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    Vulcanization is a process that hardens rubber by adding sulfur or other compounds which create cross-links between polymer chains, making the material more rigid and durable. It was accidentally discovered in 1839 by Charles Goodyear and allows rubber to be used in many applications that require its properties, like tires, hoses and shoe soles. The most common method uses sulfur and accelerators on natural rubber and synthetic rubbers. Other rubbers like chloroprene use metal oxides instead of sulfur. Silicone rubbers can also be vulcanized at room temperature using acetoxysilane compounds.

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    Vulcanization: Jump To Navigation Jump To Search

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    Vulcanization is a process that hardens rubber by adding sulfur or other compounds which create cross-links between polymer chains, making the material more rigid and durable. It was accidentally discovered in 1839 by Charles Goodyear and allows rubber to be used in many applications that require its properties, like tires, hoses and shoe soles. The most common method uses sulfur and accelerators on natural rubber and synthetic rubbers. Other rubbers like chloroprene use metal oxides instead of sulfur. Silicone rubbers can also be vulcanized at room temperature using acetoxysilane compounds.

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    Vulcanization is a process that hardens rubber by adding sulfur or other compounds which create cross-links between polymer chains, making the material more rigid and durable. It was accidentally discovered in 1839 by Charles Goodyear and allows rubber to be used in many applications that require its properties, like tires, hoses and shoe soles. The most common method uses sulfur and accelerators on natural rubber and synthetic rubbers. Other rubbers like chloroprene use metal oxides instead of sulfur. Silicone rubbers can also be vulcanized at room temperature using acetoxysilane compounds.

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    22 views4 pages

    Vulcanization: Jump To Navigation Jump To Search

    Uploaded by

    WolfMensch1216
    Vulcanization is a process that hardens rubber by adding sulfur or other compounds which create cross-links between polymer chains, making the material more rigid and durable. It was accidentally discovered in 1839 by Charles Goodyear and allows rubber to be used in many applications that require its properties, like tires, hoses and shoe soles. The most common method uses sulfur and accelerators on natural rubber and synthetic rubbers. Other rubbers like chloroprene use metal oxides instead of sulfur. Silicone rubbers can also be vulcanized at room temperature using acetoxysilane compounds.

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    Source - Wikipedia

    Vulcanization

      (Redirected from Vulcanizing accelerators)

    Jump to navigationJump to search

    Worker placing tire in a mold before vulcanization.

    Vulcanization (British: Vulcanisation) is a range of processes for


    hardening rubbers.  The term originally referred exclusively to the treatment
    [1]

    of natural rubber with sulfur, which remains the most common practice. It has also
    grown to include the hardening of other (synthetic) rubbers via various means.
    Examples include silicone rubber via room temperature vulcanizing and chloroprene
    rubber (neoprene) using metal oxides.
    Vulcanization can be defined as the curing of elastomers, with the terms
    'vulcanization' and 'curing' sometimes used interchangeably in this context. It works
    by forming cross-links between sections of polymer chain which results in increased
    rigidity and durability, as well as other changes in the mechanical and electrical
    properties of the material.  Vulcanization, in common with the curing of
    [2]

    other thermosetting polymers, is generally irreversible.


    The word vulcanization is derived from Vulcan, the Roman god of fire and forge.

    Contents

     1History

     2Applications

     3Overview

     4Vulcanization with sulfur

     5Vulcanization of polychloroprene

     6Vulcanization of silicones

     7See also

     8References
    History[edit]
    Rubber—latex—had been known for thousands of years in Mesoamerican cultures,
    used to make balls, sandal soles, rubber bands, and waterproof containers. Rubber
    was processed for specific applications within the Aztec empire — rubber and latex
    goods were processed and constructed, and then shipped to the capital for use or
    further distribution.[3]

    Early rubber tube tires in the 19th century would grow sticky on a hot road, until
    debris would get stuck in them and eventually the tires would burst.
    Charles Goodyear, in the 1830s, was working to improve those tube tires. He tried
    heating up rubber in order to mix other chemicals with it. This seemed to harden and
    improve the rubber, though this was due to the heating itself and not the chemicals
    used. Not realizing this, he repeatedly ran into setbacks when his announced
    hardening formulas did not work consistently. One day in 1839, when trying to mix
    rubber with sulfur, Goodyear accidentally dropped the mixture in a hot frying pan. To
    his astonishment, instead of melting further or vaporizing, the rubber remained firm
    and, as he increased the heat, the rubber became harder. Goodyear quickly worked
    out a consistent system for this hardening, which he called vulcanization because of
    the heat involved. He obtained a patent in the same year, and by 1844 was
    producing the rubber on an industrial scale.

