ENGLISH GRAMMAR

INDEX
1-VERB TO BE PRESENT TIME
2- VERB TO BE PAST TIME/PAST CONTINUOUS/PAST PROGRESIVE
3- VERB TO BE FUTURE TIME
4- FUTURE SIMPLE
5-POSESSIVE PRONOUNS
6-SIMPLE PRESENT
7-SIMPLE PRESENT (AUXILIAR “DO”)
8-SIMPLE PAST
9-PRESENT PERFECT
10-BASE TO MAKE QUESTIONS
11-SUPERIORITY COMPARATIVE
12-SUPERLATIVE
13-PREPOSITIONS TO PRACTICE
14-DEMOSTRATIVE PRONOUNS
15-WORD ORDER
16-OBJECT PRONOUNS
17/18-AUXILIAR WOULD
19-INFINITE PRONOUNS
20-CAN/COULD
21-PASSIVE VOICE
22- PASSIVE VOICE 2
23- OBLIGATION EXPRESSIONS
24- SUFFIX ‘ING’ AFTER PREPOSITIONS
25- PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
26-“USED TO”
27-“ABLE TO”
28- WAS GOING TO
29- PHRASAL VERBS
30-GET
31-CAN I HAVE
32- IT-THEM
33- ON-ONE’S
34- SUFFIX “ER”
35- THERE
36- DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SIMPLE PRESENT AND PRESENT PERFECT
37- SUFFIX “LY”
38- MAY AND MIGHT
39-NO-NOT (DIFERENCIAS)
40/41- ENOUGH-TOO
42- LOS PRONOMBRES REFLEXIVOS
43- El PREFIJO MIS
44- EL PREFIJO OVER
45- El PREFIJO DIS
46- El PREFIJO OVER
47- El SUFIJO ABLE
48- El SUFIJO FUL
49- El SUFIJO NESS
50- ESTRUCTURA DE LA ORACION
51- REPORTED SPEECH
VERB TO BE PRESENT TIME back

Affirmative way

I am= yo soy/yo estoy

You are= tu eres/tu estas
He is= el es/el esta
She is= ella es/ella esta
It is= ello es/ello esta
We are= nosotros somos/nosotros estamos
They are= ellos son/ellos estan

Contractions
I am= i’m
You are= you’re
He is= he’s
She is= she’s
It is= it’s
We are= we’re
They are= they’re

Interrogative way

Am i?
Are you?
Is he?
Is she?
Is it?
Are we?
Are they?

Negative way

I am not I’m not I am’t

You are not you’re not you aren’t
He is not he’s not he isn’t
She is not she’s not she isn’t
It is not it’s not it isn’t
We are not we’re not we aren’t
They are not they’re not they aren’t
 1
VERB TO BE PAST TIME/PAST CONTINUOUS/PAST PROGRESIVE back

Was=era/estaba
Were=eran/estaban

I was= yo era/yo estaba

You were= tu eras/tu estabas/ustedes eran/ustedes estaban
He was= el era/el estaba
She was= ella era/ella estaba
It was=ello era/ello estaba
We were= nosotros eramos/nosotros estabamos
They were= Ellos eran/ellos estaban.

Interrogative way

Was i? = yo era/yo estaba?

Were you? = tu eras/tu estabas/ustedes eran/ustedes estaban?
Was he? = el era/el estaba?
Was she? = ella era/ella estaba?
Was it? = ello era/ello estaba?
Were we? = nosotros eramos/nosotros estabamos?
Were they? = ellos eran/ellos estaban?

Negative way

I wasn't = yo no era/yo no estaba

You weren't = ustedes no eran/ustedes no estaban/tu no eras/tu no estabas
He wasn't = el no era/el no estaba.
She wasn't= ella no era/ella no estaba
It wasn't= ello no era/ello no estaba
We weren't = nosotros no eramos/nosotros no estabamos
They weren't= ellos no eran/ellos no estaban
 2
VERB TO BE FUTURE TIME back

Going to = gonna = voy a

I am going to = I am gonna = yo voy a

You are going to = You are gonna = tu vas a/ustedes van a
He is going to = He is gonna = el va a
She is going to = She is gonna = ella va a
It is going to = It is gonna = ello va a
We are going to = We are gonna = nosotros vamos a
They are going to = They are gonna = ellos van a

Interrogative way

Am i going to? = Am i gonna? = yo voy a?

Are you going to? = Are you gonna? = tu vas a/ustedes van a?
Is he going to? = Is he gonna? = el va a?
Is she going to? = Is she gonna? = ella va a?
Is it going to? = Is it gonna? = ello va a?
Are we going to? = Are we gonna? = nosotros vamos a?
Are they going to? = Are they gonna? = ellos van a?

Negative way

I am not going to = I'm not gonna = yo no voy a

You are not going to = You're not gonna= tu no vas a
He is not going to = He's not gonna = el no va a
She is not going to = She's not gonna = ella no va
It is not going to = It's not gonna = ello no va a
We are not going to = We're not gonna = nosotros no vamos a
They are not going to = They're not gonna = ellos no van a
 3
FUTURE SIMPLE back

You use this future when you have plans or intention to do something

Affirmative way

I will invest = yo invertire

You will go = tu iras/ustedes iran
He will drink = el tomara
She will drive = ella manejara
It will take = ello tomara
We will play = nosotros jugaremos
They will smoke = ellas/ellos fumaran

Interrogative way

Will i play? = yo jugare?

Will you drink? = tu/ustedes tomaran?
Will he buy? = el comprara?
Will she drive? = ella manejara?
Will it sleep? = ello dormira?
Will we eat? = nosotros comeremos?
Will they dream? = ellos/ellas soñaran?

Negative

I will not sell = I won't sell = yo no vendere

You will not sing = You won't sing = tu/ustedes no cantaran
He will not spell = He won't spell = el no deletreara
She will not paint = She won't paint = ella no pintara
It will not listen = It won't listen = ello no escuchara
We will not sit = We won't sit = nosotros no nos sentaremos
They will not close = They won't close = ellos/ellas no cerraran

Contractions

I'll = I will
You'll = You will
He'll = He will
She'll = She will
It'll = It will
We'll = We will
They'll = They will
 4
POSESSIVE PRONOUNS back

My = mi (mio)
Your = tu/sus (tuyo/suyos)
His = su (de el)
Her = su (de ella)
Its = su (de ello)
Our = nuestro
Their = su (de ello)

Mine = mio
Yours = tuyo/suyo
His = suyo (de el)
Hers = suyo (de ella)
Its = suyo (de ello)
Ours = nuestro (de nosotros)
Theirs = suyo (de ellos/ellas)

Estos ultimos son utilizados usualmente al finalizar la oracion.

