid.
b) Density of the object is less than the density of the liquid.
c) Mass of the object is less than the mass of the liquid.
d) Volume of the liquid displaced is more than the volume of the object.

11) If you blow a steam of air between two balloons that are next to each other, the
balloons
a) rise b) move away from each other
c) move toward each other d) move randomly

12) Air above an airplane wing is moving faster than air below an airplane wing.
This causes the plane to ______.
a) accelerate b) slow down c) increase its elevation d) decrease its elevation

iv
 13) Fluids exert pressure because they are made up of tiny ______.
a) moving molecules that exert forces b) forces that sum together
c) molecules that push upward d) particles that are buoyant

14) Bubbles rise in water because they are ______.

a) so tiny b) less dense than water c) more dense than water d) fluids

15) A fluid is a substance whose volume can easily change.

a) True b) False
16) Water pressure increases as depth increases.
a) True b) False
17) The buoyant force always acts in an upward direction.
a) True b) False

18) Archimedes’ principle states that the buoyant force on an object is equal to the
mass of the fluid displaced by the object.
a) True b) False

19) The density of an object would be changed by changing the object’s volume or
its area.
a) True b) False
20) What is the SI unit for pressure?
a) pascal (Pa) b) newton (N) c) kilogram (kg) d.) meter (m)
21) Pressure is ______.
a) force x area b) force  area c) force + area d.) density
22) At higher elevations, there is ______ air pressure.
a) the same b) greater c) less d.) the same

23) As a diver moves deeper in the water, the fluid pressure is ______.
a) the same b) greater c) less d.) did not change

24) Objects in water feel lighter because of the ______

a) buoyant force b) air pressure c) temperature d.) density

25) An object sinks in a bucket of water. The object’s density is ______.

a) less than water’s density
b) the same as water’s density
c) greater than water’s density
d.) cannot be determine

26) A force on a confined fluid changes the pressure all through the fluid. This is
a) Pascal’s principle b) Archimedes’ principle c) Bernoulli’s principle

27) A hydraulic system uses fluid to ______.

a) cause acceleration b) decrease air pressure c) multiply force

28) As the speed of a moving fluid increases, the fluid pressure ______.
a) decreases b) stays the same c) increases

29) What force pushes up on an airplane wing as it moves through the air?
a) gravity b) lift c) air resistance d.) buoyant force

v
30) Water pressure increases as depth increases.
a) True b) False

31) The buoyant force acts in a downward direction.

a) True b) False

32) The buoyant force on an object is equal to the weight of the fluid the object
displaces.
a) True b) False

33) Archimedes’ principle explains how an airplane flies.

a) True b) False

Use the diagram below to answer the following 2 questions:

34) This device is a ______.

a) barometer b) hydraulic system c) buoyant force d.) thermometer

35) This device uses fluid to multiply force. Which principle explains why this
device works?
a) Pascal’s principle b) Archimedes’ principle c) Bernoulli’s principle

vi
 Lesson Specific gravity, density,
1 mass, and volume

What I Need to Know

In this lesson you will understand further how to relate specific

gravity, relative density, mass, and volume.

What’s New

Instruction: Answer the questions below as directed.

Let’s review for a second.

1. Can you tell me what matter is?

2. What is mass?
3. What is volume ?
4. Why do you think volume is important to you?
5. How do you measure the volume of a solid?
6. How do you measure the volume of an irregular shaped object?
7. Do you think that the shape of an object changes volume? Why or why
not?

What Is It

An object's density is the ratio of mass to volume of an object. The mass is

how much it resists acceleration when a force is applied to it and generally means
how much of an object or substance there is. Volume describes how much space an
object takes up.
Density= mass÷volume
For example if the water at 40C has a mass of 1000kg in a one cubic meter,
what is the water density?
Solve: D= 1000kg / 1 m3
Therefore: D=1000kg/m 3

Does density change with mass and volume?

1
 Density is an intensive property of the material or substance and depends
upon the relationship between the mass and volume. Unless the mass changes in
relation to the volume, the density will not change.

Is density proportional to mass and volume?

Note that density is directly proportional to the mass (or weight) and

indirectly proportional to the volume: If volume stays the same as mass increases,
the density will increase by the same factor. ... If the mass stays the same as
the volume is increased, the density will decrease by that factor.

What is the relationship between mass volume and density?

Density is proportional to both mass and volume. Density is inversely

proportional to both mass and volume.

What does specific gravity means?

Specific gravity is the density of a substance divided by the density

of water. Since (at standard temperature and pressure) water has a density
of 1000Kg/m3 or 1 gram/cm3, and since all of the units cancel, specific gravity is
usually very close to the same value as density (but without any units).

Specific gravity = density of an object ÷density of water

For example the density of Gold is 19300kg/m3 . Solve for the specific gravity
of Gold.
Solution: Specific gravity of Gold= density of Gold ÷ density of water
Specific gravity of Gold= 19300kg/m 3 ÷ 1000kg/m3
Specific gravity of Gold= 19.3 kg/m 3

Note: There is no specific unit of specific gravity because it is a ratio of one density
to another density so the unit cancel each other.