    Applications[edit]
    There are many uses for vulcanized materials, some examples of which are rubber
    hoses, shoe soles, toys, erasers, shock absorbers, conveyor belts,  vibration
    [4]

    mounts/dampers, insulation materials, tires, and bowling balls.  Most rubber products
    [5]

    are vulcanized as this massively improves their lifespan, function, and strength.

    Overview[edit]
    In contrast with thermoplastic processes (the melt-freeze process that characterize
    the behaviour of most modern polymers), vulcanization, in common with the curing of
    other thermosetting polymers, is generally irreversible. Five types of curing systems
    are in common use:

    1. Sulfur systems
    2. Peroxides
    3. Metallic oxides
    4. Acetoxysilane
    5. Urethane crosslinkers

    Vulcanization with sulfur[edit]


    Main article: Sulfur vulcanization

    The most common vulcanizing methods depend on sulfur. Sulfur, by itself, is a slow
    vulcanizing agent and does not vulcanize synthetic polyolefins. Accelerated
    vulcanization is carried out using various compounds that modify the kinetics of
    crosslinking;  this mixture is often referred to as a cure package. The main polymers
    [6]

    subjected to sulfur vulcanization are polyisoprene (natural rubber) and styrene-


    butadiene rubber (SBR), which are used for most street-vehicle tires. The cure
    package is adjusted specifically for the substrate and the application. The reactive
    sites—cure sites—are allylic hydrogen atoms. These C-H bonds are adjacent to
    carbon-carbon double bonds. During vulcanization, some of these C-H bonds are
    replaced by chains of sulfur atoms that link with a cure site of another polymer chain.
    These bridges contain between one and several atoms. The number of sulfur atoms
    in the crosslink strongly influences the physical properties of the final rubber article.
    Short crosslinks give the rubber better heat resistance. Crosslinks with higher
    number of sulfur atoms give the rubber good dynamic properties but less heat
    resistance. Dynamic properties are important for flexing movements of the rubber
    article, e.g., the movement of a side-wall of a running tire. Without good flexing
    properties these movements rapidly form cracks, and ultimately will make the rubber
    article fail.

    Vulcanization of polychloroprene[edit]
    The vulcanization of neoprene or polychloroprene rubber (CR rubber) is carried out
    using metal oxides (specifically MgO and ZnO, sometimes Pb O ) rather than sulfur 3 4

    compounds which are presently used with many natural and synthetic rubbers. In
    addition, because of various processing factors (principally scorch, this being the
    premature cross-linking of rubbers due to the influence of heat), the choice
    of accelerator is governed by different rules to other diene rubbers. Most
    conventionally used accelerators are problematic when CR rubbers are cured and
    the most important accelerant has been found to be ethylene thiourea (ETU), which,
    although being an excellent and proven accelerator for polychloroprene, has been
    classified as reprotoxic. The European rubber industry has started a research project
    SafeRubber  to develop a safer alternative to the use of ETU.
    [7]

    Vulcanization of silicones[edit]

    An example of a silicone rubber keypad typical of LSR (Liquid Silicone Rubber) moulding

    Main article: RTV silicone

    Room-temperature vulcanizing (RTV) silicone is constructed of reactive oil-based


    polymers combined with strengthening mineral fillers. There are two types of room-
    temperature vulcanizing silicone:

    1. RTV-1 (One-component systems); hardens due to the action of atmospheric


    humidity, a catalyst, and acetoxysilane. Acetoxysilane, when exposed to humid
    conditions, will form acetic acid.  The curing process begins on the outer surface and
    [8]

    progresses through to its core. The product is packed in airtight cartridges and is
    either in a fluid or paste form. RTV-1 silicone has good adhesion, elasticity, and
    durability characteristics. The Shore hardness can be varied between 18 and 60.
    Elongation at break can range from 150% up to 700%. They have excellent aging
    resistance due to superior resistance to UV radiation and weathering.

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