Examples:

My house is beautiful
The beautiful house is mine
Your shoes are expensive
The expensive shoes are yours
He car is fancy
The fancy car is hers
 5
SIMPLE PRESENT back

Simple present in affirmative way third person (He,She,It) You need to add a "S" after the verb, but when
the verb finished with "S", "X","O" and "H" You need to add "ES" after of the verb.

I work               I fix               I watch             I go             I miss

You work         You fix          You watch        You go        You miss
He works          He fixes       He watches       He goes       He misses
She works         She fixes       She watches      She goes    She misses
It works             It fixes          It watches          It goes         It misses
We work           We fix          We watch         We go        We miss
They work         They fix        They watch       They go      They miss

CONJUGATE THESE VERBS LIKE THE VERB WORK

Cuando necesites que el verbo termine en "ar","er","ir" es necesario ponerle antes del verbo "to"

I need to drink = necesito beber (right)

I need drink = necesito bebo (wrong)

Simple present

want to = wanna = querer

I want to buy a house at the beach

You wanna drink coffee in the restaurant
 6
SIMPLE PRESENT back
Auxiliar "DO"

En forma interrogativa se necesita para preguntar y en forma negativa se necesita para decir no, esto
cuando no tiene nada que ver con el verbo to be.

Negative way

I don't sleep= yo no duermo

You don't sleep= tu no duermes
He doesn't sleep= el no duerme
She doesn't sleep= ella no duerme
It doesn't sleep= ello no duerme
We don't sleep= nosotros no dormimos
They don't sleep= ellos/ellas no duermen

Interrogative way

Do I bring? = yo traigo?
Do you bring? = tu traes?
Does he bring? = el trae?
Does she bring? = ella trae?
Does it bring? = ello trae?
Do we bring? = nosotros traemos?
Do they bring? = ellos/ellas traen?

7
SIMPLE PAST back

In affirmative way the verb is in past time, but in interrogative way you need to use “Did” and negative
way you need to use "Didn't” and the verb is always in present time.

Affirmative way

I burnt the toy

You burnt the toy
He burnt the toy
She burnt the toy
It burnt the toy
We burnt the toy
They burnt the toy

Interrogative way

Did i take? = yo tome?

Did you take? = tu tomaste?
Did he take? = el tomo?
Did she take? = ella tomo?
Did it take? = ello tomo?
Did we take? = nosotros tomamos
Did they take? = ellos/ellas tomaron?

Negative way

I didn't take = yo no tome

You didn't take = tu no tomaste
He didn't take = el no tomo
She didn't take = ella no tomo
It didn't take = ello no tomo
We didn't take = nosotros no tomamos
They didn't take = ellos/ellas no tomaron

For instance

You needed to rest in the beach last holidays Tu necesitaste descansar en la playa las vacaciones pas
You went to the beach last holidays         Tu fuiste a la playa las vacaciones pasadas
Did you go to the beach last holidays?     Tu fuiste a la playa las vacaciones pasadas?
You didn't go to the beach last holidays    Tu no fuiste a la playa las vacaciones pasadas

8
PRESENT PERFECT back

I have = yo he
You have = tu has/ustedes han
He has = el ha
She has = ella ha
It has = ello ha
We have = nosotros hemos
They have = ellos han

The termination in spanish is= ado, ido, to, so y cho. Check page of irregular verbs,
Present perfect works like past.

Affirmative way

I have bought = yo he comprado

You have awoken = tu has despertado
He has built = el ha construido
She has come = ella ha venido
It has cost = ello ha costado
We have felt = nosotros hemos sentido
They have given = ellos han dado

Interrogative way

Have i sold = yo he vendido

Have you gone = tu has ido
Has he beaten = el ha golpeado
Has she bitten = ella ha mordido
Has it bred = ello ha criado
Have we bet = nosotros hemos apostado
Have they chosen = ellos han escogido

Negative way

I haven´t eaten = yo no he comido

You haven´t dealt = tu no has negociado
He hasn´t flown = el no ha volado
She hasn´t driven = ella no ha conducido
It hasn´t drunk = ello no ha bebido
We haven´t found = nosotros no hemos encontrado
They haven´t given = ellos no han dado

Contractions
I´ve
You´ve
He´s
She´s
It´s
We´ve
They´ve
9
BASE TO MAKE QUESTIONS back

Do you? = tu?
Did you? = tu? (past)
Are you? = tu estas? (ing)
Were you? = tu estabas? (ing)
Have you? = tu has?
Are you going to? = tu vas a?
Will you? = tu? (future)

10
SUPERIORITY COMPARATIVE back
Mas que/mas

comparativos de superioridad, for these check moods and characteristics.

Cuando el adjetivo tiene una o dos silabas se le agrega “ER” despues.

Adjetive + ER + Than (que)

Ghandy is happier than Adolfo Hitler

Cuando el adjetivo tiene tres o mas silabas, antes del adjetivo se le pone “ MORE”

More + adjetive + than

Ferrary is more expensive than my car

11
SUPERLATIVE back
(The most/Est = la mas/el mas)

When the word has one or two syllables, it writes ¨EST¨ after of the adjective

The + adjetive + est

Shara is the prettiest of the school = Shara es la mas herrmosa de la escuela

When the word has three or more syllables it writes ¨The most¨

The most + adjetive

Translate

Peter is the most hardworking of the office = pedro es el mas trabajador de la oficina

Good = bueno better = mejor the best = el mejor

Bad = malo worse = peor The worst = el peor

Panasonic is good, samsung is better but sony is the best.

Smoking is bad, drinking is worse but using drugs is the worst

Young = joven/chico de edad Old = antiguo/viejo/grande de edad

Younger = mas joven Older = mas viejo
The youngest = el mas joven The oldest = el mas viejo

Far = lejos
Farther = mas lejos (distancia)
The farthest = el mas lejano
Further = mas (conocimiento)

Equality comparative

As....as = tan....como

George is as intelligent as Charles

Inferiority comparative

Less....than = menos que

Mercedes is less expensive than ferrary

12
PREPOSITIONS TO PRACTICE back

First of all – antes que nada

After – despues
After that – despues de eso
Later – luego/mas tarde
Then – entonces
So – asi que / entonces
Even though – aunque
And also – y tambien
Finally – finalmente
Well – pues

Check irregular verbs and regular verbs for build a sentence

Fist of all I woke up at sevent thirty am, after I got up and took a shower, after that I made my breakfast
and later I went to work at the mall, then I began to sell computers even though It was early so many
clients arrived and also suppliers and finally I closed the premises at night.

13
DEMOSTRATIVE PRONOUNS back

This = esta/este/esto
These = estas/estos
That = que/ese/esa/eso/aquello/aquella/aquel
Those = esos/esas/aquellas/aquellos

This is = este es is this? = es este? This is not = este no es

These are = estos son are these? = estos son? These are not = estos no son

That is = ese es is that? = ese es? That is not = ese no es

Those are = esos son are those? = esos son? Those are not = esos no son

A = un/una
Some = unos

This is a nice restaurant

These are some nice restaurants

That is a nice restaurant

Those are some nice restaurant

14
WORD ORDER back

First is the adjetive and after is the noun

Translate

Shara is white skin, long flat hair and medium size.