2
 What’s More: Let’s Work it Out

Let’s Work it Out

Direction:
A. Solve the water density at 4 0C

1. D= 2000kg÷ 2 m3
D= __________
2. D= 4000Kg÷4 m3
D= __________
3. D= 6000kg ÷6 m3
D= _________
4. D= 8000 kg÷8 m3
D= _________
5. D= 10000 kg÷ 10 m3
D= _________

B. Solve the Gold density

1. D= 19300 kg÷1 m3
D=________
2. D= 38600kg÷ 2 m3
D=_______
3. D= 57900kg÷ 3 m3
D=________
4. D= 77200 kg÷ 4 m3
D=_________
5. D= 96500 kg÷ 5 m3
D=_________

C. If you change the mass and volume does the density of a fluid changes?
Solve: 1. D= 1000kg÷ 4m3
D=__________

2. D= 1000kg÷ 2 m3
D=
_______
3. D= 600Kg÷ 3m3
D= _________

4. D= 400kg÷3m3
D= _________

3
 D. Solve for the specific gravity of the following objects

Formula: Sp= Density of an object÷density of water

Note: Water density is 1000kg/m3

1. Coconut oil has density of 930kg/m3 Sp ___________

2. Gasoline vehicle has density of 737 kg/ m3 Sp ___________
3. Kerosene has density of 820 kg/ m3 Sp____________
4. Mercury has density of 13590 kg/m3 Sp___________
5. Sea water has a density of 1025 kg/ m3 Sp____________

What I Have Learned

You Work on This!

1. What is the density of water at 40C? __________________

2. Does the water density changes?_____________________
3. What is the density of Gold? ________________
4. Does the Gold density changes?_______________
5. If you change the mass and volume does the density of a fluid changes?____
6. What does it mean, if the specific gravity of an object is less than one?
______________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
7. What does it mean, if the specific gravity of an object is greater than one?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
8. What does it mean, if the specific gravity of an object is equal to one?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

4
 Lesson

2 Pressure

What’s In

In the previous lesson, you have learned that a fluid has density, mass,
volume, and specific gravity. This time you are going to investigate the relationship between
fluid density and depth; these are factors that may influence Pressure in a fluid.

What I Need to Know

In this lesson, you are expected to

1. Relate Pressure to area and force

2. Relate pressure to a fluid density and depth

What’s New
Direction: Answer the puzzle below to recall your knowledge on Pressure.

Across Down

3 the pressure caused by the weight of 1 the forward force produced by an

Earth's atmosphere airplane's engine; opposes drag
4 The upward force that a fluid on all 2 the force that opposes or restricts motion
matters; this force opposes through a fluid: opposes thrust
gravitational force 3 the principle that states the buoyant force
5 any material can flow and that takes on an object in a fluid in an upward
the shape of its container force equal to the weight of the volume
6 the principle that state that the speed of the fluid that the object displaces
of moving fluid increase, it pressure
decreases
7 the amount of matter in a given space;
mass per unit volume
8 the principle that states that a change
in pressure at point of an enclosed
fluid is transmitted equally to all parts
of that fluid
9 an upward force on an object (such as
a wing) caused by differences inn
pressure above and below the object:
opposes the downward pull of gravity
10 the amount of force exerted on a given
area
 

5
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4                      
                               
                     
                                 
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What Is It

6
 Pressure is defined as the force exerted on a surface divided by
the area over which that force acts. ... Pressure is measured in units of Pascals,
and to find the pressure exerted on a surface, simply divide the force (in Newtons)
by the area that is in contact with the surface (in m2).

Pressure is defined as force per unit area and is calculated from the simple formula

pressure = force normal to the surface ÷ area of that surface,

P = F ÷A,  F = P x A, A=F÷P

P, pressure in pascals (Pa);   F, contact force in newtons (N);   A, area on which

force acts in square metres (m2)

A force of 1 N acting on 1 m2 creates a pressure of 1 Pa

Examples of pressure calculations based on P = F÷A

Ex.1  If a weight of fluid of 200 N acts on a surface of 5 m 2, calculate the pressure
created.

pressure = force ÷ area,    P = F ÷ A = 200 ÷ 5 = 40 Pa

 Ex.2  What force must be applied to a surface area of 0.0025 m 2, to create a

pressure of 200,000 Pa?

P = F ÷A, rearranging gives: F = P x A = 200000 x 0.0025 = 500 N

Ex.3  In a hydraulic lift system, what must the surface area of a piston be in cm 2 if a
pressure of 300 kPa is used to give a desired upward force of 2000 N?

P = F÷ A, rearranging gives: A = F÷ P = 2000 / 300000 = 0.00667 m2

What is the piston surface area in cm2?

1 m2 = 100 cm x 100 cm = 10 000 cm2, so the area of the piston = 10 000 x 0.00667
= 66.7 cm2

What is the relationship between area and pressure?

The relation between pressure and area is that pressure and area are

inversely proportional to each other. That is when area decreases pressure exerted
on that area increases. When area increases pressure exerted on
that area decreases.

What happens to pressure when area increases?

7
 With more particles there will be more collisions and so a greater pressure. ...
Because the area of the container has increased, there will be fewer of these
collisions per unit area and the pressure will decrease. Volume is inversely
proportional to pressure, if the number of particles and the temperature are
constant.

Pressure in a liquid - density and depth factors - calculations

Density is a measure of how close the particles are together. The more
compact they are, the greater the density.

