Biology Investigatory Project 2020-21

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA
B.E.G
YERWADA, PUNE-411006
Topic:-Biomolecules and its
importance

Name Sham Phadtare

Class XIA
Roll no.

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CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this “physics investigatory project ” on the

topic “Electromagnetism and its applications” has been successfully
completed by Sham phadtare of class XIA under the guidance of Mr.
Varun Sharma in particular fulfilment of the curriculum of Central
Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) leading to the award of annual
examination of the year 2020-2021.

TEACHER IN CHARGE EXTERNAL EXAMINER

PRINCIPAL

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I have taken efforts in this project. However, it would not have
been possible without the kind support and help of many individuals.

I would like to thank my Vice principal, Mr. Anil Sharma , and school
for providing me with facilities required to do my project.

I would also thank our Physics lab assistant Dhiwar Sir, for helping
me with the techniques, procedures, how to do that particular thing,
etc. and let me do my project successfully.

I am highly indebted to my Physics teacher, Leena Jojo mam . for

her invaluable guidance which has sustained my efforts in all the
stages of this project work.

I would also like to thank my parents for their continuous support

and encouragement.

My thanks and appreciations also go to my fellow classmates in

developing the project and to the people who have willingly helped
me out with their abilities.

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INDEX

Serial CONTENTS
No.
1 CERTIFICATE

2 AKNOWLEDGEMENT

3 INTRODUCTION

4 TYPES OF BIOMOLECULES

5 ROLE OF BIOMOLECULES

6 WHY ARE THEY IMPORNTANT ?

7 BIBLOGRAPHY

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INTRODUCTION
Why most of us have same features as our parents? Why do we
eat food? What is there in food? When we try to find out
answers to such questions, we find that the nutrients in the
food have some substances like carbohydrates, proteins, fats
which are essential for building and maintaining our body. Not
only that, even the genetic element of our body is also because
of a kind of molecules called Nucleic acids.

Biomolecules are molecules produced by living organisms. A

living organism grows, sustains and reproduces itself. The most
amazing thing about a living system is that it is composed of
non-living atoms and molecules.
Large biological molecules perform a wide range of jobs
in an organism. Some carbohydrates store fuel for future energy
needs, and some lipids are key structural components of cell
membranes. Nucleic acids store and transfer hereditary
information, much of which provides instructions for making
proteins. Proteins themselves have perhaps the broadest range of
functions: some provide structural support, but many are like little
machines that carry out specific jobs in a cell, such as catalyzing
metabolic reactions or receiving and transmitting signals.

We’ll look in greater detail at carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids,

and proteins a few articles down the road. Here, we’ll look a bit more
at the key chemical reactions that build up and break down these
molecules. Most large biological molecules are polymers, long chains
made up of repeating molecular subunits, or building blocks,
called monomers. If you think of a monomer as being like a bead,
then you can think of a polymer as being like a necklace, a series of
beads strung together.

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Types of Biomolecules

There are basically 2 types of biomolecules:-

[{A}] Macromolecules :-The term molecule refers to very large

molecules and something that consists of more than one atom.
Herman Staudinger coined it in 1920. Macromolecules are so huge
that these are made up of more than 10,000 or more atoms.
Macromolecules are also termed as polymers. They are formed by
the polymerisation of molecules such as carbon, hydrogen and
oxygen. The monomer units of macromolecules are polar in nature,
with their heads and tails with different physical and chemical
properties.

The macromolecules are divided into its sub parts:-

1. Carbohydrates:- carbohydrates are polymers of carbon, hydrogen
and oxygen. They can be classified as monosaccharides, disaccharides
and polysaccharides. Carbohydrates are found in starch, fruits,
vegetables, milk and sugars. They are an important source of a healthy
diet.
2. Nucleic acid:- The nucleic acids include DNA and RNA that are the
polymers of nucleotides. Nucleotides comprise a pentose group, a
phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base group. All the hereditary
information is stored in the DNA. The DNA synthesised into RNA and
proteins.
3. Proteins :- Proteins are the polymers of amino acids. These include
the carboxylic and the amino group. There would be no lipids or
carbohydrates without proteins because the enzymes used for their
synthesis are proteins themselves.

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4. Lipids :- Lipids are a hydrophobic set of macromolecules, i.e., they do

not dissolve in water. These involve triglycerides, carotenoids,
phospholipids, and steroids. They help in the formation of the cell
membrane, formation of hormones and in the and as stored fuel

[{B}] Micromolecules In biology, a micro molecule refers to a

molecule of relatively small size and low molecular weight as opposed
to a macromolecule, which is large and with greater molecular
weight.