- Shara es piel blanca, pelo largo lazio y mediano tamaño
Martin is a intelligent, strong and sometimes playful boy.
- Martin es un inteligente, fuerte y a veces chico travieso.
The charger is an aerodinamic, sport, four doors, eight cylinders and three hundred and eighty horse
power car.

OPINION/DIMENCIONAL/AGE/SHAPE/COLOR/ORIGIN/MATERIAL

The beautiful car

The pretty woman
The ugly car
The ugly home
The fast bicycle
The big airplane

15
OBJECT PRONOUNS back

Me = a mi, que yo
You = a ti, que tu, a ustedes, que ustedes
Him = a el
Her = a ella
It = lo,la
Us = a nosotros
Them = a ellos

Tell = decir (that) mas personal

Say = decir (that) es en general
Want = querer (to) en estos casos en especial want to/need to/ask to, significa ´TO´ que.
Need = necesitar (to)
Ask = (to) preguntar/pedir
That = que

I tell them = les digo a ellos

You want us to send the info = tu quieres que nosotros te enviemos la informacion

Personal pronoun + verb + object pronoun

You + want + them = tu quieres que ellos

Translate

I tell him that I need the invoice

- Yo le digo a el que yo necesito la factura
You tell her that She is beautiful
- Tu le dices a ella que ella es le herrmosa
They tell us that is very important to send to merchandise on time
- Ellos nos dicen que es muy importante enviar la mercancia a tiempo
I want you to finished the proyect
- Yo quiero que tu finalizes el proyecto

16
AUXILIAR WOULD back
Would = ria

Affirmative way

Personal + would + verb in present

I would play = yo jugaria

You would take = tu tomarias
He would say = el diria
She would sleep = ella dormiria
It would sing = ello cantaria
We would eat = nosotros comeriamos
They would paint = ellos pintarian

Interrogative way

Would + personal pronoun + verb in present

Would i drink? = yo beberia?

Would you sleep? = tu dormirias?
Would he paint? = el pintaria?
Would she burn? = ella quemaria?
Would it say? = ello diria?
Would we spend? = nosotros gastariamos?
Would they burst? = ellos/ellas rebentarian?

Negative way

Personal pronoun + would + not + verb in present

I wouldn´t go = yo no iria
You wouldn´t dance = tu no bailarias
He wouldn´t drink = el no beberia
She wouldn´t sleep = ella no dormiria
It wouldn´t cook = ello no cocinaria
We wouldn´t play = nosotros no jugariamos
They wouldn´t dance ellos/ellas no bailarian

17
Contractions back

I would = i´d
You would = you´d
He would = he´d
She would = she´d
It would = it´d
We would = we´d
They would =they´d

Would you like? = te gustaria?

This expression is used for offering services, products and making invitations.

Translate

-Would you like to take swimming class for the mornings?

Te gustaria tomar clases de natacion por las mañanas?

-Would you like to buy our new ÍPOD´´ version?

Te gustaria comprar nuestra nueva version IPOD?

-Would you like to go to the movies with me?

Te gustaria ir al cine con migo?

But = pero
If = si
Such = tal
So = muy

Translate

-I would buy a better car but i need to save more money

Y comprria un mejor carro pero necesito aguardar mas dinero

-would you go on vacations if you had more time?

Tu irias a vacaciones si tu tubieras mas tiempo?

-she would not visit new york but her friend invited her
Ella no visitaria new york pero su amiga la invito

-Mc´danalds would sell more hamburguers but it doesn´t have clients.

Mc´donalds venderia mas amburguesas pero no tienen clients.

18
INFINITE PRONOUNS back

Any = cualquier (afirmacion)

Any = ninguno (negacion)
Some = alguno,alguna, unos, unas
Every = cada (todos)
No = ningun, ninguna

Body = alguien
Day = dia
Thing = cosa
One = alguien
Time = vez

Anybody = cualquier/nadie
Somebody = alguien
Everybody = cada uno/todos (personas)
Nobody = nadie

Anyday = cualquier dia

Someday = algunos dias
Everyday = diario
Noday =nunca

Anything = cualquier cosa

Something = algo
Everything = todo
Nothing = nada

Anyone = cualquiera (personas y objetos)

Someone = alguien
Everyone = cada uno
Noone = nadie

Anytime = cualquier ocacion

Sometime = a veces
Everytime = cada vez
No time =nunca

19
CAN/COULD back
(PODER/PUDE)

Interrogative

Can i?
Can you?
Can he?
Can she?
Can it?
Can we?
Can they?
 
Negative

I can't / cannot / can not

You can't / cannot / can not
He can't / cannot / can not
She can't / cannot / can not
It can't / cannot / can not
We can't / cannot / can not
They can't / cannot / can not

I can go to Paris next month

Can you give me my cell phone back please?
Can you help me?
I can't go cause I am busy

Could = pude/podria

I could buy my car last month

I couldn't drink red wine because i needed  to drive
She could finish her work on time last night
We couldn't go swimming because We were tired

If = si (Condicional)

If + personal pronoun + verb simple past

If You bought = si tu compraras

If He went = si el fuera 
If she sent = si ella enviara

Translate

I could buy a house if I had more money

You could go to New York if You got the visa
Could You help me with the proyect  please?
He couldn't participate if He doesn't train hard

20
PASSIVE VOICE back

Active voice is verb simple way

Passive voice is verb to be + verb in present perfect

For instance

Present

Michael invites Karla to dance = Michael invita a Karla a bailar

Karla is invited by Michael to dance = Karla es invitada por Michael a vailar

Past

Mike invested  thirthy millions of dollars in software = Mike invirtio treinta millones de dolares en
software
Thirthy million of dallars were invested in software by mike =  treinta millones de dolares fueron
invertidos en software por Mike

Future

Ramiro will visit Dr.Aleman within two weeks = Ramiro visitara el Dr.Aleman dentro de dos semanas
Dr.Aleman will be visited by Ramiro within two weeks = Dr.Aleman sera visitado por Ramiro dentro de
dos semanas

Present perfect

I have bought a computer at the mall = Yo he comprado una computadora en el centro comercial
A computer has been bought by me at the mall = una computadora a sido comprada por mi en el centro
comercial

Past perfect

Lisa had invited Pau to the party = Lisa ha invitado a Pau a la fiesta
Pau had been invited by Lisa to the party = Pau ha sido invitado por Lisa a la fiesta

21
PASSIVE VOICE 2 back

I am invited = yo soy invitado, me invitan

I was invited = yo fui invitado, me invitaron
I have been invited = yo he sido invitado, me han invitado.
I had been invited = yo habia sido invitado, me habian invitado

