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    Heat Transmission in Building Structures

    Uploaded by

    Lau Nok
    This document discusses heat transfer and transmission in building structures. It covers the basic modes of heat transfer including conduction, convection and radiation. Equations for calculating heat transfer rates via these different modes are provided. It also discusses thermal resistance and conductivity of common building materials. The document introduces the concept of U-factor (U-value) to calculate the heat transfer rate through a structure. Finally, it provides examples of typical wall assemblies and common building materials used in Hong Kong structures.

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    Heat Transmission in Building Structures

    Uploaded by

    Lau Nok
    21 views16 pages
    This document discusses heat transfer and transmission in building structures. It covers the basic modes of heat transfer including conduction, convection and radiation. Equations for calculating heat transfer rates via these different modes are provided. It also discusses thermal resistance and conductivity of common building materials. The document introduces the concept of U-factor (U-value) to calculate the heat transfer rate through a structure. Finally, it provides examples of typical wall assemblies and common building materials used in Hong Kong structures.

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    mech4340

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    mech4340 05

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    This document discusses heat transfer and transmission in building structures. It covers the basic modes of heat transfer including conduction, convection and radiation. Equations for calculating heat transfer rates via these different modes are provided. It also discusses thermal resistance and conductivity of common building materials. The document introduces the concept of U-factor (U-value) to calculate the heat transfer rate through a structure. Finally, it provides examples of typical wall assemblies and common building materials used in Hong Kong structures.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    21 views16 pages

    Heat Transmission in Building Structures

    Uploaded by

    Lau Nok
    This document discusses heat transfer and transmission in building structures. It covers the basic modes of heat transfer including conduction, convection and radiation. Equations for calculating heat transfer rates via these different modes are provided. It also discusses thermal resistance and conductivity of common building materials. The document introduces the concept of U-factor (U-value) to calculate the heat transfer rate through a structure. Finally, it provides examples of typical wall assemblies and common building materials used in Hong Kong structures.

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    Heat Transmission in

    Building Structures
    Introduction
    ‰ To estimate the heat gain or heat
    loss in the space to be conditioned;
    ‰ Heat flow through walls, roofs,
    floors, windows, doors;
    ‰ Tables and computer software.
    Basic Heat Transfer Modes
    ‰ Heat conduction
    ‰ Heat convection
    ‰ Heat radiation
    Heat Conduction
    -Basic equation

    Δt
    q& = kA
    Δx
    q& = heat transfer rate, W or Btu/hr
    k = thermal condutivity, W/(m - C) or Btu/(hr - ft - F)
    Δt
    = temperature gradient, C/m, F/ft
    Δx
    Heat Conduction
    ‰ Thermal resistance
    Δx
    R' =
    kA
    ‰ Unit thermal resistance, R
    Δx
    R=
    k
    ‰ Unit thermal conductance, C
    1 k
    C= =
    R Δx
    ‰ Network
    Δx1 Δx2 Δx3
    R' = R'1 + R' 2 + R' 3 = + +
    k1 A k 2 A k 3 A
    ‰ Thermal properties of common buildings
    and insulating materials (Table 5-1).
    Heat Convection
    -Basic equation

    q& = hA(t − t w )
    q& = heat transfer rate, W or Btu/hr
    h = heat transfer coefficient, W/(m 2 - C) or
    2
    Btu/(hr - ft - F)
    t = bulk temperature of fluid, C or F
    t w = wall temperature, C or F
    Heat Convection
    ‰ Forced convection: qconv = Ah(Tw all − Tair )
    ‰ Outer walls or roofs: h=35 W/(m2-C) for air
    velocity=6 m/s.
    ‰ Natural convection: qconv = Ah(Tw all − Tair )
    ‰ Inside narrow spaces and on the inner walls: h=6
    W/(m2-C) for still air.
    1
    ‰ Thermal resistance R' = hA 12oC
    1 10oC
    ‰ Unit thermal resistance, R R =
    h 1 q
    ‰ Unit thermal conductance, C C= =h
    R
    ‰ Network:
    Air film
    1 Δx Δx Δx 1
    R = R o + R 1+ R 2 + R 3 + R i = + 1+ 2+ 3+
    ho A k1 A k 2 A k3 A hi A
    Thermal Radiation

    σ( t − t )
    4 4
    q&12 = 1 2
    1 − ε1 1 1− ε2
    + +
    A1ε1 A1F12 A2 ε 2
    σ = Boltzmann constant, 5.673 x10-8 W / (m 2 - k 4 )
    ε = emittance of each surface
    A = surface area
    F = Configuration factor
    Effective film coefficient &
    effective thermal resistance
    The effect of thermal radiation is accounted into the
    convective film coefficient or into the thermal
    resistance by convection (Table 5-2a).

    Rradiation
    12oC
    10oC
    Reff=f(Rair film,Rradiation)
    q=AΔT/Reff

    Air film

    Rair film
    Building materials Metals, polished Metals, bright
    U-FACTOR (U-value)

    q& = UAΔt
    UA = thermal conductance, W / C
    Δt = Overall tempeature difference
    1 1
    U= =
    R' A R

    1 Δx1 Δx2 Δx3 1


    R' = R' o + R'1 + R' 2 + R' 3 + R' i = + + + +
    ho A k1 A k12 A k 3 A hi A
    Tabulated U-Factors
    1) Walls (Table 5-7a)
    U-factor of typical external walls in Hong
    Kong
    Insulated wall: 0.5-1.0 W/m2-k
    Non-Insulated wall: 2-3.4W/m2-k
    Wall mass of typical external walls in
    Hong Kong
    300-450 kg/ m2 (heavy weight concrete 2400
    kg/m3)
    2) Roofs (Table 5-7b)
    2) Windows (Table 5-8a)
    3) Doors (Table 5-9)
    Typical external walls in Hong Kong
    Granite panel
    Ceramic Tile Spandrel glass
    Plaster Concrete wall Air gap with or
    Concrete wall Concrete wall Fiberglass
    without fiberglass

    Glass Glass Glass


    Computer examples
    Computer Example

    4" Face brick 4" common brick

    Heat flow

    Still air
    Air velocity 7.5 mph

    Outside Inside

    1" Air gap, t=50 F, Dt=30 F

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