MODULE CALCULUS 1 WITH ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

CHAPTER 8
DERIVATIVES

8.1. THE TANGENT LINE TO A CURVE

(SLOPE AS INSTANTANEOUS RATE OF CHANGE OF Y WITH RESPECT TO X)

Objectives:

• Interpret the difference quotient as an average rate of change over a

specified interval. Interpret the instantaneous rate of change as the rate at
which the function is changing at a point. Attach units to the difference
quotient and the instantaneous rate of change based on the context.
• Apply knowledge of the position, velocity, and acceleration functions to
solve problems related to motion.

At a given point on a curve, the gradient of the curve is equal to the gradient of the
tangent to the curve.

The derivative (or gradient function) describes the gradient of a curve at any point on the
curve. Similarly, it also describes the gradient of a tangent to a curve at any point on the curve

To determine the equation of a tangent to a curve:

1. Find the derivative using the rules of differentiation.
2. Substitute the x-coordinate of the given point in to the derivative to calculate the
gradient of the tangent.
3. Substitute the gradient of the tangent and the coordinates of the given point into an
appropriate form of the straight-line equation.
4. Make y the subject of the formula.

The normal to a curve is the line perpendicular to the tangent to the curve at a given
point.

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FINDING THE EQUATION OF A TANGENT TO A CURVE

Example 1 Find the equation of the tangent to the curve 𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 at the point (1,3).
Sketch the curve and the tangent.

Solution:
1. Find the derivative
Use the rules of differentiation:
𝑦 = 3𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦
= 3(2𝑥) = 6𝑥
𝑑𝑥
2. Calculate the gradient of the tangent
To determine the gradient of the tangent at the point (1,3), we substitute the x
value into the equation for the derivative
𝑑𝑦
= 6𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑚 = 6(1) = 6
3. Determine the equation of the tangent
Substitute the gradient of the tangent and the coordinates of the given point into
the gradient-point form of the straight-line equation.
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
𝑦 − 3 = 6(𝑥 − 1)
𝑦 = 6𝑥 − 6 + 3
𝑦 = 6𝑥 − 3
4. Sketch the curve and the tangent

Example 2 Given 𝑔(𝑥) = (x + 2)(2x + 1)2 ,determine the equation of the tangent to
the curve at x=−1.

Solution:
1. Determine the y-coordinate of the point
𝑔(𝑥) = (x + 2)(2x + 1)2

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𝑔(−1) = (−1 + 2)[2(−1) + 1]2

= (1)(−1)2 = 1
Therefore, the tangent to the curve passes through the point (−1,1)

2. Expand and simplify the given function

𝑔(𝑥) = (x + 2)(2x + 1)2
= (x + 2)(4𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 1)
= 4𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 8𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 2
= 4𝑥 3 + 12𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 + 2
3. Find the derivative
𝒈′ (𝒙) = 𝟒(3𝑥 2 ) + 12(2𝑥) + 9 + 0
= 12 + 24𝑥 + 9
4. Calculate the gradient of the tangent
Substitute x=-1 into the equation for 𝒈′ (𝒙):
𝒈′ (−𝟏) = 𝟏𝟐(−1)𝟐 + 24(−1) + 9
𝒎 = 𝟏𝟐 − 24 + 9 = −3
5. Determine the equation of the tangent
Substitute the gradient of the tangent and the coordinates of the given point into
the gradient-point form of the straight-line equation.
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
𝑦 − 1 = −3(𝑥 − (−1))
𝑦 = −3𝑥 − 3 + 1
𝑦 = −3𝑥 − 2

For further understanding visit this link

https://www.khanacademy.org/math/ap-calculus-ab/ab-differentiation-1-
new/ab-2-1/v/derivative-as-slope-of-curve

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8.2. INSTANTANEOUS VELOCITY IN RECTILINEAR MOTION

Objectives:

• Explain the difference between average velocity and instantaneous

velocity.
• Calculate the instantaneous velocity given the mathematical equation for
the velocity.

