The Growing Enormous of Big data

Storage in Cloud Computing Technology

Talwana Jonathan Charity *
Dep. of Computer Science and Information Engineering.
East China University of Science Technology. Shanghai – China
e-mail:tal.jonah@hotmail.com
Abstract：Due to the advent of new technologies, devices, and communication means like social networking sites, the amount
of data produced by mankind is growing rapidly every year. The amount of data produced by us from the beginning of time
till 2003 was 5 billion gigabytes. If you pile up the data in the form of disks it may fill an entire football field. The same amount
was created in every two days in 2011, and in every ten minutes in 2013. However, this rate is still growing enormously.
Though all this information produced is meaningful and can be useful when processed, it is being neglected.

Keywords：Big Data Sorage,Hadoop, Map Reduce,Cloud Computing

1. INTRODUCTION
Big data means really a big data; it is a collection of large datasets that cannot be processed using traditional
computing techniques. Big data is not merely a data; [1] rather it has become a complete subject, which involves various
tools, techniques and frameworks. Big data involves the data produced by different devices and applications. Black Box
Data device is a component of helicopter, airplanes, and jets, etc. It captures voices of the flight crew, recordings of
microphones and earphones, and the performance information of the aircraft. The Social Media Data Social media such
as Facebook and Twitter hold information and the views posted by millions of people across the globe. Stock Exchange
Data Social media such as Facebook and Twitter hold information and the views posted by millions of people across
the globe. Power Grid Data The power grid data holds information consumed by a particular node with respect to a
base station. Transport Data Transport data includes model, capacity, distance and availability of a vehicle. Search
Engine Data Search engines retrieve lots of data from different databases. With the mentioned above are some of the
fields that come under the umbrella of Big Data. Thus Big Data includes huge volume such as the high velocity, and
extensible variety of data. The data in it will be of three types.

Structured data: Relational data.

Semi Structured data: XML data.
Unstructured data: Word, PDF, Text, Media Logs

Benefits of Big Data

Big data is really critical to our life and its emerging as one of the most important technologies in modern world.
Follow are just few benefits which are very much known to all of us:
Using the information kept in the social network like Facebook, the marketing agencies are learning about the response
for their campaigns, promotions, and other advertising mediums.
Using the information in the social media like preferences and product perception of their consumers, product
companies and retail organizations are planning their production.
Using the data regarding the previous medical history of patients, hospitals are providing better and quick service. And
the fig 1 below is a given example of our big data in the entire media.

Fig : 1 Big datas

Fig :1 Big Data Technologies

 Big data technologies are important in providing more accurate analysis, which may lead to more concrete decision-
making resulting in greater operational efficiencies, cost reductions, and reduced risks for the business.To harness the
power of big data, you would require an infrastructure that can manage and process huge volumes of structured and
unstructured data in real-time and can protect data privacy and security.There are various technologies in the market
from different vendors including Amazon, IBM, Microsoft, etc., to handle big data[8]. While looking into the
technologies that handle big data, we examine the following two classes of technology:

Operational Big Data

This include systems like MongoDB that provide operational capabilities for real-time, interactive workloads where
data is primarily captured and stored.NoSQL Big Data systems are designed to take advantage of new cloud computing
architectures that have emerged over the past decade to allow massive computations to be run inexpensively and
efficiently. This makes operational big data workloads much easier to manage, cheaper, and faster to implement.Some
NoSQL systems can provide insights into patterns and trends based on real-time data with minimal coding and without
the need for data scientists and additional infrastructure.

Analytical Big Data

This includes systems like Massively Parallel Processing (MPP) database systems and MapReduce that provide
analytical capabilities for retrospective and complex analysis that may touch most or all of the data.MapReduce
provides a new method of analyzing data that is complementary to the capabilities provided by SQL, and a system
based on MapReduce that can be scaled up from single servers to thousands of high and low end machines.These two
classes of technology are complementary and frequently deployed together.

Operational vs. Analytical Systems

The table1 below represets some of analysis semulated.