As already mentioned, in liquids the density is uniform throughout and

because there is so little space between the particles the density only slightly
decreases with increase in temperature with the increased kinetic energy of the
particles.

However, the volume shows almost no change with increased pressure (so
here you can consider liquids to be virtually incompressible).

All liquids expand on heating - observe a mercury or alcohol thermometer.

The pressure in a fluid varies

AND increases with depth - it
doesn't matter whether you are
dealing with gases like
the atmosphere or liquids like
the water of a lake or ocean.

The greater the height/depth of

fluid, the greater the weight of
particles that gravity is pulling
down, hence the increase in
force per unit area at a
particular level, hence the
increase in pressure.

The pressure in a fluid acts

in all directions (← → ↑  ↓) because the particles are moving and colliding with
each other, and the sides of the container, at random in all directions.

Liquid pressure significantly increases with depth as the weight of the column
of liquid increases.

A simple experiment can demonstrate this rule using a tall container with
holes in the side. When you fill it with water, the water gushes out of the holes, but
the lower the hole, the greater the water pressure, the faster the water comes out
and travels a greater distance.

The pressure also increases with increase in density of the fluid - so air
and water differ significantly for a pressure created at a specific depth of fluid
(densities: air density 1.2 kg/m3 and water 1000 kg/m3 at room temperature).

8
From your own experience you may have observed:

Sometimes in a car descending or ascending a few hundred metres on a road

can make your ears 'pop' and hurt slightly because of the change in pressure with
height.

BUT, you only have to dive into a few meters of water to experience the same
effect on your ears. As you suddenly into the water, the pressure is suddenly
increased on your ear drums - the pain comes from the greater external water
pressure than the internal body pressure on the other side of your ear drum.
However, for most people, when under the water at shallow depths, the pressures
become equal quite quickly

You can calculate the pressure at a given depth created by the weight of
liquid in the earth's gravitation field using the following formula:

pressure in a liquid = depth of liquid x density of liquid x gravitational field

strength

P = hρg

P, pressure in pascals (Pa);   h = depth in metres (m);   ρ = density (kg/m3),

and the gravitational field strength =  g = 9.8 N/kg (on the Earth's surface)

Unit connections

Taking the formula P = h x ρ x g 'apart' in terms of units.

pressure = force per unit area = height of column of material x density of material x
gravitational constant

N÷ m2  =  m  x  kg/m3  x  9.8 N/kg

unit analysis: on the right the kg cancel out, m/m 3 = 1/m2, you are left with N/m2 !!

Example calculations involving liquid pressure  

 (the gravitational field effect is taken as 9.8 kg/N in these questions).

Q2.1 Divers have to be careful when working at depth in water and need to carefully
control the dissolving of gases in their blood stream.

(a) Calculate the pressure created by a 30 m depth of water given the density of
water is 1000 kg/m3 and gravity 9.8 N/kg.

P = hρg

P = 30 x 1000 x 9.8 = 294 000 Pa (2.94 x 105 Pa, 294 kPa)

9
(b) Comment on the dangers when diving at great depths and how to avoid
dangerous problems.

Atmospheric pressure is about 101 kPa, so a diver at these depths will

experience a much greater pressure than on the surface of the water

 Increase in pressure causes more gases to dissolve in the blood stream (this
is a general rule for gases in contact with a liquid that can act as a solvent).

This can have serious consequences if time isn't allowed for the body
pressure to adjust to the new external pressure, particularly when returning back to
the surface.

The bends, also known as decompression sickness disease, occurs in divers

when dissolved gases (mainly nitrogen) come out of solution in bubbles and can
affect any body area including joints, lung, heart, skin and brain.

The effects can be fatal unless time is allowed for the body to adjust in a
decompression chamber.

Q2.2 The density of sea water is ~1025 kg/m 3, the maximum depth of the Atlantic
ocean is ~8500 m (8.5 km).

(a) Calculate the water pressure at this depth.

P = hρg

P = 8500 x 1025 x 9.8 = 85 400 000 Pa (to 3 sf, 85.4 MPa, 85400 kPa, 8.54 x
107 Pa, 8.54 x 104 kPa)

(b) By what factor is the pressure greater at these depths compared to the ocean
surface?

Atmospheric pressure is ~101 kPa

Pressure at bottom of ocean ÷ pressure at surface = 85400 ÷ 101 = 846 (3 sf).

Note: This extraordinary increase in pressure mean to explore this 'alien' world you
need a very strong submersible craft. However, evolution has allowed all sorts of
creatures to live down at these depths, all fully pressure adjusted over time! If you
(theoretically) brought any such creatures rapidly to the surface and exposed them to
normal pressure, it would kill them!

Q2.3 At what depth in water is the increased pressure five times greater than
atmospheric pressure (101 kPa)?

5 x 101 = 505 kPa, 505000 Pa, density of water 1000 kg/m 3

P = hρg, rearranging gives h = P/ρg = 505000/(1000 x 9.8) = 51.5 m

10
Note: The pressure increase in water increases by about the value of atmospheric
pressure for every 10 m.

 Q2.4 At a depth of 12.5 m of a chemical solvent the pressure at the bottom of the
storage tank due to the solvent was 306 kPa

Calculate density of the solvent.