The derivative of a function f at the number x has a powerful interpretation as the

instantaneous rate of change of f at x. We begin by considering an application in physics: the
motion of a particle on a line. Such a motion is called rectilinear motion. Let f be the function
determining the directed distance of the particle from O at any particular time.
To be more specific, let s meters (m) be the directed distance of the particle from O at t
seconds (sec). Then f is the function defined by the equation
𝒔 = 𝒇(𝒕)
which gives the directed distance from the point O to the particle at a particular instant.
ILLUSTARTION 1 Let

𝒔 = 𝒕𝟐 + 𝟐𝒕 − 𝟑
Then when t=0, s=-3; therefore the particle is 3m to the left of point O when t= 0. When
t=1, s=0; so the particle is at point O at 1sec. When t=2, s=5; so the particle is 5m to the right at
point O at 2sec. When t=3, s=12; so the particle is 12m to the right of point O at 3sec.

If f is a function given by the equation 𝒔 = 𝒇(𝒕) and a particle is moving along a

straight line such that x is the number of units in the directed distance of the particle from a
fixed point on the line at t units of time, then the instantaneous velocity of the particle at t
unit of time is v units of velocity, where
𝑑𝑠
𝑣 = 𝑓 (𝑡) ⇔ 𝑖𝑓 𝑖𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑠.
𝑑𝑡

Example 1 A particle is moving along a horizontal line according to the equation

𝒔 = 𝟐𝒕𝟑 − 𝟒𝒕𝟐 + 𝟐𝒕 − 𝟏
Determine the intervals of time when the particle is moving to the right and when it
is moving to the left. Also determine the instant when the particle reverses its
direction.

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Solution:
𝑑𝑠
𝑣= = 𝟔𝒕𝟐 − 𝟖𝒕 + 𝟐 = 𝟐(𝟑𝒕𝟐 − 𝟒𝒕 + 𝟏)
𝑑𝑡
1
The instantaneous velocity is zero when 𝑡 = and 𝑡 = 1. Therefore the particle is at rest
3
at these two times. The particle is moving to the right when v is positive, and it is moving to the
left when v is negative. We determine the sign of v for various intervals of t, and the results.

For further understanding visit this link

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-one-dimensional-
motion/instantaneous-velocity-and-speed/v/instantaneous-speed-and-
velocity

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8.3. DEFINITION AND NOTATION OF DERIVATIVES

Objectives:

• Differentiate the different notation of derivatives.

Often the most confusing thing for a student introduced to differentiation is the notation
associated with it. Here an attempt will be made to introduce as many types of notation as
possible. A derivative is always the derivative of a function with respect to a variable. When we
write the definition of the derivative as

we mean the derivative of the function f(x) with respect to the variable x. One type of notation for
derivatives is sometimes called prime notation.
The function f´(x), which would be read ``f-prime of x'', means the derivative of f(x) with
respect to x. If we say y=f(x), then y´ (read ``y-prime'')=f´(x). This is even sometimes taken as
far as to write things such as, for y = 𝑥 4 + 3x (for example), y´ = (𝑥 4 + 3x)´.
Higher order derivatives in prime notation are represented by increasing the number of
primes. For example, the second derivative of y with respect to x would be written as

Beyond the second or third derivative, all those primes get messy, so often the order of
the derivative is instead written as a roman superscript in parenthesis, so that the ninth
derivative of f(x) with respect to x is written as 𝑓 (9) (𝑥) or 𝑓 (𝑖𝑥) (𝑥).

A second type of notation for derivatives is sometimes called operator notation. The
operator 𝐷𝑥 is applied to a function in order to perform differentiation. Then, the derivative of
f(x)=y with respect to x can be written as 𝐷𝑥 𝑦 (read ``D--sub—x of y'') or as 𝐷𝑥 𝑓 (x ( read ``D—
sub x--of--f(x)''). Higher order derivatives are written by adding a superscript to 𝐷𝑥 , so that, for
example the third derivative of y = (𝑥 2 + sin(x)) with respect to x would be written as

Another commonly used notation was developed by Leibnitz and is accordingly called
Leibnitz notation. With this notation, if y=f(x), then the derivative of y with respect to x can be
written as

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(this is read as ``dy--dx'', but not ``dy minus dx'' or sometimes ``dy over dx''). Since y=f(x), we
can also write

This notation suggests that perhaps derivatives can be treated like fractions, which is
true in limited ways in some circumstances. This is also called differential notation, where dy
and dx are differentials. This notation becomes very useful when dealing with differential
equations.

