2. Draw a hydrograph and flow duration curve of Blue Nile flow at Kessie.

Find the
smallest, small, and mean flow levels

Time
(Month) Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sep Oct Dec
221.11
3
Q(m /s) 79.75 91.85 118.622 178.3 228.186 2279.65 4803.48 2283.91 939.014 439.46 3

6000

5000
Discharge Q(m3/sec)

4000

3000

2000

1000

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Time in monthes

Figure 1.1 Stream Flow hydrology

Flow Duration Curve

Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
3
Q(m /s) 79.75 91.85 117.18 118.62 178.3 221.11 228.18 439.46 939.014 2279.65 2283.9 4803.5
% 16.67
100 91.667 83.33 75 66.67 58.33 50 41.67 33.333 25 8.33

6000.00
Discharge Q in m3/sec

5000.00
4000.00
3000.00
2000.00
1000.00
0.00
0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00
Percentage of time for flows equaled or exceded

Figure 1.2. Flow duration curve

 3. Plot the area duration and capacity curve of envisaged dam in the Blue Nile under the
ENTRO projects, specifically the Karadobi, Mendaya or Border dams

Solution:

Karadobi elevation-area –storage data

Elevation Area Volume ELEVATION-AREA CAPACITY CURVE

(m) (Km2) (Mm3) (KARADOBI RESERVOIR)
900 0 0 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 45000 50000
920 0.65 4 1180
1160
940 10.2 93 RESERVOIR
1140
960 28.6 466 1120 VOLUME
980 65.7 1383 1100
1000 110 3117 1080
1060
1020 140 5605 1040 RESERVOIR
1040 170 8703 1020 AREA
1060 212 12520 1000
980
1080 256 17189 960
1100 306 22799 940
1120 363 29479 920
900
1140 424 37336
500 400 300 200 100 0
1160 495 46524

4. Design a settling basin for high-head power station using the simple settling theory.
The basin should serve to remove particles greater than 0.4mm diameter from the
water in which the sediment is mainly sand. Let the design discharge be 6m³/s and
assume an initial value of 3.2m for the basin depth. Take the water sediment mixture
density to be =1.064)

Solution:

ϒ=1.064ton/m3

d=0.4mm

Q=6m3/s

H=3.2m
Determine first the permissible flow velocity. According to Camp,

V=44*√ for 0.1≤d≤1mm

V=44*√ =27.82cm/sec

From graph for d=0.4mm and ϒ=1.064, ω=5cm/sec

The required length of the basin l=h*v/ω

L=3.2*28/5=17.92m

And the width of the basin b=Q/hv=6/(3.2*0.28)=6.696m

Settling time, t=D/ω=3.2/(5/100)=64sec

The distance conveyed by during this period

Q*t=6*64=384m3

And this should be equal to the capacity of the basin

V=h*b*l=3.2*6.696*17.92=384m3

5. A power canal with a slope of 0.0001044 and R=1.76 m is unlined with coarse sand
bed material. Determine the safe velocity in the canal if the heaviest bed load in the
original canal of the course is G=0.34kg/m³. The water carries silt with an average
diameter of 0.1 mm. Assume dm=2.00 mm as size of bed material and h=2.5m.

Solution:
Given
S=0.0001044m/m
R=1.76m
d=0.1mm

dm=2.00mm
h=2.5m
G=0.34Kg/m3
 Required
Safe velocity

Solution

Minimum velocity
According to E.A: Zamarian, the requirements silting or non solting of unlind canal is given
by:

Where V= mean velocity given by √ according to Chezy-Manning’s equation

n=0.03 for an unlined canal with a bed material gravelly or sandy loam which approaches our
canal’s bed material.

Then V=36.36*√ =0.5m/sec

And ω will be ω =1cm/sec for d=0.1mm and γ=1.064 from fig 4.20
ω o=2 because ω <2cm/sec
Then √
G<Go i.e 0.38kg/m3<1.68kg/m3 implying no siltation or deposition

Maximum flow velocity

Critical bottom velocity (w.r.t. erosion ) is given by:
Vb = √
Where Ss=2.65
Vb=22.9*0.002^(4/9)*(2.65-1)^0.5=2.38m/sec.
Hence 0.5m/sec -2.38m/sec can be taken as safe velocity.