Send
Pay
Ask
Tell

I am sent = yo soy enviado/me envian

I was sent = yo fui enviado/me enviaron
I have been sent = yo he sido enviado/me han enviado
I had been sent = yo habia sido enviado/me habian enviado

I am paid
I was paid
I have been paid
I had been paid

I am asked
I was asked
I have been asked
I had been asked

I am told
I was told
I have been told
I had been told

22
OBLIGATION EXPRESSIONS back

I have to = yo tengo que (obligation) (simple present ‘do’)

Do I have to? – I don’t have to
I had to = yo tuve que, yo tenia que (simple past ‘did’)
Did i have to? – i didn’t have to
I’ll have to – yo tendre que (simple future ‘will’)
Will I have to? – I will not have to
I should – yo deberia (suggestion)
Should I? – I shouldn’t
I must = yo debo de (important obligation. conclusion)
Must I? – I mustn’t
I owe = yo debo (money, debt-deuda) (simple present ‘do’)
Do I owe? – I don’t owe
I gotta = yo tengo que
I oughta = yo tengo que
I’ve got to = yo tengo que
I’ve got – i have
I got it = ya lo entendi, ya lo tengo
I get it = ya lo entiendo, digiero

Translate
-My friends have to clean the house after the party = mis amigas tienen que limpiar la casa
Despues de la fiesta.
-The company had to hire more employees last month = la compañia tuvo que contratar mas
Empleados el mes pasado.
-You shouldn’t smoke because is bad for your health = tu no deberias fumar por que es malo
Para tu salud.
-Peter must pay to the bank on time, if not he will pay interest = Peter debe pagar a el banco
A tiempo, si no el pagara intereses.
-Diana owes fifteen hundred dollars to american Express = Diana debe quince mil quinientos
Dolares a american Express.

23
SUFFIX ‘ING’ back

The suffix ‘ing’ converts the verb into noun.

For instance:

Sing = singing = canto

Read = reading = lectura
Write = writing = escritura

There are three kinds of nouns:

The one’s that don’t change - work = trabajo

The one’s that change with ‘ing’ - making = fabrica
And the others that are irregulars - buy – purchase

AFTER PREPOSITIONS

1-After preposition all the time the next verb is with ‘ing’
For instance:

For, after, before, without, of, from, until, about.

Before eating I wash my hands

After going to the bathroom I wash my hands
After eating I brush my teeth

2-Also gerund is written at the beginning of a sentence.

For instance:

Watching the news is good for knowing what’s going on.

3-Suffix ‘ing’ = noun

Paint – painting = pintura
Swim – swimming = natacion

4-Like, hate, love, prefer + gerund

I like playing hockey

Sentences:
I have to go to my house for eating.
I am going to study with my friends after doing my examen.
He can eat before exercising his self.
I can’t leave of my house without sleeping
I’ll have to buy two gallons of painting.
You will study until learning other language.
Eating before exercising is bad.
I hate smoking together my wife
You like cleaning your jaquet.
They love buying cars.
I prefer learning English between week.

24
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS back

Present perfect continuous works as past, present and probable future.

I have been working at the office everyday (Verb)

I have been secretary during many years (Profession)
I have been in New York since ten months ago (Place)
The house has been sold in five millions (Passive Voice)

Affirmative way

I have been = yo he estado, yo he sido

You have been = tu has estado, tu has sido, ustedes han estado, ustedes han sido
He has been = el ha sido, el ha estado
She has been = el ha sido, el ha estado
It has been = ello ha sido, ello ha estado
We have been = nosotros hemos estado, nosotros hemos sido
They have been = ellos han sido, ellos han estado

Interrogative way

Have i been? = yo he sido, yo he estado?

Have you been? = tu has sido, tu has estado, ustedes han sido, ustedes han estado?
Has he been? = el ha sido, el ha estado?
Has she been? = el ha sido, el ha estado?
Has it been? = ello ha sido, ello ha estado?
Have we been? = nosotros hemos sido, nosotros hemos estado?
Have they been? = ellos han sido, ellos han estado?

Negative way

I haven’t been = yo no he sido, yo no he estado

You haven’t been = tu no has sido, tu no has estado, ustedes no han sido, ustedes no han estado.
He hasn’t been = el no ha sido, el no ha estado
She hasn’t been = ella no ha sido, ella no ha estado
It hasn’t been = ello no ha sido, ello no ha estado
We haven’t been = nosotros no hemos sido, nosotros no hemos estado
They haven’t been = ellos no han sido, ellos no han estado

Contractions

I’ve been
You’ve been
He’s been
She’s been
It’s been
We’ve been
They’ve been

25
“USED TO” back

I used to = yo hacia, acostumbraba, solia, terminacion “aba” o “la”

Example:
I used to run every morning two years ago = yo solia correr todas las mañanas hace dos años.

Affirmative

Personal pronoun + used to + verb in present + complement + time expression

-You used to work very hard at the enterprise, now you work harder
Tu acostumbrabas trabajar muy duro en la compañía, ahora trabajas mas duro

Interrogative

Did + personal pronoun + use to + verb in present + complement + time expression

-Did you use to study Business administration five years ago?

- Tu solias estudiar administracion de negocios hace cinco años

Negative

Personal pronoun + didn’t + use to + verb in present + complement + time expression

-I didn’t use to drink wine because I didn’t like since the first time
Yo no solia beber vino por que a mi no me gusto desde la primera vez

26
“ABLE TO” back

Able to = poder (hability/capability)

Before “able to” is necessary all the time to use verb to be.

Placido Domingo is able to sing opera = Placido Domingo es capaz de cantar opera.

I am able to = yo puedo (tengo habilidad de)

Present

Affirmative way Interrogative way Negative way

I am able to am i able to? I’m not able to

You are able to are you able to? You’re not able to
He is able to is he able to? He’s not able to
She is able to is she able to? She’s not able to
It is able to is it able to? It’s not able to
We are able to are we able to? We’re not able to
They are able to are they able to? They’re not to to

Past

I was able to was I able to? I wasn’t able to

You were able to were you able to? You weren’t able to
He was able to was he able to? He wasn’t able to
She was able to was she able to? She wasn’t able to
It was able to was it able to? It wasn’t able to
We were able to were we able to? We weren’t able to
They were able to were they able to? They weren’t able to

Future

I will be able to will I be able to? I won’t be able to

You will be able to will you be able to? You won’t be able to
He will be able to will he be able to? He won’t be able to
She will be able will she be able to? She won’t be able to
It will be able will it be able to? It won’t be able to
We will able to will we be able to? We won’t be able to
They will be able to will they be able to? They won’t be able to

27
WAS/WERE GOING TO back

This is used when you have plans or intention to do something but changed your mind or was not
possible.