P = hρg, rearranging gives ρ = P/hg = 306000/(12.5 x 9.8) = 2498 kg/m3

What’s More: Let’s Work it Out

Direction: Do as instructed.

1. Calculate the pressure if the force increases and surface area is keep in constant.

Table1.
Force (N) Area (m2 ) Pressure (Pa)
20 2 ?
30 2 ?
40 2 ?
50 2 ?

Plot the data from table 1 using a line graph

25
Pressure
20
15
10

10 20 30 40 50
Force

11
 2. Calculate the pressure if the surface area increases and the force is keep in constant

Table 2.
Force (N) Area (m2 ) Pressure (Pa)
20 1 ?
20 2 ?
20 3 ?
20 4 ?

Plot the data from table 2 using a line graph

25
Pressure
20
10
5

1 2 3 4 5
Area

What I Have Learned

Direction: to sum up what you have learned explain your answer

1. What happens to pressure when Force increases and the surface area is
keep in constant?_______________________________________________

2. What happens to pressure when surface area increases and the Force is
keep in constant?_______________________________________________

3. How does density affect pressure in liquids?

_______________________________________________________

4. How does pressure vary with depth?

_______________________________________________________

5. Why does water pressure increase with depth?

_______________________________________________________

6. Does pressure depend on density?

_______________________________________________________

12
 Lesson

3 Pascal's Principle

What’s In

In the previous lesson, you have learned that Pressure is defined as

the force exerted on a surface divided by the area over which that force acts. It is
very important to master this principle because this is the bases of the Pascal’s law
for lesson 3.

What I Need to Know

In this lesson, you are expected to

1. Apply Pascal’s law in analyzing fluids in various system

What’s New

Associated Activities
Physics - Application of Pascal's Law in Hydraulics –English- Students apply
their understanding of Pascal’s law.
Watch this activity on YouTube
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hV5IEooHqIw

Lesson 14 - Pascal's Principle - The Properties of Liquids - Demonstrations in

Physics.
Watch this activity on YouTube

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8ma4kW3xVT0

13
 What Is It

A fluid can be a liquid or a gas, like air and air is everywhere, and even the air
surrounding us has a weight and exerts a pressure. We do not realize how heavy the
air is, or feel the pressure it exerts upon us because we are accustomed to the
"atmospheric pressure." Pressure is defined as a measure of force over a given
area. Pascal's law states that a pressure applied to a fluid in a closed container is
transmitted equally to every point of the fluid and the walls of the container, as seen
in Equation
P = F÷ A 
Where P is the pressure, F is the force, and A is the area. Note that a closed system
may have two areas, so the force is different at the two locations, but the pressure
remains the same, as stated by Pascal's law.
This pressure is transmitted equally in all directions and at right angles, and a
change in pressure disperses equally throughout the fluid. Pascal's law is used by
engineers when designing hydraulic systems that use liquid power to do work. Some
examples are hydraulic jacks that lift cars up in repair shops and hydraulic brakes
that apply a pressure to a large area to stop a large vehicle such as a train. Pascal's
law is also used in water distribution systems and sewage systems to move water
throughout a network of pipelines.

How is Pascal calculated?

Conversion of pressure = newton per square meter is pascal force per area unit
units.
psi = pounds per square inch.
The SI unit of the pressure is the pascal with the formula sign Pa. 1 Pascal is equal
to the pressure of 1 newton per square meter. 1 Pa = 1 N / m 2 ≡ 1 kg / m · s2.

Pascal’s Principle – problems and solutions

Problem #1. If the area of A1 = 0.001 m2 and the area of A2 = 0.1 m2 , external
input force F1 = 100 N, then the external output force F2 ?

Known :
The area of A1 = 0.001 m2
The area of A2 = 0.1 m2
External input force F1 = 100 Newton
Wanted : External output force (F2)

14
Solution :
P1 = P2
F1 / A1 = F2 / A2
100 N / 0.001 m2 = F2 / 0.1 m2
100 N / 0.001 = F2 / 0.1
100,000 N = F2 / 0.1
F2 = (0.1)(100,000 N)
F2 = 10,000 N

Problem #2. Area of A is 60 cm2 and area of B is 4,200 cm2, determine the external
input force of F.

Known :
Area of A (AA) = 60 cm2
Area of B (AB) = 4200 cm2
Weight w (w) = 3500 Newton
Wanted : F1
Solution :
Force of F calculated using the equation of Pascal’s principle :
F1 / A1 = F2 / A2
F1 / 60 cm2 = 3500 N / 4200 cm2
F1 / 60 = 35 N / 42
F1 = (60)(35) / 42
F1 = 2100 / 42
F1 = 50 Newton

What’s more: Let’s Work it Out

At the following URL, read how a hydraulic car lift works and do the animation. Then
answer the questions below.
http://webphysics.davidson.edu/physlet_resources/bu_semester1/
c23_pressure_pascal.html
1.     How does force change in a hydraulic lift?

15
 2.     In the animation of the lift, what happens when you add mass to the small
cylinder?
3.     Explain how a hydraulic lift can raise an object as heavy as a car.

What I Have Learned

Direction: answer the questions

 Have you heard of the term hydraulics?___________

 What are examples of hydraulic devices? ___________________

Pascal’s Principle
Work out the practice problems on a separate sheet of paper.

