De-Active Word-Forming Element in English and in Many Words Inherited From French and
De-Active Word-Forming Element in English and in Many Words Inherited From French and
De-Active Word-Forming Element in English and in Many Words Inherited From French and
: 2 (пункты 1-4)
II. The italicized words in the following jokes and extracts are formed by
derivation. Write them out in two columns:
A. Those formed with the help of productive affixes.
B. Those formed with the help of non-productive affixes. Explain the
etymology of each borrowed affix.
(Шпаргалка: Productive - which take part in deriving new words in this particular period of
language development. E.g.: Noun: -er ,-ing, -ness, -ist. Adjectives: -y, -ish, -ed, -able. Adverb: -
ly. Verb: -ize/ise, --ate. Prefixes: un-, re-, dis-.
Partially - productive - the derivatives build by means of partially - productive affixes. They are
limited in coining new words. They are rare. E.g.: Noun: -lin, -ese, -ster, -ie,- let. Prefixes: be-,
mis-, dis-, co-.
Non- productive - are those that do not take part in deriving new words in modern English. E.g.:
Noun: -th, -hood, -ship-, -dom.Adjective: -ly, -some, -ous, -ful. Verb: -en, -fy. Adverb: -wards.
Prefixes: in-, im-, il-, ir-, en-)
1. Willie was invited to a party, where refreshments were bountifully served.
"Won't you have something more, Willie?" the hostess said.
"No, thank you," replied Willie, with an expression of great satisfaction. "I'm
full."
"Well, then," smiled the hostess, "put some delicious fruit and cakes in your
pocket to eat on the way home."
"No, thank you," came the rather startling response of Willie, "they're full too."
Вили был приглашен на вечеринку, на которой были щедро накрыты закуски (было
много закусок)
«Не хотите ли еще что-то, Вили?» - спросила хозяйка
«Нет, спасибо» ответил Вили с выражением глубокого удовлетворения «Я сыт (для
шутки корректнее полон)»
«Хорошо» улыбнулась хозяйка «тогда положите немного вкусных фруктов и
пирожков в Ваш карман что бы поесть по дороге домой»
«Нет, спасибо», последовал ещё более неожиданный ответ Вили «Он тоже полон
(сыт)».
A) re- word-forming elementx meaning "back to the original place, again," also with a sense
of "undoing," c.1200, from Old French and directly from Latin re- "again, back, against."
-ment suffix forming nouns, originally from French and representing Latin -mentum, which
was added to verb stems sometimes to represent the result or product of the action.
-full non-borrowed
-ess fem. suffix, from French -esse, from Late Latin -issa, from Greek -issa
-ion suffix forming nouns of state, condition, or action from verbs, from Latin -ionem
(nominative -io), sometimes via French -ion.
de- active word-forming element in English and in many words inherited from French and
Latin, from Latin de "down, down from, from, off; concerning" (see de), also used as a prefix in
Latin usually meaning "down, off, away, from among, down from,"
-ous word-forming element making adjectives from nouns, meaning "having, full of, having
to do with, doing, inclined to," from Old French -ous, -eux, from Latin -osus
-ling - diminutive word-forming element, early 14c., from Old English -ling a nominal suffix
(not originally diminutive), from Proto-Germanic *-linga-; attested in historical Germanic
languages as a simple suffix, but probably representing a fusion of the suffixes represented by
English -le (cf. icicle, thimble, handle), from Old English -ol, -ul, -el; and -ing, suffix indicating
"person or thing of a specific kind or origin;" in masculine nouns also "son of" (cf. farthing,
atheling, Old English horing "adulterer, fornicator").
B) –ly - suffix forming adjectives from nouns and meaning "having qualities of, appropriate
to, fitting;" irregularly descended from Old English -lic, from Proto-Germanic *-liko-, related to
*likom- "appearance, form" (cf. Old English lich "corpse, body;" see lich, which is a cognate; cf.
also like (adj.), with which it is identical).
2. The scene was a tiny wayside railway platform and the sun was going down
behind the distant hills. It was a glorious sight. An intending passenger was
chatting with one of the porters.
"Fine sight, the sun tipping the hills with gold," said the poetic passenger.
"Yes," reported the porter; "and to think that there was a time when I was often
as lucky as them 'ills."
Пейзаж состоял из крохотной железнодорожной платформы и солнца садящегося за
далекие холмы. Это было славное зрелище. Ожидающий пассажир говорил с одним из
носильщиков.
«Хорошее зрелище, солнце окидывает холмы золотом» сказал поэтичный пассажир.