Affirmative way

I was going to – I was gonna – yo iba

You were going to – You were gonna – tu ibas a/ustedes iban a
He was going to – He was gonna – el iba a
She was going to – She was gonna – ella iba a
It was going to – it was gonna – ello iba a
We were going to – We were gonna – nosotros ibamos a
They were going to – They were gonna – ellos/ellas iban a

Interrogative way

Was i going to? – was I gonna? – yo iba a?

Were you going to? – were you gonna? – tu ibas a?
Was he going to? – was he gonna? – el iba a?
Was she going to? – was she gonna? – ella iba a?
Was it going to? – was it gonna? – ello iba a?
Were we going to? – were we gonna? – nosotros ivamos a?
Were they going to? – were they gonna? – ellos/ellas iban?

Negative way

I was not going to – i wasn’t gonna – ya no iba a

You were not going to – you weren’t gonna – tu/ustedes no iban/ibas a
He was not going to – he wasn’t gonna – el no iba a
She was not going to – she wasn’t gonna – ella no iba a
It was not going to – it wasn’t gonna – ello no iba a
We were not going to – we weren’t gonna – nosotros no ibamos a
They were not going to – they weren’t gonna – ellos/ellas no iban a

Example:

I was going to assist to my friend’s party but I couldn’t cause I had to work.

Michelle was not going to buy “nine wast” heels but they are with discount.

28
PHRASAL VERBS back

Take in = meter, introducir

Take out = sacar
Take off = quitar, despegar
Take after (ns) = parecerse
Take over (ns) = hacerse cargo de
Take up = tomar en cuenta, llevar arriba
Take back = llevar de regreso.

For the morning I take my car out the garage

At night I take my daughter out to make a ride

The plane takes off at nine am

Please, take me back home

29
GET back

Get – tener, conseguir, llegar, ponerse.

“Get” has different meanings depending on the context.

I get a car in my house – yo tengo un carro en mi casa (tener)

Jasmin gets at work at nine – Jasmin llega al trabajo a las nueve (llegar)
You get discounts everyday – tu consigues descuentos todos los dias (conseguir)

“Get” also Works as auxiliary, you can convert an adjective to verb using get.

Example:

Get rich = enriqueserse

Get sick = enfermarse
Get angry = enojarse
Get better = mejorar

-Michael gets fat because he eats a lot of pizza (ponerse)

Michael engorda porque come mucha pizza

Translate

I get a computer in my house - yo tengo una computadora en mi casa

I will get a good price at the supermarket – yo conseguire un buen precio en el supermercado
He gets to the airport on time – el llego a el aeropuerto a tiempo
I got angry when they didn’t pay me my salary – me enoje cuando no me pagaron mi sueldo
Do you get sick when you don’t wear coat on the rain? – te enfermas cuando no te pones el abrigo para
La lluvia?

30
CAN I HAVE back

Can I have = me puedes dar? (formal)

May I have your cell number please?

Can I have four napkins please? Me pasas cuatro servilletas por favor
Can you lend me the newspaper? Me prestas el periodico?
Can you give me my sunglasses back? Me puedes regresar mis gafas
Can I borrow? Puedo tomar prestado?
Can i borrow your pencil for a while? Puedo tomar prestado tu lápiz por un rato

Give – dar
Give back – devolver
Lend - prestar

I would like – me gustaria

I’d like – me gustaria
I’d like a coca-cola – me puedes traer una coca-cola
I’ll have – yo voy a querer

Sure- seguro
No problem – no hay problema
Of course – por su puesto
Be my guest – sirvete como en tu casa
Thank you – gracias
You are welcome- de nada

31
IT-THEM back

It – lo/la
Them – los/las

I watch the movie on Saturday – I watch it on Saturday

Yo veo la pelicula el sabado - yo la veo el sabado

You bought your car at the agency – you bought it at the agency
Te compraste tu carro en la agencia – te lo compraste en la agencia

I fix Computers at the mall – i fix them at the mall

Yo reparo computadoras en la plaza – yo las reparo en la plaza

32
ON-ONE’S back

One/one’s sirven para sustituir un sustantivo o varios.

One = singular
One’s = plural

I like the red shoes and also the blue one’s

Me gustan los zapatos rojos y tambien los azules

Dou you need a small pizza and a bigger one?

Necesitas una pizza pequeña y tambien una mas grande?

33
SUFFIX “ER” back

The suffix “ER” converts the verb into noun, that means in the person or the object that makes the
action.

For instance:

Worker = trabajador
Speaker = orador/bocina
Analyzer = analista/analizador
Applyer = aplicador
Adviser = aconsejador
Admirer = admirador
Collecter = recogedor
Dancer = bailador
Destroyer – destructor
Flirter – coqueteador

34
THERE back

There = alli
There is = hay (singular)
There are = hay (plural)

Is there? – hay?
Are there? – hay?

There isn’t – no hay

There aren’t – no hay

There was - habia

There were - habian

Was there? – habia?

Were there? – habian?

There wasn’t – no hubo

There weren’t – no hubieron

There will be - Habra/habran

Will be there? – Habra/habran?
There won’t be – no habran?

There is much money in the bank

There are many people at the concert
Is there a water in the kitchen?
Are there many cars on the parking lot?

35
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SIMPLE PRESENT AND PRESENT PERFECT back

Simple present works like present and present perfect works like past.

I have – yo tengo (simple present) yo he (present perfect)

I’ve – yo he (present perfect)
I don’t have – yo no tengo (simple present)
I haven’t - yo no he (present perfect)
Do I have? – yo tengo? (simple present)
Have I? – yo he? (present perfect)

TRANSLATE
Laura has a lot of work (simple present)
Laura tiene mucho trabajo

Peter has had many orders (present perfect)

Peter ha tenido muchas ordenes

Do you have girlfriend? (simple present)

Tu tienes novia?

Have you had many girlfriend? (present perfect)

Has tenido muchas novias?

He doesn’t have time (simple present)

El no tiene tiempo

He hasn’t had time (present perfect)

El no ha tenido tiempo.

36
SUFFIX “LY” back

Suffix “ly” it changes the adjetive to Adverb.

Se pronuncia como li.

Happy = happily = felizmente (“Y” changes for “I”)

Strong = strongly = fuertemente

Evily
Badly
Peskily
Sillily
Fancily
Absently
Healtily
Toughly
Uglily
Sadly
Strongly
Tenderly
Weakly
Difficultly
Softly

37
MAY AND MIGHT back

May = puedo? Asking permission – pedir permiso

May = puede que Probability – probabilidad
Might = puede que small probability – poca probabilidad

FOR INSTANCE:

May i open the door?

Puedo abrir la puerta?

Don’t get your fingers in the outlet because you may electrocute yourelf
No metas tus dedos en le toma corriente por que puedes electrocutarte

She might send the income tax report

Puede que ella envie el reporte de impuestos

TRANSLATE
Permission

May i go to the bathroom please?

May I take the files to the house at the morning?