Let take 1.0 m/sec as a safe velocity through the canalwithout scouring and siltation .

6. Determine the seepage loss from a power canal constructed in a sandy soil of
medium fineness by the Davis and Wilson, Etchevery and Kostyakov methods
discussed. The following data are given:

Trapezoidal canal: bottom width, b= 11.0 m

Water depth, D=2.5m

 Side slope 2H: 1V

Mean velocity =0.5m/s

Effective size of soil particle, dm=0.1mm

Permeability coefficient, k=1x10-5 m/s

Solution:

A= 2.5*(11+2*2.5)=40m2

P=11+2*2.5*(4+1)^0.5=22.18m

Q=VA= 0.5*40m3/s

According to Davis and Wilson seepage losses from power canal

q= √

From table 5.5 C=50 for sandy soil of medium fineness

q= √ m3/s-km

According to B.A Etchivery

For effective size of soil particle, dm=0.1mm, specific seepage is between =0.23-0.3

Taking the average value , q= 0.27m3/day-m2

According to A.N. Kostyakov(USSR)

q= q in m3/sec-km

values of C for moderate permeability

C=1.9/(Q^0.4)=1.9/(20^0.4)=0.5732

q= 0.5732/(100)*20= 0.114m3/sec-km
 7. A tunnel with steel lining embodied in 40 cm concrete has an internal diameter of
300 cm. If Est = 2.1 x 106 kg/cm2, Ec = 2.1 x 105 kg/cm2, sta= 1200 kg/cm2. The rock
is crystallized schist of mediocre quality with Er = 60,000 kg/cm2 and   1   2 = 0.5
mm = 0.05cm and internal pressure is 25 kg/cm2. Determine the plate thickness of
lining.

The load distribution factor,according to the following equation, with due regard to ln x=2.3logx

( ) ( )

( ) ( )

The necessary plate thickness is, according to

= (0.532*25*150)/1200=1.6625cm=16.63mm

Steel plate of 17mm thickness are used.

8. Check the lining of 12 mm thick steel plate backed by 40cm thick concrete layer in
pressure tunnel of 400 cm internal diameter operating under a head of 200m. Est = 2.1
x 106 kg/cm2, Ec = 2.1 x 105 kg/cm2, sta = 1200 kg/cm2, m=6, rock is dolomite
wi77th Er = 100,000 kg /cm2,   1   2 = 1mm = 0.10cm.
Solution:

( ) ( )

First computing:
Est/p=105,000
/r=1.2/200=0.006
Δ/r=0.00005
Est/Ec=10
Log(r2/r)=log(240/200)=0.079
Est/Er=2,100,000/100,000=21
(m+1/m)=1.1667
 Substituting the above values in the following formula:

Circumferential stress in the lining steel is

=54.67Mpa

The stress developed in the pipe is less than the ultimate stress of the steel;
i.e. (546.67Kg/cm2<1200Kg/cm2) hence no need of steel of greater ultimate
strength.

9. A surge chamber 8m in diameter is situated at the downstream end of a low pressure

tunnel 10km long and 3m in diameter. At a steady discharge of 36 m3/s the flow of
the turbines is suddenly stopped by closure of the turbine inlet valves. Determine the
maximum rise in level in the surge chamber and its time of occurrence.

Solution:

D=8m
Lt=10km
Dt=3m
Q=36m3/sec
Zmax=?
T=?

=Vo√

At=

Vo=Q/At=36/7.069=5.093m/s
Zmax=5.093*√

T=2 √ √

t=T/4=534.53/4=133.63sec
 10. A surge chamber 100m² in area is situated at the end of a 10,000m long, 5m diameter
tunnel; =0.01. A steady state discharge of 60m³/s to the turbines is suddenly stopped
by the turbine inlet valve. Neglecting surge chamber losses, determine the maximum
rise in level in the surge chamber and its time of occurrence. Use dimensionless
parameters method and finite difference methods.

