Mee1-Module 4 Session 2

Solar Photovoltaic Technology
• Photovoltaic (PV) technologies – more commonly known as solar

panels – generate power using devices that absorb energy from
sunlight and convert it into electrical energy through semiconducting
materials. These devices, known as solar cells, are then connected
to form larger power-generating units known as modules or panels.
• Solar PV Cell. It is a
single PV device that
typically produces about
1 to 2 Watts of power.
• Mounting Structures.
These structures tilt the
PV array at a fixed angle
determined by the local
latitude, orientation of the
structure, and electrical
load requirements.
• Inverters. These are

used to convert the direct
current (DC) electricity
generated by solar
photovoltaic modules into
alternating current (AC)
electricity.
• Storage. Batteries allow

for the storage of solar
photovoltaic energy, so
we can use it to power
our homes at night or
when weather elements
keep sunlight from
reaching PV panels.
Types of Solar Panels
• Monocrystalline Solar
Panels – these are the
oldest type of solar panel
and the most developed.
These monocrystalline
solar panels are made
from about 40 of the
monocrystalline solar
cells. These solar cells
are made from pure
silicon.
• Polycrystalline Solar
Panels – Just like
monocrystalline solar
panels, polycrystalline
cells are made from
silicon. But polycrystalline
cells are made from
fragments of the silicon
crystal melted together.
• Thin-Film Solar Panels. They

aren’t always made from
silicon. They can be made
from a variety of materials,
including cadmium telluride
(CdTe), amorphous silicon (a-
Si), and Copper Indium
Gallium Selenide (CIGS).
These solar cells are created
by placing the main material
between thin sheets of
conductive material with a
layer of glass on top for
protection.
Retrieved from: 8MSOLAR Advancing Energy Independence

Types of Solar PV System
• Grid-Tied Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Systems. Any excess electricity

is automatically exported to the grid, at night and in winter the grid
connection is used in the normal way. Essentially a grid connected
solar PV system provides a second source of power directly into the
properties consumer/distribution unit.
• Off-Grid Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Systems. An Off-Grid Solar PV

System is self contained and uses batteries to store and release
electricity when the Solar PV Panels aren't active such as at night.
• Hybrid Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Systems. A Hybrid Solar PV

System would utilize a connection to the grid enabling power to be
exported and also use batteries to protect against power cuts and
store power for use locally.
PV System Design Project
• The project, which is the culminating activity of this course, will entail
applying much of what you have learned in this course.
• The objective of the project is to design any PV system to be placed
on the roof of any establishment. You will need to design a PV
system using commercially available components and calculate it's
output under site-specific conditions.
• The work will involve exploring design alternatives and choosing a
system that is economically most attractive.
• You will have to account for the available solar radiation and losses
due to the positioning of the array. You will also need to design an
optimal configuration to connect the PV modules with an inverter.
Instructions:
• System Design
– Find Insolation and temperature data for the location.
– Design the PV system such that you will use the available area
to get the maximum power with minimum cost.
– Do a web search to determine the actual components (PV
modules and inverters) that are available and best meet your
design. Justify in your report why you chose each component.
– Do a detailed economic assessment of the design. Include
different options you considered to determine the best design.
The study should have both the energy output estimate and the
total cost estimate of the system. Determine the net present
value of the system.
Instructions:
• Written Report
– Submit a well-documented report showing the details of the
design and components selected.
– Contents of the report shall include the following:
• Project Overview
• Climate Data and Insolation Data
• Load Estimation
• System Design (2 design options)
– Computations
– Component Selection
– System Layout/ Diagrams
– Economic Analysis
• Conclusion
• Appendix

Mee1-Module 4 Session 2

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Solar Photovoltaic Technology

• Photovoltaic (PV) technologies – more commonly known as solar

• Inverters. These are

• Storage. Batteries allow

• Thin-Film Solar Panels. They

Retrieved from: 8MSOLAR Advancing Energy Independence

• Grid-Tied Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Systems. Any excess electricity

• Off-Grid Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Systems. An Off-Grid Solar PV

• Hybrid Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Systems. A Hybrid Solar PV

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