Probability
If you drink too much, you may crash in your car

If I work pretty hard, I may buy a house at the beach within four years

Small probability
It might rain tomorrow

Javier might not go to the party

38
NO-NOT (DIFERENCIAS) back

según las reglas de la negación sería negar con "not" y es eso lo que normalmente se hace. Pero con
ciertas expresiones se utiliza "no". Estas palabras que van acompañadas de "no" suelen ser adjetivos o
sustantivos (no verbos).

Por ejemplo:

-You are no good.No eres bueno/a. Igual podrías decir: "You're not good." Es lo más frecuente. Pero "no"
good es más enfático.

En el segundo ejemplo tratamos otras forma diferente de negar. Ten en cuenta que el caso anterior: no
larger, no good, el verbo principal que es "to be" (is). En el segundo ejemplo estás negando con "have"
(tener), no con "to be". Por tanto, puedo hacerlo de dos maneras:

-This cup has no handle. Esta taza no tiene asa. En este caso pongo "no" delante de sustantitvo "handle".
No puedo poner "not".

Se niega con "no" solo delante de sustantivos o palabras terminadas en -ing. Por ejemplo:

- No smoking. Prohibido fumar.

La otra forma de negar es con "do/does" en este caso siempre debo poner "not". Lo que estoy negando es
el verbo, no el sustantivo.

 No para sustantivos
 Not cuando utilizamos do/does o did en el pasado. También otros verbos auxiliares tales como
have/had/el mismo verbo "to be".

39
ENOUGH-TOO back

la diferencia entre "enough" (suficiente - bastante) y "too"(demasiado). Nota: "too" sin un adjetivo
delante significa "también". Por ejemplo: "I like ice cream." Me gusta el helado. "Me too." [mi tú]A mi
también. En este artículo sólo hablaremos del significado de "too" equivalente a demasiado.

"Enough" [inaf] - Suficiente

 Nos sirve para modificar un adjetivo o un adverbio y, normalmente, se coloca detrás de estos.

Por ejemplo:

- Is it good enough for you? ¿Es lo suficientemente bueno para ti? Nota: "Good" es el adjetivo, por tanto,
coloco "enough" justo detrás de "good".Por tanto, no es "enough good", sino "good enough".

- She is not working hard enough. Ella no está trabajando lo suficientemente duro. Nota: En este ejemplo
modificamos el adverbio "hard" (hard también es adjetivo pero cuando acompaña a un sustantivo. En este
caso es adverbio porque que acompaña al verbo "work"), y por tanto, ponemos "enough" detrás. No
obstante, la traducción al español de esta oración a mi me parece un tanto extraña. Yo creo que que no
diría esta expresión. Quizá diría: "No se está esforzando en su trabajo lo que debería" o algo similar.

- My car is big enough. Mi coche es suficientemente grande.

 Negaciones

¿Qué ocurre si niego con "enough"? Ya lo hemos visto en el segundo ejemplo: Ponemos "not" antes del
adjetivo/ adverbio + "enough".

- You are not old enough. No eres suficientemente mayor.

"Enough" : tiene muchos otros usos, pero de momento nos detendremos aquí para compararlo con "too".

Veremos, por tanto, el uso "too" cuando modifica una adjetivo o adverbio.

“Too” - Demasiado.
Cuando "too" modifica un adjetivo o adverbio, va delante (no detrás como "enough"). Esta es, por tanto,
la principal diferencia entre "enough" y "too", es una diferencia de colocación ya que "too" va delante del
adjetivo/adverbio y "enough" detrás.

Por ejemplo:

- He is too young to come with us. Es demasiado joven para venir con nosotros. Nota: El adjetivo es
"young" (joven), por tanto, pongo "too" delante de "young".

- We were too late to play tennis. Llegamos demasiado tarde para jugar al tenis. Nota: "Late" es el
adverbio que acompaña a "play", por tanto pongo "too" delante de "late".

- It's too cold to go out. Hace demasiado frío para salir.

40
Fíjate en la estructura de todos los ejemplos. ¿Lo ves? Con "too" siempre es igual.
too + adjetivo/adverbio + verbo en infinitivo con "to".
- You are too good to be true. Eres demasiado bueno para ser verdad. Nota: Ponemos "too" delante de
"good" que es al adjetivo y después "to + verbo en infinitivo".

Negaciones

¿Puedo negar utilizando "too"? Sí, claro que sí.

Puedo decir:

-She is not too good for the job. Ella no es demasiado buena para el trabajo. Esta misma oración, la
podríamos expresar con "enough" así:

- She is not good enough for the job. Ella no es lo suficientemente buena para el trabajo.

 ¿Cuáles son las diferencias?

1)Diferente colocación: Pongo "too" delante de "good" y "enough" detrás de good. ¿Otra diferencia?

2)Matizar de manera diferente al adjetivo/adverbio. Fundamentalmente matizo de una manera

ligeramente diferente el adjetivo "good".

-"Not too good"---> No demasiado buena. Indico que su trabajo no es bueno.

-"Not good enough"---> No lo suficientemente bueno. Indico que su trabajo no es lo suficientemente

bueno para los objetivos que yo quiero conseguir, por ejemplo.

Otro ejemplo de como se niega con "too". Not too good at math. No demasiado bueno en matemáticas
Gracioso post en ingles

41
LOS PRONOMBRES REFLEXIVOS back

oneself    se, a sí mismo, uno mismo (impersonal)

myself    me, a mí mismo, yo mismo
yourself    te, tú mismo, a ti mismo, a usted mismo
himself    se, a sí mismo, a él mismo
herself    se, a sí misma, a ella misma
itself        se, a sí mismo, a ello mismo
ourselves    nos, a nosotros mismos
yourselves    os, a vosotros mismos, a ustedes mismos
themselves    se, a sí mismos, a ellos mismos
- Los pronombres reflexivos se utilizan para enfatizar el sentido de la frase (para realzar al sujeto que
realiza la acción por "si mismo").
I wrote this book myself  / Escribí yo mismo este libro
The chairman himself opened the meeting / El presidente en persona abrió la reunión
- Conjuntamente con 'by' expresan la idea de que algo se hizo sin ayuda.
I wrote this book by myself / Escribí este libro yo solo (sin ayuda)

LOS VERBOS REFLEXIVOS

Un verbo es reflexivo, (en inglés al igual que en español), cuando la acción del sujeto recae sobre este
mismo. Por lo tanto, salvo algunas excepciones de verbos que siempre son reflexivos (to pride oneself, to
absent oneself...) el resto de los verbos pueden ser reflexivos o no dependiendo de su función en la
oración.