𝑑
which resembles the above operator notation, with (𝑑𝑥 as the operator).

Higher order derivatives using Leibnitz notation can be written as

The exponents may seem to be in strange places in the second form, but it makes sense
if you look at the first form.

For further understanding visit this link

https://encripted-
vtbn2.gstatic.com/video?q=tbn:ANd9GcSsNHCLdij5leHpnJGiBjZj5Yn_e3s
alYsfVjLDWgZAyVUURGSf

8.4. GEOMETRIC INTERPRETATION OF DERIVATIVES OF A FUNCTION

Objectives:

• Interpret the derivates of function geometrically.

Let AB be the secant line, passing through the points (x, f(x))and(x + ∆x, f(𝑥∆x )). If B→A
that is, ∆x approaches zero, then the secant line approaches the tangent line at the point
(x, f(x)). Accordingly, the slope of the tangent line is the limit of the slope of the secant line when
∆x approach zero:

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Thus, the derivative f’(x) can be interpreted as the slope of the tangent line at the point
(x, y) on the graph of the function f(x).
If a function is increasing on some interval, then the slope of the tangent is positive at
each point of that interval, and hence, the derivative of the function is positive.
If a function is decreasing on some interval, then the slope of the tangent is negative at
each point of that interval, and hence, the derivative of the function is negative.
If a function is increasing on some interval, then the slope of the tangent is positive at
each point of that interval, and hence, the derivative of the function is positive.

If a curve y=f(x) has a smooth top then the peak of the curve serves as the boundary
between intervals of increasing and decreasing of the function. At this point the tangent is
parallel to the x-axis. Therefore, its slope equals zero, and so f’(x).
Likewise, if a curve y=f(x) has a smooth bottom then there exists a point peak of the
curve serves as the boundary between intervals of increasing and decreasing of the function. At
this point the tangent is parallel to the x-axis. Therefore, its slope equals zero, and so f’(x)=0.

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Example

If 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑥 5 − 6𝑥 2 + 5, then

𝑓′(𝑥) = 5𝑥 4 − 12𝑥

1 101
In particular, 𝑓 ′ (− 2) = 6
, and so the equation of
the line tangent to the graph of f at x=−12 is
101 1 111
𝑦= (𝑥 + ) +
6 2 22

For further understanding visit these links

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v1OkAmd_AD8
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6ZQGmSX3H38

8.5. DIFFERENTIABILITY OF A FUNCTION

Objectives:

• Determine whether the function whose graph is shown is differentiable or

continuous at a particular value of x
• Determine whether the equation of a function given is differentiable or
continuous at a particular value of x

Differentiable means that the derivative exists

Example 1: Is 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 differentiable?

Solution: Derivative rules tell us the derivative of 𝑥 2 is 2x and the

derivative of x is 1, so: Its derivative is 2x+6. So yes! 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 is
differentiable and it must exist for every value in the function's
domain.
Domain
In its simplest form the domain is all the values that go into a function

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Example 2: The function f(x)=|x| (absolute value)

At x=0 it has a very point y change!

Does the derivative exist at x=0?
Testing
We can test any value "c" by finding if the limit exists:
lim 𝑓 (𝑐 + ℎ ) − 𝑓(𝑐)ℎ
ℎ→0

Let's calculate the limit for |x| at the value 0

The limit does not exist! To see why, let's compare left and right side limits:

The limits are different on either side, so the limit does not exist. So the function f(x)=|x|
is not differentiable.
A good way to picture this in your mind is to think: As I zoom in, does the function tend to
become a straight line?

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Here are a few more Examples

The Floor and Ceiling Functions are not differentiable at integer values,
as there is a discontinuity at each jump. But they are differentiable
elsewhere.

The Cube root function 𝑥 1⁄3 .Its derivative is (1⁄3)𝑥 −(2⁄3) by the Power
Rule) At x=0 the derivative is undefined, so 𝑥 1⁄3 is not differentiable.

At x=0 the function is not defined so it makes no sense to ask if they

are differentiable there.
To be differentiable at a certain point, the function must first of all be
defined there!

As we head towards x=0 the function moves up and down faster and
faster, so we cannot find a value it is "heading towards". So it is not
differentiable

Which is Differentiable?