Solution:
As=100m2
Lt=10000
Dt=5m
ʎ=0.01
Qt=60m3/sec

Neglecting head loss

At=
Vo= Q/At=60/19.63=3.06m/sec

Zmax=3.06*√

T=2 √ √

t=T/4=452.8/4=113.2sec

Including friction
Dimension less parameter

FT=
=1.019

Z+max=
Z+max=(1-1/3K+o)2
Ko+=Po/Zmax
Po =FTVo2
=1.019*(3.06)2 =9.542
Zmax = 9.54/43.24=0.22<0.7

Z+max = (1-1/3*0.22)2 =0.86

Z=Z+max*Zmax= 0.86*43.24=37.1m
Z2+= -0.66
Z2=-0.66*43.24=-28.57m

Direct successive method

a
√

( )

= 105.53

Vi+1=3.06-0.013=3.047m/s

Vm=3.06-0.013/2=3.054m/s
Zi+1=-9.542+5.994=-3.548

t 0 10 20 30
V 3.06 3.054
Z -9.542 -3.548

Direct solution method of finite element method

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
-2

-4
Series3

-6

-8

-10

-12

11. A hydropower scheme has a surge tank at the end of a 2020m long tunnel, 4.22 m in
dia. The surge tank, rectangular in section, may be assumed of a circular x-section,
15.85m in dia. Penstock systems can be represented by a single penstock, 380 m long
and 3.41 m diameter, friction factor for tunnel and penstock is 0.018 and 0.03 respect.
And C in penstock is 1370 m/s. at steady state, the head reservoir level is 457.0m
with a discharge of 26.2 m3/s.

Compute the water hammer pressure, levels of maximum upsurge and down surge for sudden
load rejection using dimensionless parameters.

Evaluate the natural frequency of oscillation using

Analytical solution

Numerical solution (including friction, neglect surge tank throttle loss). You may apply one of
the numerical techniques (Finite difference, direct or successive estimates or Runge-Kutta
method.) using fortran programming. Present the result graphically showing time variation of
oscillation for both a) and b).

12. In a pumped storage hydropower project, water is delivered from the upper
impounding reservoir through a low pressure tunnel and four high pressure penstocks
to the four-pump turbine units. The elevation of the impounding reservoir water level
is 500m AOD, and the elevation of the d/s reservoir WL is 200m AOD. The max.
reservoir storage which can be utilized continuously for a period of 48 hours is 15
*106 m3.

The low-pressure tunnel is constructed as follows:

Length = 4 km; diameter = 8m; friction factor = 0.025. The high pressure penstocks (4 nos.) are
constructed as follows: length of each penstock = 50 m; diameter = 2m, friction factor = 0.015,
turbine efficiency when generating = 90%; generator efficiency (16 poles, 50Hz) = 90% turbine
efficiency when pumping = 80% barometric pressure = 10.3 m of water; Thoma’s cavitations
coefficient =0.043 (N/100)2.

Determine the maximum power output from the installation.

Estimate the specific speed and specify the type of turbine.

Determine the safe turbine setting relative to the d/s reservoir water level.

If a simple surge chamber of 6 m in diameter is provided at the end of the low-pressure tunnel,
estimate:

The max. upsurge and down surge in the surge chamber for sudden load rejection of one units
and

The maximum down surge for sudden demand of one unit.

Solution:

The discharge available 15*10^6/48*60*60=86.8m^3/s.

The power output is calculated as follows:

velocity in tunnel =86.8/(π/4)8*8=1.73m/s

Therefore:-

head loss in tunnel =ʎLV2/2gD=2.13m,

discharge per penstock =86.8/4=21.7m3/s

velocity in penstock =21.7/(π/4)2*2=6.91m/s

Therefore:-

head loss in penstock = ʎLV2/2gD=9.73m,

gross head at turbine =500-200=300m,

and so

net head = 300-2.13-9.73=288.14m,

output/turbine =ηρgQH/106= 0.9*1000*9.81*21.7*288.14/10^6=55MW,

total output =4*55=220MW.