To wash / lavar
To wash oneself / lavarse
- Existen algunos verbos reflexivos en español que no lo son en inglés.
To get up / levantarse
To sit down / sentarse
To wake up / despertarse
- No siempre es necesario conjugar algunos verbos en su forma reflexiva.
In the morning, I wash myself and I shave myself / Por la mañana, yo me lavo y me afeito
Es más correcto decir: In the morning, I wash and shave
- Conjugación de los verbos reflexivos en inglés:
I wash myself - yo me lavo
you wash yourself - tú te lavas
he washes himself - él se lava
she washes herself- ella se lava
it washes itself - se lava (animal, cosa)
we wash ourselves - nosotros nos lavamos
you wash yourselves - vosotros os laváis
they wash themselves - ellos se lavan

42
El PREFIJO MIS back

Hacer algo incorrectamente, equivocado, errado, mal. Generalmente acompaña sin guión a verbos :

print/misprint = imprimir/cometer errata

represent/misrepresent = representar/falsificar

take/mistake = tomar/error

lead/mislead = liderado/mal liderado

treat/mistreat = tratar/tratar mal

judge/misjudge = juzgar/juzgar mal

interpret/misinterpret = interpretar/mal interpretar

inform/misinform = informar/desinforme

handle/mishandle = manejo/mal manejo

count/miscount = contar/error de cuenta

conduct/misconduct = conducta/mala conducta

chance/mischance = oportunidad/fatalidad

calculate/miscalculate = calcular/calcular mal

behave/misbehave = comportarse/portarse mal

shapen/misshapen = forma/deformado

to read/misread = leer/leer mal

lead/misleading = guiar/descarrilar

conception/misconception = concepción/erradaconcepción

use/misuse = uso/mal uso

Rich people mistreat poor people = (La) gente rica maltrata (la) gente pobre

Some times a leader's personality can be misleading = Algunas veces la personalidad de un lider puede
engañar

There is a misconception on confrontation between the religions = hay un concepto

erróneo en la confrontación entre las religiones

43
EL PREFIJO OVER back

Over significa sobre, demasiado, excesivo, más de :

charge/overcharge = carga/sobrecarga

time/overtime = tiempo,vez/horas extras, sobre tiempo

heat/overheat = calor/sobrecalentamiento

grown/overgrown = crecer/sobrecrecer

all/overall = todo/sobretodo, abrigo

paid/overpaid = pagar/sobre pago

pass/overpass = paso/paso elevado

sleep/oversleep = dormir/dormir demasiado

Overall, how satisfied are you with the handling of this particular case? = ¿En general, cómo
satisfecho estan ustedes con el manejo de este caso particular?

44
El PREFIJO DIS back

El prefijo Dis es una negación que acompaña frecuentemente a sustantivos. Significa des, in :

infectant/disinfectants = infectante/desinfectante

arm/disarm = armado/desarmado

honesty/dishonesty = honesto/desonesto

ability/disability = habilidad/inhabilidad

assemble/disassemble = montar/desmontar

proportionate/disproportionate = proporcionado/desproporcionado

agreement/disagreement = convenir/desavenir

appear/disappear = aparecer/desaparecer

obey/disobey = obedecer/desobedecer

obedient/disobedient = obediente/desobediente

honor/dishonor = honor/deshonor

order/disorder = orden/desorden

respect/disrespect = respeto/irrespeto

satisfied/dissatisfied = satisfecho/insatisfecho

count/discount = cuenta/descuento

like/dislike = gustar/detestar

rupt/disruptive = ruptura/reunir

place/displace = ubicado/desplazado

to prove/to disprove = probar/refutar

trust/to distrust = confiar/desconfiar

pleasure/displeasure = agrado/desagrado

He disappared in Mexico = El Desapareció en Méjico

45
El PREFIJO OVER back

Over significa sobre, demasiado, excesivo, más de :

charge/overcharge = carga/sobrecarga

time/overtime = tiempo,vez/horas extras, sobre tiempo

heat/overheat = calor/sobrecalentamiento

grown/overgrown = crecer/sobrecrecer

all/overall = todo/sobretodo, abrigo

paid/overpaid = pagar/sobre pago

pass/overpass = paso/paso elevado

sleep/oversleep = dormir/dormir demasiado

Overall, how satisfied are you with the handling of this particular case? = ¿En general, cómo satisfecho
estan ustedes con el manejo de este caso particular?

El prefijo over significa más de.... overdone

46
LOS SUFIJOS back

Son vocablos agregados al final de sustantivos, adjetivos, y verbos. Cambiando sustantivos en adjetivos,
adjetivos en adverbios, verbos en sustantivos o en adjetivos, etc, con el propósito de obtener un
significado diferente.

El SUFIJO ABLE

Sufijo que forma adjetivos a partir de verbos. No se aplica a sustantivos. Significa able, ible :

to drink/drinkable = beber/bebible

to reason/reasonable = razonar/rasonable

to enjoy/enjoyable = disfrutar/disfrutable

to remove/removable = remover/removible

to believe/believable = creer/creíble

to explain/explainable = explicar/explicable

Reasonable words can stop a fight and bring peace between people = Palabras razonables pueden detener
una lucha y traer paz entre personas

An American company makes these removable gold teeth = Una compañía Americana hacen removibles
estos dientes color de oro

47
El SUFIJO FUL back

El sufijo Ful es agregado a sustantivos para formar sustantivos y adjetivos. significan ada, ado, ido, oso :

wonder/wonderful = maravilla/maravilloso

color/colorful = color/colorido

spoon/spoonful = cuchara/cucharada

fright/frightful = miedo/miedoso

beauti/beautiful = bello/hermoso

peace/peaceful = paz/pacífico

Power/Powerful = poder/poderoso

respect/respectful = respeto/respetuoso

Mercy/Mercyful = misericordia/misericordioso

Truth/Truthful = verdad/verdadero

They are frightful = Ellos estan temerosos

Mexico has many wonderful building = Méjico tiene mucho edificio maravilloso

We will visit one of the most beautiful cities there = Nosotros podremos visitar una de las más
maravillosas ciudades aquí

48
El SUFIJO NESS back

Con el sufijo ness convertimos adjetivos calificativos en sustantivos. Pero si el adjetivo termina en y se
cambia esta por la i antes de ser agregado el sufijo. Significa dad, eza

Sick/sickness = enfermo/enfermedad

Dark/darkness = oscuro/oscuridad

Sad/sadness = triste/tristeza

Happy/happiness= feliz/felicidad

great/greatness = gran/grandeza

Ill/ilness = enfermo/enfermedad

Same/sameness = igual/igualdad

Lone/loneness = sólo/soledad

Polite/politeness = cortés/cortesía

Blind/blindness = ciego/ceguera

It is common for people to express both joy and sadness = Es común para la gente expresar ambos alegría
y tristeza.

People who want real happiness must first be sad = (La) gente quien quiere felicidad real debe primero
estar triste.

Children need to learn how to prevent illness = (Los) niños necesitan aprender a prevenir (la)
enfermedad.

The greatness of God = La grandeza de Dios.