«Да» ответил носильщик «и думать что это было время когда я был так же счастлив
как (их больные????)эти холмы»
a) dis- word-forming element meaning 1. "lack of, not" (e.g. dishonest); 2. "do the opposite
of"; 3. "apart, away", from Old French des- or directly from Latin dis- "apart, in a different
direction, between," figuratively "not, un-," also "exceedingly, utterly," from PIE *dis- "apart,
asunder"
-ous – было в 1
-ing – non-borrowed suffix attached to verbs to mean their action, result, product, material,
etc., from Old English -ing, -ung, from Proto-Germanic *unga
-er – English agent noun ending, corresponding to Latin -or. In native words it represents
Old English -ere (Old Northumbrian also -are) "man who has to do with," from West Germanic
*-ari (cf. German -er, Swedish -are, Danish -ere), from Proto-Germanic *-arjoz. Some believe
this root is identical with, and perhaps a borrowing of, Latin -arius.
-y - noun suffix, in army, city, country, etc., from Old French -e, Latin -atus, -atum, pp.
suffix of verbs of the first conjugation. In victory, history, etc. it represents Latin -ia, Greek -ia.
B) in- element meaning "into, in, on, upon" (also im-, il-, ir- by assimilation of -n- with
following consonant), from Latin in- "in"
3. A lady who was a very uncertain driver stopped her car at traffic signals
which were against her. As the green flashed on, her engine stalled, and when she
restarted it the colour was again red. This flurried her so much that when green
returned she again stalled her engine and the cars behind began to hoot. While she
was waiting for the green the third time the constable on duty stepped across and
with a smile said: "Those are the only colours, showing today, ma'am."
Леди которая была очень неуверенным водителем остановила её автомобиль на
светофоре который был перед ней. Когда загорелся зеленый её двигатель заглох, и когда
она перезапустила его снова загорелся красный. Это насколько взбудоражило её что когда
зеленый вновь загорелся она снова заглушила двигатель и машины позади её стали
сигналить. Пока она ждала третьего зеленого дежурный констебль подошёл и сказал с
улыбко «Это все цвета, которые показывают сегодня, мадам»
a) un- – non-borrowed prefix of negation, Old English un-, from Proto-Germanic *un-
-er – было в 2
re- - было в 1
-ed - pp. suffix of weak verbs, from Old English -ed, -ad. --od (leveled to -ed in Middle
English), from Proto-Germanic *-do-
4. "You have an admirable cook, yet you are always growling about her to your
friends."
"Do you suppose I want her lured away?"
a) -able - word-forming element expressing ability, capacity, fitness, from French, from
Latin -ibilis, -abilis, forming adjectives from verbs, from PIE *-tro-, a suffix used to form nouns
of instrument.
The residence of Mr. Peter Pett, the well-known financier, on Riverside Drive,
New York, is one of the leading eyesores of that breezy and expensive
boulevard ...Through the rich interior of this mansion Mr. Pett, its nominal proprietor,
was wandering like a lost spirit. There was a look of exasperation on his usually
patient face. He was afflicted by a sense of the pathos of his position. It was not as if
he demanded much from life. At that moment all that he wanted was a quiet spot
where he might read his Sunday paper in solitary peace and he could not find one.
Intruders lurked behind every door. The place was congested. This sort of thing had
been growing worse and worse ever since his marriage two years previously.
Marriage had certainly complicated life for Mr. Pett, as it does for the man who waits
fifty years before trying it. There was a strong literary virus in Mrs. Pett's system. She
not only wrote voluminously herself — but aimed at maintaining a salon... She gave
shelter beneath her terra-cotta roof to no fewer than six young unrecognized geniuses.
Six brilliant youths, mostly novelists who had not yet started...
residence - резиденция
-ency – productive - suffix Semantically abstract quality
reside – проживать, жить
Origin:1350–1400; Middle English< Middle French <Medieval Latin residentia,
equivalent to Latin resid (ēre)to reside+-entia-ence
financier - финансист
-er – productive suffix Part of speech deverbal
leading
-ing — productive – suffix Semantically result of action
breezy -свежий, продуваемый ветром
-y – productive
expensive - дорогой
-ive - productive
expense – затраты, цена
ex- word-forming element, in English meaning mainly "out of, from," but also "upwards,
completely, deprive of, without," and "former;" from Latin ex "out of, from within," from PIE
*eghs "out"
interior - интерьер
-ior – productive 1480–90; < Latin, comparative adj. equivalent to inter- inward + -
ior comparative suffix;
exasperation — раздражение
- ion – productive suffix forming nouns a suffix, appearing in words of Latin origin, denoting
action or condition, used in Latin and in English to formnouns from stems of Latin adjectives
( communion; union ), verbs ( legion; opinion ), and especially pastparticiples ( allusion;
creation; fusion; notion; torsion )
usually
-ly - non-productive a suffix forming adverbs from adjectives
afflicted
-ed productive
solitary – уединённый Origin:1300– 50; Middle English < Latin sōlitārius alone, by itself,
solitary, equivalent to sōlit ( ās ) solitude ( sōl (us ) sole1 + -itās -ity) + -ārius -ary
-ary a suffix occurring originally in loanwords from Classical and Medieval Latin, on adjectives
( elementary;honorary; stationary; tributary ), personal nouns ( actuary; notary; secretary ), or
nouns denotingobjects, especially receptacles or places ( library; rosary; glossary ). The suffix
has the general sense“pertaining to, connected with” the referent named by the base; it is
productive in English, sometimes withthe additional senses “contributing to,” “for the purpose
of,” and usually forming adjectives:complimentary; visionary; revolutionary; inflationary.