Monomers are considered a micromolecule that can be linked

together to form polymer (which is a macromolecule). Apart from
the monomers (e.g. nucleotides, amino acids, monosaccharides,
glycerol and fatty acids) that make up the four main biomolecules,
inorganic compounds like water and minerals are also examples of
micromolecules.The micro molecules are also divided in sub parts :-

1. Ammino acids :- There are 20 different types of ammino acids that

are incorporated into proteins .all ammino acids have an amino group
nh2 a carboxyl group cooh and an R group .
2. Monosaccharides:- simplest sugars which cannot be further
hydrolysed into smaller sugars for example triose tetrose pentose
and so on
3. Oligosachrides :-when few monosacchrides are combined with the
help of glycosidic bonds . for example sucrose arabinose , etc. Larger,
more "complex carbohydrates" are made by stringing together chains
of glucose subunits into di-saccharides, tri-saccharides, poly-
saccharides.
4. Nucleotides :- they are organic molecules that sereve as the
monomers of nucleic acid like rna and dna . the building block of
nucleic acid nucleotides are composed of a nitrogeneous base a five
carbon sugar and a t least one phosphate group nitrogeneous base
attached to pentose sugar adenosine guanosine thymidine cytidine and
uridine.

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Role of 4 major biomolecule

Biological function of carbohydrates
Plants and algae produce millions of tons of carbohydrates each year
through photosynthesis.The main function of carbohydrates is to
provide energy, particularly through glucose.During cellular
respiration, glucose is broken down and oxidized within cells. This
process is used to synthesize adenosine triphosphate (ATP) – the
source of energy for cellular reactions.When the quantity of
adenosine triphosphate are sufficient, simple carbohydrates are
converted to carbohydrate polymers (glycogen or starch) or fat and
stored.Carbohydrates also have other important functions in all
living organisms.For example, they serve as building materials within
the plant cells and perform cell-to-cell identification when attached
to the external surfaces of the cytoplasmic membrane.

Lipids function

Lipids include a diverse group of biomolecules. They are insoluble in

water and include mostly nonpolar carbon–carbon or carbon–
hydrogen bonds.The primary function of lipids is to serve as the
energy-storing molecule for long-term use.Excess carbohydrates are
converted into fat for later usage.1 g of fat is equal to 38 kJ or 9
kcal (versus 17 kJ or 4 kcal for carbohydrates and proteins).Lipids
perform many different functions in a cell.For example, plants and
animals use fat as insulation from the environment. Lipids are an
important part of all cellular membranes and many hormones.

Biological role of proteins

Proteins are the most diverse group of 4 major types of

biomolecules. Their macromolecular structures and functions vary
greatly.Each living cell contains thousands of proteins each
performing a unique function. They can act as structural building

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blocks and functional molecules, involved in almost every task of the

cell.All enzymes are proteins.This class of macromolecules is all
polymers of 20 amino acids.

Function of nucleic acids in cells

The main function of nucleic acids is to store and carry the

hereditary information for the functioning of the cell.The nucleic
acids include two major classes of biological molecules,
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA), and consist
of nucleotides. Protein and nucleic acid enzymes catalyze biochemical
reactions in both catabolism and anabolism of macromolecules.
Catabolism - the breakdown of biomolecules in living organisms.
Anabolism - the synthesis of complex biological macromolecules.

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Why are they important ?

Biomolecules are made by living organisms and they are made
because they are functional. Biomolecules, or at least most of them,
do not exist outside of living organisms because they are too
complex to be created by chance chemical collisions. The odds of a
single average sized protein to form by chance has been calculated
at 1 out 10 to the 77th power. Biomolecules REQUIRE intelligent
agency to form them.

Main purposes of biomolecules are:

1. They provide Structure (some proteins)

2. For Energy storage and release (carbohydrates)
3. Provide Protective layers (lipids) to cell
4. Information storage and communication (DNA, RNA,
endocrines of numerous various types and manipulated
molecules, such as fatty acids)
5. Can be functional and structural structural proteins allow us
to build muscle filaments etc. Functional include enzymes
which allow almost ALL chemical reactions to occur faster
and with less energy
Structure is also aided by minerals, but minerals form in non-biotic
nature, thus are not generally classified as biomolecules. However, it
takes life’s intelligent will to place these minerals where they are
needed.

Intercellular communication also happens by quorum sensing and by

electrical signaling. Still, the most important communication and
information storage mechanism seems to be the nucleic acids and our
genomic code.

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BIBLOGRAPHY
www.google.co.in

https://en.wikipedia.org

Reference from other websites and blogs

Thank you

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