1. An engineering student wants to build a hydraulic pump to lift a 1,815 N crate. The
pump will have two pistons connected via a fluid chamber. The student calculates
that a force of 442 N will be exerted on the small piston, which will have an area of
50.2 cm2. What must the area of the large piston be to exert the desired force?

2. The motor on a construction-grade hydraulic shovel exerts 3.11  107 Pa of

pressure on a fluid tank. The fluid tank is connected to a piston that has an area of
153 cm2. How much force does the piston exert?

16
 Lesson

4 Archimedes’ Principle

What’s In

In this lesson you will understand further the vital role of density, gravity, the
dept in determining the buoyancy in a fluid. Where, mastery from the previous lesson is
much needed to master lesson 4.

What I Need to Know

In this lesson, you are expected to

1. Apply the concept of buoyancy and Archimedes’ principle

What’s New

Associated Activities
 Buoyancy & Pressure in Fluids: Soda Bottle Cartesian Diver  -
Students observe Pascal's law, Archimedes' principle and the ideal gas law as
a Cartesian diver moves within a closed system.
Watch this activity on YouTube
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=soIey3Q2moE
 Rock and Boat: Density, Buoyancy & Archimedes’ Principle  - Students
observe Archimedes' principle and use terminology learned in the classroom
as well as critical thinking to derive equations needed to answer a challenge
question:
Watch this activity on YouTube
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K4Y-52gVcEA

Discussion Questions: This is to your base knowledge of the lesson topics. The

same questions will be asked at lesson end.

 Why ships float?________________________________________________

 When you are swimming in a pool do you feel lighter or heavier than when
you are walking on Earth?_________________________________________

17
 What Is It

Why is it called Archimedes Principle?

Archimedes' principle, named after an inventor and a mathematician who

lived in ancient Greece, states that the buoyant force on a submerged object is equal
to the weight of the fluid that is displaced by the object. Buoyancy is the ability of an
object to float in water or air.

Archimedes Principle Formula

The Archimedes principle states that the upward buoyancy force exerted on a
body partially or completely immersed in a fluid is equal to the weight of the fluid that
the body displaces and acts in an upward direction in the center of the mass of the
displaced fluid. The Archimedes principle is a fundamental law of physics for fluid
mechanics. It was formulated by Archimedes of Syracuse.
push = density of fluid * gravity acceleration * volume of object.
The equation is:
p=ρf*g*V
we have,
p = push
ρf = density of fluid.
g = gravity acceleration.
V = volume of object.

Archimedes Principle Questions:

1) A steel ball of 5cm radius is immersed in water. It calculates the thrust and the
resulting force (lead density = 7900kg/m 3).
Answer: To calculate the resulting push, to calculate the push we must calculate the
volume of the ball.
V = 4/3πr3= 4/3π (0,05 m)3 = 5.24*10-4 m3
and know the density of water (1000 kg/m 3).
p = Pf*g*v= 1000 kg/m3 * 9.8 m/s² *5,23*10-4 m3 = 5.1254 N.
p = 5.1254 N.
Let's go with the resulting force. Here two forces act: the push of the water upwards
and the weight of the ball downwards. We still have to calculate this last one:
the density of lead is 7900kg/m3, then the mass of lead is

18
ml = 7900kg/m   m* 5.24*10-4 m3 = 4.1396 Kg
The weight of the ball is
w = ml*g = 4.1396 Kg* 9.8m/s2 = 40.568 N
The resulting apparent weight is:
Wa = w-p = 40.568 N - 5.1254 N = 35.443 N
Wa = 35.443 N.
2) Weigh a cube of 10cm edge into the air resulting in 19 N and then weighed
immersed in water giving a value of 17 N. Calculate the apparent weight and
the push.

Answer: The apparent weight is the weight of the object immersed in a fluid, or in

other words, the result of the actual weight and thrust. Therefore, the apparent
weight is 17 N .
Wa = 17 N.
The push is:
w = 19 N.
Wa = w-p-→
p = w-Wa = 19 N- 17 N = 2 N
p = 2 N.

All of us have experienced Archimedes' principle, even though we may not

be aware of it. A common experience is realizing that it is rather easy to lift a person
in a swimming pool. This is because the water provides partial support in the form of
an upward force called the buoyant force. The buoyant force is equal to the weight
of the fluid displaced. Refer to Buoyancy & Pressure in Fluids: Soda Bottle Cartesian
Diver activity to have students observe these variables in action. Ships float in water
because the weight of the water displaced by the ship's hull is greater than the ship's
weight, and if the weight of the water displaced was less than that of the ship, it
would sink. Engineers use fluid mechanics and dynamics modeling software to
simulate different phenomena that occur, which is essential to create optimal ship
designs. Engineers model hull form and appendage optimization to increase a ship's
efficiency and propulsive power, reduce fuel consumption, and analyze resistance in
calm water and irregular waves.