48
El SUFIJO LESS back

Este sufijo nos brinda la posibilidad de alterar sustantivos para obtener adjetivos. Siendo muy util cuando
tratamos con los comparativos. Es un sufijo tipo negación y el cual significa sin.

worth/worthless = útil/inútil

hope/hopeless = esperanza/sin esperanza

home/homeless = casa/sin casa

friend/friendless = amigo/desvalido

use/useless = util/sin uso, sin utilidad

harm/harmless = dañino/inofensivo

end/endless = fin/sin fin

wire/wireless = alambre/inhálambrico

care/careless = cuidado/descuidado

God/Godless= Dios/ateo, sin dios

He spent his money on many useless things = El gastó su dinero en muchas cosas inútiles

You worthless leader = Usted líder inútil

wireless telephones are usually cheap = (los) Teléfonos inalámbricos son usualmente baratos

49
ESTRUCTURA DE LA ORACION back

Sujeto + Verbo + Objeto Directo

I + eat + cake
You + want + help
We + had + a car
En la oración negativa el auxiliar se sitúa antes del verbo principal:
Sujeto + Auxiliar negación + Verbo + Objeto Directo
I + don’t + eat + cake
You + don’t + want + help
We + didn’t + have + a car
En la oración interrogativa el auxiliar se sitúa al comienzo de la misma:
Auxiliar + Sujeto + Verbo + Objeto Directo ?
Do + I + eat + cake ?
Do + you + want + help ?
Did + we + have + a car ?
Otros complementos de la oración como lugar, tiempo, entre otros, se pueden situar al final de la misma:
I eat cake at dinnertime.
You want help for your homework.
We had last year.
Usualmente el complemento de lugar se coloca antes del complemento de tiempo:
I eat cake at home at dinnertime.
You want help for your project at work tomorrow.
We had a car at home last year.
Cuando hay adverbios en las oraciones se suelen situar delante del verbo en las formas simples, y entre el
auxiliar y el verbo principal en las formas compuestas (hay numerosas excepciones):
I always eat cake at home.
I have always eaten cake at home.
You never want help.
You have never wanted help.

50
REPORTED SPEECH back

We use reported speech when we are saying what other people say, think or believe.
He says he wants it.
We think you are right.
I believe he loves her.
Yesterday you said you didn't like it but now you do!
She told me he had asked her to marry him.
I told you she was ill.
We thought he was in Australia.
When we are reporting things in the present, future or present perfect we don't change the tense.
He thinks he loves her.
I'll tell her you are coming.
He has said he'll do it.
When we tell people what someone has said in the past, we generally make the tense 'more in the past'.
You look very nice. = I told him he looked very nice.
He's working in Siberia now. = She told me he was working in Siberia now.
Polly has bought a new car. = She said Polly had bought a new car.
Jo can't come for the weekend. = She said Jo couldn't come for the weekend.
Paul called and left a message. = He told me Paul had called and had left me a message.
I'll give you a hand. = He said he would give me a hand.
However, when we are reporting something that was said in the past but is still true, it is not obligatory to
make the tense 'more in the past'. The choice is up to the speaker. For example:
"The train doesn't stop here."
He said the train doesn't stop here.
He said the train didn't stop here.
"I like Sarah."
She said she likes Sarah.
She said she liked Sarah.
When we are reporting what was said, we sometimes have to change other words in the sentence.
We have to change the pronoun if we are reporting what someone else said. Compare these two
sentences. In each case the person actually said "I don't want to go."
I said I didn't want to go.
Bill said he didn't want to go.
We have to change words referring to 'here and now' if we are reporting what was said in a different place
or time.
Compare these two sentences. In each case the person actually said "I'll be there at ten tomorrow."
(If it is later the same day) He said he would be there at ten tomorrow.
(If it is the next day) He said he would be there at ten today.

51
FRASES COMUNES EN INGLES back

What a shame
¡Qué lástima!
I can’t believe it
No puedo creerlo.
What time is it?
¿Qué hora es?
Can you help me?
¿Me puede ayudar?
I’m running late.
Estoy atrasado.
How’s your family?
¿Cómo está su familia?
Where do you work?
¿A qué se dedica?
Where are you from?
¿De dónde es usted?
Are you from around here?
¿Es usted de aquí?
Where do you live?
¿Dónde vive usted?
How old are you?
¿Cuántos años tiene usted?
Are you on Facebook?
¿Tiene usted Facebook?
What’s your phone number?
¿Cuál es su número de teléfono?
What do you like to do?
¿Qué le gusta hacer?
I need to use the restroom.
Necesito ir al baño.
I’ll be right back.
Ahorita vuelvo.
Please repeat
Repita, por favor.
I like your shirt
Me gusta su camisa.
I like your photo
Me gusta su foto
Congratulations! - ¡Felicitaciones!
May I introduce myself? - ¿Puedo presentarme?
Thank you. You are welcome - Gracias. De nada
Really? - ¿En serio?
Of course! - ¡Por supuesto!
Sure - Seguro
That's too bad - ¡Qué lástima!
What happened? - ¿Qué pasó?
What does that mean? - ¿Qué significa eso?
You are right - Ud. tiene razón
You are wrong - Ud. está equivocado
I guess so - Creo que sí 52
I don't think so - Creo que no
 How can I help you? [hau kanai help iú] ¿Le puedo ayudar? ¿Qué desea?
 Who is calling please? [hús coling] ¿Quién llama?
 I'm sorry Mr. (nombre de la persona), is not in. [am sori mister ...is not in] Lo siento, no está.
 I'm sorry Ms. (nombre de la persona/mujer) is not in.[am sori mises is not in] Lo siento, no está
 She went out for lunch. [shi guent aut for lanch] Salió a comer.
 He's in a meeting. [his ina miting] Está en una reunión.
 He'll be back in an hour. [hil bi back in an auer] Volverá en una hora.
 She'll be back in an hour.[shil bi back in an auer]
 Would you like to leave a message? ¿Desea dejar un recado?
 I'll put you through. [ail putiú zrú] Le paso.
 I'm sorry his/her line is busy. [am sori his lain is bisi]
 I'm sorry his/her line is engaged. [am sori his lain is engeich ]

******

Frases comunes utilizadas al hacer una llamada

 Hello, this is Mr. (nombre de la persona) speaking. I would like to speak to Mr.(nombre de la persona)
[haloú, dis is mister...spiking. ai gud laik to spik tu mister]

Nota: Fíjate que en inglés decimos "this is", "este es", no utilizamos "I'm", es decir, "yo soy".
 Can I leave a message?[can ai liv a mesech] ¿Puedo dejar un mensaje?
 Please, tell him that Mr. (nombre de la persona) called him. [plis telhim dat mister...coldhim] Por
favor, dígale que el señor....lo llamó.
 When is he/she going to be back? [güen is hi going tu bi back?] ¿Cuándo va a volver?