And I am "absolutely positive" about that:) So the function g(x)=|x| with Domain (0,+∞)
is differentiable. We could also restrict the domain in other ways to avoid x=0 (such as all
negative Real Numbers, all non-zero Real Numbers, etc).

Why Bother?

Because when a function is differentiable, we can use all the power of calculus when
working with it.

Continuous

When a function is differentiable it is also continuous.

Differentiable⇒ Continuous

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But a function can be continuous but not differentiable. For example, the absolute value
function is actually continuous (though not differentiable) at x=0.

For further understanding visit these links

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YEG18ISnThE
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GG76ZEmRAol

8.6. DIFFERENTIABILITY AND CONTINUITY

Objectives:

• Determine whether the function whose graph is shown is differentiable or

continuous at a particular value of x
• Determine whether the equation of a function given is differentiable

If f is differentiable at 𝑥0 , then f is also continuous at 𝑥0 .

The logically equivalent statement is quite useful: If f is not continuous at 𝑥0 , then f is not
differentiable at 𝑥0 .
(The converse is not necessarily true.) We have already seen that the converse is not
true in some cases. The function can have a cusp, a corner, or a vertical tangent and still be
continuous, but it is not differentiable.
For an introduction to the derivative, see
Math Video Tutorials by James Sousa, Introduction to the Derivative
The following simulator traces the instantaneous slope of a curve and graphs a
qualitative form of derivative function on an axis below the curve Surfing the Derivative.
The following applet allows you to explore the relationship between a function and its
derivative on a graph. Notice that as you move x along the curve, the slope of the tangent line to
f(x) is the height of the derivative function, f'(x) Derivative Applet. This applet is customizable
after doing the steps outlined on the page, feel free to change the function definition and explore
the derivative of many functions.
For a video presentation of differentiability and continuity, see
Differentiability and Continuity

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Example 1: Test the differentiability of the function f(x)=|x-2| at x=2

Solution: We know that this function is continuous at x=2.

Since the one-sided derivatives f′(2− ) and f′(2+ ) are not equal, f′(2) does not exist. That
is, f is not differentiable at x=2. At all other points, the function is differentiable.
If 𝑥0 ≠ 2 is any other point then

The fact that f′(2) does not exist is reflected geometrically in the fact that the curve
y=|x-2| does not have a tangent line at (2,0). Note that the curve has a sharp edge at (2,0).

Example 2: Examine the differentiability of f(x) = 𝑥 1⁄3 at x=0

Solution:
Let f(x) = 𝑥 1⁄3 . Clearly, there is no hole (or break) in the
graph of this function and hence it is continuous at all points of its
domain.
Let us check whether f′(0) exists.

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Therefore, the function is not differentiable at x=0. Further we conclude that the tangent
line is vertical at x=0. So f is not differentiable at x=0.

For further understanding visit these links

https://www.khanacademy.org/math/ap-calculus-ab/ab-differentiation-1-
new/ab-2-4/v/differentiability
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fml0-ELYLaE

8.7. BASIC RULES OF DIFFERENTIATION

Objectives:

• Use the power rule, constant multiple rules, sum and difference rule,
product rule, quotient rule for differentiation.

The Power Rule (for positive integer power) of Differentiation

Suppose n is a positive integer and 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 𝑛 , then 𝑓′(𝑥 ) = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1

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Example 1: If f(x) = 𝑥 4 , differentiate the function.

To solve for it use the Power Rule (for positive integers) where in

Solution:
𝑓′(𝑥 ) = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑓′(𝑥 ) = 4𝑥 4−1
𝑓′(𝑥 ) = 4𝑥 3

Example 2: If f(x) = 𝑥 9 , differentiate the function.

To solve for it use the Power Rule (for positive integers) where in

Solution:
𝑓′(𝑥 ) = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑓′(𝑥 ) = 9𝑥 9−1
𝑓′(𝑥 ) = 9𝑥 8

The Power Rule (for negative integer power) of Differentiation

The Power Rule (for negative integers power) of differentiation suppose f(x) = 𝑛−𝑛 ,
where –n is a negative integer and x≠0, then 𝑓′(𝑥 ) = 𝑛−𝑛−1 .