What’s More: Let’s Work it out

Practice applying Archimedes’ law by doing the brainteaser at this URL:
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/lasalle/buoyquestion.html

19
 What I Have Learned

Direction: to sum up what you have learned solve and number 1 to 5 and 6-7 explain your
answer

Archimedes’ Principle states that the upward buoyant force which acts on
an object is equal to the weight of the fluid which it displaces. Use this principle and
your knowledge of physics to solve the following problems.
Other useful information:
ρ water = 1.0 g/cm3 ρ ethanol =0.76 g/cm3 ρ mercury =13.6 g/cm3
ρ air = 1.20 kg/m3 ρ =0.18 kg/m3
He

Volume of a block: V=lwh Density: ρ =m/V

Volume of a sphere: V=(4/3)πr3 Weight: Fg=mg
Net force: F = ma

1. If a block of aluminum measures 4.0 cm x 5.0 cm x 2.0 cm is completely

submerged in a tank of water, what volume of water does it displace? __________

2. What is the mass of the displaced water? ______________

3. What is the weight of the displaced water? __________________

4. How large of a buoyant force acts on the block? ________________

5. The mass of the aluminum block is 108 g. Determine its density.________

6. If you release the metal block, will it sink, or will it float to the surface? Explain
your reasoning.______________________________________________________

7. If the block was submerged in ethyl alcohol instead, would the tension in the
string be bigger or smaller? ________________________

20
 Lesson

4 Bernoulli’s Principle

What’s In

In this lesson you will understand further how to relate the importance of the
previous concepts involving pressure, density, depth, gravity in application to this lesson the
Bernoulli’s principle.

What I Need to Know

In this lesson, you are expected to

1. Apply Bernoulli’s principle and continuity equation, whenever appropriate,

to infer relation involving pressure, elevation, and speed.

What’s New

Associated Activities
 Adventures with Bernoulli- Demonstrations in Physics  - Students
observe Bernoulli’s principle
Watch this demonstration on YouTube
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HZClP-m9g24

 Bernoulli’s Equation -Students observe Bernoulli’s Equation, principle and its

application.
Watch this presentation on YouTube
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ytCuHh5PwwY&t=408s

21
 What Is It

Fluid in Motion—Bernoulli’s Principle

The derivation of Bernoulli’s Equation represents an elegant application of the

Work-Energy Theorem. Here we discuss the conditions under which Bernoulli’s
Equation applies and then simply state and discuss the result.

Bernoulli’s Equation applies to a fluid flowing through a full pipe. The degree
to which Bernoulli’s Equation is accurate depends on the degree to which the
following conditions are met:

1. The fluid must be experiencing steady state flow. This means that the flow
rate at all positions in the pipe is not changing with time.
2. The fluid must be experiencing streamline flow. Pick any point in the fluid. The
infinitesimal fluid element at that point, at an instant in time, travelled along a
certain path to arrive at that point in the fluid. In the case of streamline flow,
every infinitesimal element of fluid that ever finds itself at that same point
travelled the same path. (Streamline flow is the opposite of turbulent flow.)
3. The fluid must be non-viscous. This means that the fluid has no tendency to
“stick to” either the sides of the pipe or to itself. (Molasses has high viscosity.
Alcohol has low viscosity.)

Consider a pipe full of a fluid that is flowing through the pipe. In the most
general case, the cross-sectional area of the pipe is not the same at all positions
along the pipe and different parts of the pipe are at different elevations relative to an
arbitrary, but fixed, reference level.

What is Bernoulli's principle in simple terms?

Bernoulli's principle is an idea of fluid dynamics. It says that as speed of the fluid
increases, pressure decreases. ... A higher pressure pushes (accelerates) fluid
toward lower pressure. So any change in a fluid's speed must be matched by a
change in pressure (force).

22
What does Bernoulli's equation State?

The simplest form of Bernoulli's equation (steady and incompressible

flow) states that the sum of mechanical energy, potential energy and kinetic energy,
along a streamline is constant. Therefore, any increase in one form results in a
decrease in the other. Bernoulli's principle states that pressure and velocity are
inversely related, or that the pressure in a fluid decreases when the fluid's velocity
increases, as seen in Equation

P 1 + ½ρ v 1 2 + ρ g h 1 = P 2 + ½ρ v 2 2 + ρgh2 

Where P 1 is the pressure at point 1, ρ is the density of the fluid, v1 is the velocity of
the fluid at point 1, g is the acceleration due to gravity, h 1 is the elevation of point
1, P 2 is the pressure at point 2, v 2 is the velocity of the fluid at point 2, and h 2 is the
elevation of point 2.

Practice questions

Using physics, you can apply Bernoulli’s equation to calculate the speed of
water. For example, if you know that a dam contains a hole below water level to
release a certain amount of wate, you can calculate the speed of the water coming
out of the hole.

Here are some practice questions that you can try.

1. A dam holds back the water in a lake. If the dam has a small hole 1.4 meters
below the surface of the lake, at what speed does water exit the hole?
Use Bernoulli’s equation:

P 1 + ½ρ v 1 2 + ρ g h 1 = P 2 + ½ρ v 2 2 + ρgh2 

are the pressure, speed, density, and height, respectively, of a fluid. The subscripts 1
and 2 refer to two different points. In this case, let point 1 be on the surface of the
lake and point 2 be at the outlet of the hole in the dam. The pressure at each point is
just atmospheric pressure, so

P1=P2
The hole is 1.4 meters below the lake, so
H1-H2= 1.4m
Because the hole is “small,” you can assume that the level of the lake doesn’t
change much as water leaks out of the hole, so

V1=0
meters per second. Using these equations in Bernoulli’s equation, you can solve for
the speed of the fluid at point 2:

23
Because you’re interested in the speed of the water, which is a positive quantity, use
the plus sign in the equation. Thus, the speed of the water coming out of the hole is
5.2 meters per second.