The net output of the generators is 0.9*220=198MW. The generator

speed, N=120f/p= 120*50/16=375 rev/min (acceptable synchronous speed). Therefore

the specific speed, Ns=Np1/2/H5/4=375*(55000)^0.5/(288.14)^1.25=76. A Francis-type turbine is

suitable

(efficiency, specific speed, and head match this type).

The turbine setting:

Ys =B-σH,

σ = 0.043*(76/100)2=0.0248,

and therefore

Ys =10.3-0.0248*288=3.16 m or 203.16m AOD.

The distributor elevation

Yt =Ys-0.025DNs0.34

The approximate runner diameter

D = 4.43(Q/N)1/3 =1.72m.

Therefore:

Yt=3.16+187=3.347 m or 203.35m AOD.

The surge chamber calculations are as follows:

area of surge chamber, As = 3.14*9= 28.27m2;

area of tunnel, At = 3.14*16=50.26m2;

length of tunnel, Lt = 4000m.

Therefore:

r = (gAt/LtAs)1/2 = ((9.81*50.26)/(4000*28.27))^0.5=0.066

For one unit rejection or demand, Q0 = 21.7m3/s and Po =2.13m. Therefore

Zmax =Q0/Asr = 21.7/(28.27*0.066)=11.63m

and

K*0=P0/Zmax =2.13/11.63= 0.183.

Upon sudden rejection, the maximum upsurge , Z*max = 1-2k*0/3+k*02/9=0.88. Therefore

Zmax =0.88*11.63=10.23m.

The maximum downsurge (equation (12.33)), Z*min = -1-0.125K*0=-0.7. Therefore

Zmin =-0.7*11.63=8.14m.

Upon sudden demand, Z*min =-1.023. Therefore

Zmin =-1.023*11.63=-11.9m.

13. The following data refer to a proposed hydroelectric power plant. Turbines: total
power to be produced = 30MW; normal operating speed = 150 rpm; net head
available = 16m. Draft tube: maximum kinetic energy at exit of draft tube = 1.5% of
H; efficiency of draft tube = 85%; vapor pressure ≤ 3 m of water; atmospheric
pressure = 10.3 m of water.
What size, type, and number of units would you cleat for the proposed plant?

Starting from the first principles, determine the turbine setting relative to the tail water level.

Solution: For a low-head, high-discharge plant, Kaplan-type units are suitable.

Assuming a specific speed of, say, 500, the power per machine

=( NsH5/4/N)2 =((500*16^1.25)/150))^2 = 11377kW.

Therefore the number of units is 30,000/11,377=2.64. Therefore, choose

three units, each having an installed capacity of 10MW. Note that the

number of units depends on other factors such as the variability of power demand, breakdown-
maintenance works, the availability of national grid power supply in case of emergencies, etc.

The specific speed

NS=150*√ ⁄ = 468

The discharge per unit is 10,000/0.94*9.81*16 (assuming an efficiency of 94% from the Table )
= 67.75m3/s. Therefore the runner diameter,

D = 4.57(Q/N)1/3 = 4.57*(67.75/150)^(1/3)=3.50 m, and the inlet velocity (i.e. the exit velocity at
the runner) is

67.75/(π/4)*3.5*3.5 = 7.04m/s; hence the inlet velocity head is 2.53 m.

The exit velocity head is 1.5*16/100 = 0.24m.

Applying Bernoulli’s equation between the inlet of the draft tube and the tailwater level.

⁄ √ ( ⁄ ⁄ )

=10.3-3-0.85(2.53-0.24) = 5.35m above TWL

From Thoma’s cavitation limiting conditions,

Ys =B-σH

σ = 0.58 (from Table for Ns=468),

giving Ys =1.02m above TWL. In the absence of further data, Thoma’s criterion
may be adopted.