Since we are given that –n is a negative integer and also considering the previous
theorem which is Power Rule (for positive integer), we can simply express the function as
quotient and apply the quotient rule,

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And we will have the formula 𝑓 ′ (x) = −𝑛𝑥−𝑛−1

3
Example: Differentiate the given function, 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑥 5 using Power Rule (for
negative integer power) of Differentiation

Solution:
𝑓′(𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 −5
𝑓′(𝑥 ) = 3(−5𝑥 −6 )
15
𝑓 ′(𝑥) = −
𝑥6

The Constant Multiple Rule of Differentiation

Constant times a function is just same as constant multiple rule. This includes the other
types of derivatives like power rule.
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
If y = f(x) is a function then the derivative of y can be represented by 𝑑𝑥 or 𝑦′ or 𝑓′ or 𝑑𝑦

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The derivative of constant times a function is the constant times the derivatives of the
function if this derivative exists.
By combining two theorems which is the constant rule and power rule we obtain

𝑓 ′ (x) = c𝑛𝑥𝑛−1
𝐷𝑥 (c𝑛𝑥𝑛 ) = c𝑛𝑥𝑛−1

The Sum and Difference Rule of Differentiation

If f and g are functions and if h is a function defined as,

ℎ(𝑥 ) = 𝑓(𝑥 ) + 𝑔(𝑥)

then suppose 𝑓 ′ (x) and 𝑔′ (x) exist,
ℎ′ (𝑥 ) = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) + 𝑔′ (𝑥)
Here is the proof,

EXAMPLES:

Here’s the solution by combining the Theorem 1, 2, and 3.

1. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 4𝑥 4 + 𝑥 3 − 7𝑥 + 2
= 16𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 7
2. 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 12𝑥
= 4𝑥 3 + 12

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The Power Rule of Differentiation

The derivative of the product of two functions is the first function times the derivative of
the second function plus the second function times the derivative of the first function if these
derivatives exist

EXAMPLES:

1. Given: 𝑓 (𝑥) = (3𝑥 2 )(7𝑥 3 ), find 𝑓 (𝑥)

Solution:
𝑓(𝑥) = (3𝑥 2 )(7𝑥 3 )
𝑑 𝑑
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = (3𝑥 2 ) (7𝑥 3 ) + (3𝑥 2 )(7𝑥 3 )
𝐷𝑥 𝐷𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = (3𝑥 2 )(21𝑥 2 ) + (6𝑥)(7𝑥 3 )
= 63𝑥 4 + 42𝑥 4

𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 105𝑥 4

Quotient Rule of Differentiation

The derivative of the Quotient of two differentiable functions is equal to the denominator
times the derivative of the numerator minus the numerator times the derivative of the
denominator, all divided by the square of the denominator.

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Example: Finding the Derivative of a Quotient. Find the

derivative of:
𝑥−1
𝑓(𝑥) =
2𝑥 + 3

Solution: Apply the Quotient Rule, as shown:

𝒅 𝒅
𝒅 (𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑) [𝒙 − 𝟏] − (𝒙 − 𝟏) [𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑]
= 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒙 (𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑)𝟐
(𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑)(𝟏) − (𝒙 − 𝟏)(𝟐)
=
(𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑)𝟐
𝟓
=
(𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑)𝟐

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For further understanding visit these links

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lvLpN1G1Ncg
https://encryptrd-
vtbn1.gstatic.com/video?q=tbn:ANd9GcTVUY6NkiAhRXshicCHPukihf55C
KJCukwThSGpmjeSCS8nT1Pp

8.8. THE CHAIN RULE: COMPOSITE FUNCTIONS

Objectives:

• Use chain rule: composite functions for differentiation

If the function g is differentiable at x and the function f is

8.8.1 THEOREM differentiable at g(x), then composite function 𝑓°𝑔 is differentiable at
x, and (𝑓°𝑔)′ = 𝑓′(𝑔(𝑥))𝑔′(𝑥)

Example 1: Find 𝑓′(𝑥)by the chain rule if

1
𝑓 (𝑥) =
4𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 8

Solution:
We write 𝑓 (𝑥) = (4𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 8)−1 and apply the chain rule to obtain

𝑓′(𝑥) = −1(4𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 8)−2 [𝐷𝑥 (4𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 8)]

𝑓′(𝑥) = −1(4𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 8)−2 (12𝑥 2 + 10𝑥 − 7)

−𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 + 7
𝑓′(𝑥) =
(4𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 8)2

Example 2: Compute

𝑑 2𝑥 + 1 4
[( ) ]
𝑑𝑥 3𝑥 − 1

Solution:
𝑑 2𝑥 + 1 4 2𝑥 + 1 3 𝑑 2𝑥 + 1
[( ]
) = 4( ) [ ( )]
𝑑𝑥 3𝑥 − 1 3𝑥 − 1 𝑑𝑥 3𝑥 − 1

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2𝑥 + 1 3 (3x − 1)(2) − (2x + 1)(3)

= 4( )
3𝑥 − 1 (3x − 1)2
4(2x + 1)3 (−5)
=
(3x − 1)5

20(2x + 1)3
=
(3x − 1)5

For further understanding visit these links

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ddZB_Jb35d4
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vNXjMTv4vHs

8.9. IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION

Objectives:

• Find the derivative of an implicitly defined function using implicit

differentiation;
• Find the equation of a tangent line to a curve which implicitly defines a
function.

The subset C of the xy-plane consisting of all ordered pairs (x, y) that satisfy the
equation
𝑥2 𝑦 2
− =1
9 4
It is apparent from the figure that the whole set C is not a function, since it is easy to find
instances of ordered pairs (a, b) and (a, c) in C with 6=C. For example, both (6,2√3) and (6,-
2√3) lie on the curve. On the other hand, many subsets of C are functions. For instance, the set
of all ordered pairs (x, y) in C for which x>3 and y>0. Central to the ideas that follow is the fact
that since the points (x, f(x)) that comprise f belong to C, they satisfy the equation of the
hyperbola. That is,

𝑥 2 (f(x))2
− =1
9 4
For every x>3. We say that the function f is defined implicitly by (1). It is geometrically obvious
that the hyperbola has a tangent line at every point, and we therefore conclude that the function
f(x) is differentiable except at x=3, where the tangent is vertical. We can compute f'(x) most

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 MODULE CALCULUS 1 WITH ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

easily by observing that since (2) holds for every x in the domain of f, it is a y-axis equality
between two functions. Specifically, the composite function
𝑥2 (f(4))2
9
− 4
= 1 is equal to the constant function 1. Equal functions have equal derivatives. Hence

and solving for f'(x), we obtain

4𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) =
9𝑓(𝑥)
4(6) 24
𝑓 ′ (6) = =
9(2√3) 3√3

The set of all points (x, y) of C for which 𝑦 < 0 is another such function, and it includes
the point (6, −2√3). However, we have 𝑓 (6) = −2√3. Hence, this time,
4(6) 24
𝑓 ′ (6) = =−
9(−2√3) 3√3

𝑑𝑦
Example 1: Given (𝑥 + 𝑦)2 − (𝑥 − 𝑦)2 = 𝑥 4 + 𝑦 4 , find 𝑑𝑥

Solution: Differentiating implicitly with respect to x we have

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2(𝑥 + 𝑦) (1 + ) − 2(𝑥 − 𝑦) (1 − ) = 4𝑥 3 + 4𝑦 3
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + (2𝑥 + 2𝑦) − 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + (2𝑥 − 2𝑦) = 4𝑥 3 + 4𝑦 3
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
(4𝑥 − 4𝑦 3 ) = 4𝑥 3 − 4𝑦
𝑑𝑥

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 MODULE CALCULUS 1 WITH ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

𝑑𝑦 𝑥 3 − 𝑦
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 − 𝑦 3

Example 2: Find the equation tangent line to the curve 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 = 9 at the point (1, 2)

Solution: We differentiate implicitly with respect to x

𝑑𝑦
3𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 =0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑥2
=− 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑦
𝑑𝑦 1
Therefore, at the point (1,2), 𝑑𝑥 = − 4. An equation of the tangent line is then

1
𝑦 − 2 = − (𝑥 − 1)
4
𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 9 = 0

For further understanding visit these links

https://www.khanacademy.org/math/ap-calculus-ab-differentiation-2-
new/ab-3-2/v/implicit-differentiation-1
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fly5Wav4rok

REFERENCES

Louis Leithold. The Calculus With Analytic Geometry. Sixth Edition.

CHAPTER 8 23