Operational Analytical
Latency 1 ms - 100 ms 1 min - 100 min
Concurrency 1000 - 100,000 1 - 10
Access Pattern Writes and Reads Reads
Queries Selective Unselective
Data Scope Operational Retrospective
End User Customer Data Scientist
Technology NoSQL MapReduce, MPP Database

Big Data Challenges

The major challenges associated with big data are as follows:
 Capturing data
 Curation
 Storage
 Searching
 Sharing
 Transfer
 Analysis
 Presentation

To fulfill the above challenges, organizations normally take the help of enterprise servers.

2. TRADITIONAL APPROACH
In this approach, an enterprise will have a computer to store and process big data. Here data will be stored in an
RDBMS like Oracle Database, MS SQL Server [3, 9] or DB2 and sophisticated software can be written to interact with
the database, process the required data and present it to the users for analysis purpose.This includes systems like
Massively Parallel Processing (MPP) database systems and MapReduce that provide analytical capabilities for
retrospective and complex analysis that may touch most or all of the data.

MapReduce provides a new method of analyzing data that is complementary to the capabilities provided by SQL, and a
system based on MapReduce that can be scaled up from single servers to thousands of high and low end
machines.These two classes of technology are complementary and frequently deployed together .[8]

Limitation
This approach works well where we have less volume of data that can be accommodated by standard database servers,
or up to the limit of the processor which is processing the data. But when it comes to dealing with huge amounts of
data, it is really a tedious task to process such data through a traditional database server shown in fig 2 below.

Fig: 2. standard database servers

3. RESEARCH SOLUTION.

3.1 Google solution

Google solved this problem using an algorithm called MapReduce. This algorithm divides the task into small parts and
assigns those parts to many computers connected over the network, and collects the results to form the final result dataset.
The fig 3 below is a diagram that shows various commodity hardware which could be single CPU machines or servers with
higher capacity

Fig: 3 the commodity hardware and a server.

3.2 Hadoop

Doug Cutting, Mike Cafarella and team took the solution provided by Google and started an Open Source Project
called HADOOP in 2005 and Doug named it after his son's toy elephant .[1,2] Now Apache Hadoop is a registered
trademark of the Apache Software Foundation. Hadoop runs applications using the MapReduce algorithm, where the
data is processed in parallel on different CPU nodes. In short, Hadoop framework as shown in fig: 4 below, is capable
enough to develop applications capable of running on clusters of computers and they could perform complete statistical
analysis for a huge amount of data.
 Fig: 4 Hadoop Framework Cluster.

Hadoop is an Apache open source framework written in java that allows distributed processing of large datasets across
clusters of computers using simple programming models. A Hadoop frame-worked application works in an
environment that provides distributed storage and computation across clusters of computers. Hadoop is designed to
scale up from single server to thousands of machines, each offering local computation and storage.

3.3 Hadoop architecture

Hadoop framework includes the following four modules shown in fig .5

Fig : 5 Hadoop architecture

Hadoop Common: These are Java libraries and utilities required by other Hadoop modules. These libraries provide
filesystem and OS level abstractions and contains the necessary Java files and scripts required to start Hadoop.
Hadoop YARN: This is a framework for job scheduling and cluster resource management. Hadoop Distributed File
System (HDFS™): A distributed file system that provides high-throughput access to application data.
Hadoop MapReduce: This is YARN-based system for parallel processing of large data sets. We can use following
diagram to depict these four components available in Hadoop framework.
Since 2012, the term "Hadoop" often refers not just to the base modules mentioned above but also to the collection of
additional software packages that can be installed on top of or alongside Hadoop, such as Apache Pig, Apache Hive,
Apache HBase, Apache Spark etc.
Hadoop MapReduce is a software framework for easily writing applications which process big amounts of data in-
parallel on large clusters (thousands of nodes) of commodity hardware in a reliable, fault-tolerant manner.
The term MapReduce actually refers to the following two different tasks that Hadoop programs perform:
The Map Task: This is the first task, which takes input data and converts it into a set of data, where individual
elements are broken down into tuples (key/value pairs).
The Reduce Task: This task takes the output from a map task as input and combines those data tuples into a smaller set
of tuples. The reduce task is always performed after the map task. Typically both the input and the output are stored in a
file-system. The framework takes care of scheduling tasks, monitoring them and re-executes the failed tasks.The
MapReduce framework consists of a single master JobTracker and one slave TaskTracker per cluster-node. The master
is responsible for resource management, tracking resource consumption/availability and scheduling the jobs component
tasks on the slaves, monitoring them and re-executing the failed tasks. The slaves TaskTracker execute the tasks as
directed by the master and provide task-status information to the master periodically.The JobTracker is a single point of
failure for the Hadoop MapReduce service which means if JobTracker goes down, all running jobs are halted.