2. A hose lying on the ground has water coming out of it at a speed of 5.4 meters
per second. You lift the nozzle of the hose to a height of 1.3 meters above the
ground. At what speed does the water now come out of the hose?

Use Bernoulli’s equation:

are the pressure, speed, density, and height, respectively, of a fluid. The subscripts 1
and 2 refer to two different points. In this case, let point 1 be on the ground and point
2 be at 1.3 meters above the ground. At both points, the pressure is atmospheric
pressure, so

P1=P2= 101,000 pascals

The difference in heights between points 1 and 2 is

y2 - y1= 1.3 m

Using these equations, you can solve Bernoulli’s equation for the speed

24
 What’s’ more: Let’s Work it Out
Use Bernoulli’s law to explain what you observe in the demonstrations at this URL:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P-xNXrELCmU

What I Have Learned

Try to solve the Problem

Problem 1
Water is flowing in a fire hose with a velocity of 1.0 m/s and a pressure of 200000
Pa. At the nozzle the pressure decreases to atmospheric pressure (101300 Pa),
there is no change in height. Use the Bernoulli equation to calculate the velocity of
the water exiting the nozzle. (Hint: The density of water is 1000 kg/m 3 and gravity g is
9.8 m/s2. Pay attention to units!)]

Problem 2
Through a refinery, fuel ethanol is flowing in a pipe at a velocity of 1 m/s and a
pressure of 101300 Pa. The refinery needs the ethanol to be at a pressure of 2 atm
(202600 Pa) on a lower level. How far must the pipe drop in height in order to
achieve this pressure? Assume the velocity does not change. (Hint: Use the
Bernoulli equation. The density of ethanol is 789 kg/m3 and gravity g is 9.8 m/s2.
Pay attention to units!)

Summary
Pascal’s law states that a change in pressure at any point in an enclosed fluid
is transmitted equally throughout the fluid. The ability of fluids to transmit pressure
in this way can be very useful—from getting toothpaste out of a tube to applying
the brakes on a car.

Archimedes’ determined that an object displaces the same volume of fluid as

its own volume.
·        According to Archimedes’ law, the buoyant force acting on an object equals
the weight of the fluid that the object displaces.
·       
The shape of an object may affect how much fluid it displaces and therefore
the buoyant force acting on it. This explains why one object may sink while another
object with the same weight but a different shape may float.

Bernoulli’s law states that the pressure of a moving fluid such as air is less
when the fluid is moving faster. Bernoulli’s law explains how wings of airplanes
and birds create lift and allow them to fly.

25
 Assessment: (Post-Test)

Multiple Choice. Answer the question that follows. Choose the best answer from the
given choices.

1. Pascal’s Principle is the basis for _____________.

a.) Aerodynamics b.) buoyancy c.) pressure d.) hydraulics

2. One day after swimming lessons Melanie decides to stay at the pool for
open swimming. She relaxes by floating on her back in the cool water.
She feels weightless as the water supports her. What allows Melanie to
float on the water instead of sink?

a.) Pascals b.) buoyancy c.) pressure d.) volume

3. Bernoulli’s principle explains why ___________.

a.) airplanes fly b.) boats float c.) pistons work d.)ice melts

4. Which of the following would be used to measure pressure?

a.) Grams b.) Newtons c.)Pascals d.)Kilograms

5. Which of the following uses Pascal’s principle?

a.) Airplanes
b.) Hydraulics and pressure
c.) Boats
d.) Snowboards

6. Which of the following uses Bernoulli’s principle?

a.) Airplane wings b.)Pistons c.)Boats d.)Snowboards

7. What is the upward force in a fluid?

a.) Pressure b.)buoyancy c.) kinetic theory d.)Diffusion

8. Bernoulli's principle states that

a. pressure is transmitted equally through a fluid.
b. pressure increases as temperature decreases.
c. buoyant force equals weight of fluid displaced.
d. pressure in a fluid decreases as speed of the fluid increases.

9. As part of a physics demonstration, Mr. Taylor suspends two ping pong
balls next to each other so that they have a small space between them. He
then turns on a hairdryer and has it blow air in the space between the two

26
 ping pong balls. Which of the following should happen?
a. the two balls do not move
b. the two balls move upward
c. the two balls move further apart
d. the two balls move closer together

10. A large truck passes a car on the highway. According to Bernoulli's principle,
which of the following should occur?
a. Pressure decreases between the vehicles, so the car and truck move slightly
apart.
b. Pressure decreases between the vehicles, so the car and truck move slightly
together.
c. Pressure increases between the vehicles, so the car and truck move slightly
apart.
d. Pressure increases between the vehicles, so the car and truck move slightly
together.

11. Two tall buildings are separated by a narrow alleyway. On a windy day, wind
gusts move very quickly through the alley. If the buildings are not constructed
properly, which of the following could be a concern when this occurs?
a. The buildings' windows could be blown outward into the alley because of air
pressure differences.
b. The buildings' windows could be blown inward into the building because of air
pressure differences.
c. The buildings' windows could be blown outward into the alley because of
temperature differences.
d. The buildings' windows could be blown inward into the building because of
temperature differences.

12. The pressure on a submerged object acts

a.) only on the top surface of the object.
b.) perpendicularly on every section of the submerged object.
c.) only on the bottom surface of the object.
d.) on the top and the sides of the submerged object.

14. A glass of water is filled to a height of 0.500 ft. Find the hydrostatic
pressure at the bottom of the glass.
a.) 125 lb/fta2dam, the bottom of the dam is thicker than the top
13. When constructing
b.) 103
of the dam. The lb/ft2 of having a thick bottom is a result of
necessity
a.) the
c.) volume of2 the water behind the dam.
31.2 lb/ft
b.) the
d.)altitude of2 the body of water behind the dam.
33.5 lb/ft
c.) the depth of the water behind the dam.
d.) the community surrounding the dam.

27
15. A dam is designed to withstand a pressure of 7840 lb/ft2. Find the
maximum depth of water that the dam could support. (A dam should not
be built this tall—it should be designed to allow water to run over before
reaching such a dangerous condition.)
a.) 120 ft
b.) 125 ft
c.) 133 ft
d.) 141 ft

16. What is the purpose of having cylindrical water towers above

ground or water tanks at the top of buildings?
a.) To increase the height of the water column, thereby
increasing the water pressure in homes and apartments.
b.) To increase the volume of water, thereby increasing the
water pressure in homes and apartments.
c.) To displace water so less water is placed behind large
dams in reservoirs.
d.) To store water for use by consumers.

17. A rectangular water tank is used to store drinking water for a remote
cabin. Find the force that the water applies to the bottom of the 12.0 ft ×
6.55 ft × 3.75 ft filled water tank.
a.) 11,200 lb
b.) 16,300 lb
c.) 19,500 lb
d.) 18,400 lb

a.) 0.506 N
b.) 0.0506 N
c.) 3.41 N
d.) 1.03 N

28
19. A small piston of a hydraulic press has an area of 20.0 cm2.
If the applied force to the piston is 75.0 N, what must the area of
the connected large piston be to exert a force of 6550 N?
a.)1550 cm2
b.)1750 cm2
c.) 1250 cm2
d.)1180 cm2

20. What is the absolute air pressure of a balloon inflated to 11.5

lb/in.2?
a.) 26.2 lb/in.2
b.) 32.2 lb/in.2
c.) 23.5 lb/in.2
d.) 11.5 lb/in.2

21. Archimedes' principle states

a.) the volume of an object placed in a liquid is equal to
the weight of the liquid that is displaced.
b.) the volume of an object placed in a liquid is equal to
the volume of the liquid that is displaced.
c.) an object placed in the fluid loses weight equal to the
weight of the liquid that is displaced.
d.) the weight of an object placed in a liquid is equal to
the weight of the liquid that is displaced.

22. A raft is 2.35 m wide × 1.25 m long × 0.365 m deep. What is the
buoyant force on the raft if only 0.125 m of the raft remains above
water?
a.) 10500 N
b.) 3590 N
c.) 7020 N
d.) 6910 N

29
 23. Water is an incompressible fluid. If water flowing down a wide
river approaches a section that is half as wide, what will happen to
the speed of the water flow?

  a.) The speed will double.

b.) The speed will be cut in half.
c.) The speed will stay constant.
d.) The speed will quadruple.

24. A Venturi meter indicates that when high speed fluids pass through
an opening, the pressure is
a.) high.
b.) low.
c.) the same as it was previous to the smaller opening.
d.) continuously fluctuating.

25. An airplane wing takes advantage of

a) Archimedes' principle.
b.) Rutherford's model.
c. )Bernoulli's principle.
d.) the Venturi effect.

Use the diagram below to answer the following 3 questions:

30
26. ) Interpreting Diagrams: The ship and the steel block have the same
weight. Why does the
ship float while the steel bock sinks?
a) The ship displaces more water
b) There is less gravity on the ship
c) There is no air pressure on the ship

27. ) Applying Concepts: Which principle explains why the ship floats and
the steel block sinks?
a) Pascal’s principle b) Archimedes’ principle c) Bernoulli’s principle

28. ) Applying Concepts: What does the buoyant force on each object in
the diagram equal?
a) the weight of the object
b) the weight of the water displaced by the object
c) the weight of the air pressing down on the object

29. Bernoulli's principle applies to                                                 .

a. gases only
b. liquids only
c. both gases and liquids
d. neither gases or liquids

30. Holding a piece of paper to your mouth and blowing a steady

stream of air over its top will cause the paper to lift upward.
a. True
b. False

31
References
2020. https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/fluids/fluid-dynamics/a/what-is-
bernoullis-equation.
2020. https://www.teachengineering.org/lessons/view/cub_bernoulli_lesson01.
2020. Webcache.Googleusercontent.Com. http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?
q=cache:3TedD0E6pxkJ:www.fsusd.org/cms/lib03/CA01001943/Centricity/Domain/
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Archimedes' Principle, Pascal's Law and Bernoulli's Principle. 2020.
"Archimedes' Principle, Pascal's Law And Bernoulli's Principle -
Lesson". Teachengineering.Org.
https://www.teachengineering.org/lessons/view/uoh_fluidmechanics_lesson01

32
"Bernoulli's Principle". 2020. En.Wikipedia.Org. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernoulli
%27s_principle.
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