Hadoop Distributed File System

Hadoop can work directly with any mountable distributed file system such as Local FS, HFTP FS, S3 FS, and others,
but the most common file system used by Hadoop is the Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS).

The Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS) is based on the Google File System (GFS) and provides a distributed file
system that is designed to run on large clusters (thousands of computers) of small computer machines in a reliable,
fault-tolerant manner.
HDFS uses a master/slave architecture where master consists of a single NameNode that manages the file system
metadata and one or more slave DataNodes that store the actual data.

A file in an HDFS namespace is split into several blocks and those blocks are stored in a set of DataNodes. The
NameNode determines the mapping of blocks to the DataNodes. The DataNodes takes care of read and write operation
with the file system. They also take care of block creation, deletion and replication based on instruction given by
NameNode. HDFS provides a shell like any other file system and a list of commands are available to interact with the
file system.

3.4 How Hadoop work

Stage 1
A user/application can submit a job to the Hadoop (a hadoop job client) for required process by specifying the
following items:
I .The location of the input and output files in the distributed file system.
II .The job configuration by setting different parameters specific to the job.
III .The java classes in the form of jar file containing the implementation of map and reduce functions.
Stage 2
The Hadoop job client then submits the job (jar/executable etc) and configuration to the JobTracker which then
assumes the responsibility of distributing the software / configuration to the slaves, scheduling tasks and monitoring
them, providing status and diagnostic information to the job-client.
Stage 3
The TaskTrackers on different nodes execute the task as per MapReduce implementation and output of the reduce
function is stored into the output files on the file system.

Advantages of Hadoop
 Hadoop framework allows the user to quickly write and test distributed systems. It is efficient, and it
automatic distributes the data and work across the machines and in turn, utilizes the underlying parallelism of
the CPU cores.
 Hadoop does not rely on hardware to provide fault-tolerance and high availability (FTHA), rather Hadoop
library itself has been designed to detect and handle failures at the application layer.
 Servers can be added or removed from the cluster dynamically and Hadoop continues to operate without
interruption.
 Another big advantage of Hadoop is that apart from being open source, it is compatible on all the platforms
since it is Java based.

Hadoop File System was developed using distributed file system design. It is ran on commodity hardware. Unlike other
distributed systems, HDFS is highly faulttolerant and designed using low-cost hardware.HDFS holds very large amount
of data and provides easier access. To store such huge data,the files are stored across multiple machines. These files are
stored in redundant fashion to rescue the system from possible data losses in case of failure. HDFS also makes
applications available to parallel processing.

4. CONCLUSION
The rate at which data is growing is enormously and this has resulted into some data being neglected. Though all this
information produced is meaningful and can be useful when processed, also it is being neglected.The big data
technology is here to stay. It addresses specific technical requirements that are not as efficiently or cost effectively
addressed with other data management technologies, including RDBMS systems, HDFS holds very large amount of
data. The RDBMS and HDFS holds very large amount of data base are complementary in the sense that they work
together to address the overall data management needs of our customers, each providing the technical capabilities
required by today’s complex and evolving applications. Customers can rely on the quality, integration and support of
the big Database, and deploy their applications with confidence, maximizing their technology investment and
minimizing their risk; as opposed to opting for other with unknown scalability, quality and integration challenges.

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