Intruders — незваные гости, самозванцы
-er - productive
marriage–брак 1250–1300; Middle English mariage < Old French, equivalent to mari (er) to
marry+-age
-age – productive a suffix typically forming mass or abstract nouns from various parts of speech,
occurring originally inloanwords from French ( voyage; courage ) and productive in English
with the meanings “aggregate” (coinage; peerage; trackage ), “process” ( coverage; breakage ),
“the outcome of” as either “the fact of”or “the physical effect or remains of” ( seepage;
wreckage; spoilage ), “place of living or business” (parsonage; brokerage ), “social standing or
relationship” ( bondage; marriage; patronage ), and “quantity,measure, or charge” ( footage;
shortage; tonnage; towage ).
previously – ранее
-ly – non-productive
complicated — усложнил
-ed a suffix forming the past participle of weak verbs ( he had crossed the river ), and of
participialadjectives indicating a condition or quality resulting from the action of the verb
( inflated balloons).
literary
-ary — см выше
voluminously
-ous - non-productive
a suffix forming adjectives that have the general sense “possessing, full of” a given quality (cove
tous; glorious; nervous; wondrous ); -ous, and its variant -ious, have often been used toAnglici
ze Latin adjectives with terminations that cannot be directly adapted into English ( atrocious;cont
iguous; garrulous; obvious; stupendous ). As an adjective-forming suffix of neutral value, itregu
larly Anglicizes Greek and Latin adjectives derived without suffix from nouns and verbs; manys
uch formations are productive combining forms in English, sometimes with a corresponding nom
inalcombining form that has no suffix; Compare -fer, -ferous; -phore, -phorous; -pter, -pterous; -
vore, -vorous.
a suffix forming adjectival correspondents to the names of chemical elements; specialized, inopp
osition to like adjectives ending in -ic, to mean the lower of two possible valences ( stannouschl
oride, SnCl 2 , and stannic chloride SnCl 4 ).
brilliant – выдвющийся
-ant - productive
a suffix forming adjectives and nouns from verbs, occurring originally in French and Latin loanw
ords (pleasant; constant; servant ) and productive in English on this model; -ant, has the genera
l sense“characterized by or serving in the capacity of” that named by the stem ( ascendant; preten
dant ), especially in the formation of nouns denoting human agents in legal actions or other form
al procedures (tenant; defendant; applicant; contestant ). In technical and commercial coinages,
-ant, is a suffix of nounsdenoting impersonal physical agents ( propellant; lubricant; deodorant )
. In general, -ant, can be addedonly to bases of Latin origin, with a very few exceptions, as cool
ant .
-s - productive
Алина С.: 6
VI. Deduce the meanings of the following derivatives from the meanings of
their constituents. Explain your deduction. What are the meanings of the
affixes in the words under examination?
1. a) Sallie is the most amusing person in the world — and Julia Pendleton the
least so. b) Ann was wary, but amused.
А) Салли самый смешной человек в мире – и Джулия Пендлентон менее смешная. B)
Энн опасалась, но была довольна.
Amusing забавный, смешной, занятный, занимательный
amused Позабавило, довольный
2. a) He had a charming smile, almost womanish in sweetness, b) I have kept up
with you through Miss Pittypat but she gave me no information that you had
developed womanly sweetness.
А)У нее была очаровательная улыбка, чуть по-женски сладкая. Б) Я поддержала вас с
Мисс Питтепат, но она не дала мне информации, которую вы развивали по
женственным сладостям
womanish 1) женоподобный 2) женский
womanly женственный; мягкий, нежный
3. a) I have been having a delightful and entertaining conversation with my old
chum, Lord Wisbeach. b) Thanks for your invitation. I'd be delighted to come.
А) у меня были восхитительный и развлекательный разговор с моим старым
приятелем, Лордом Висбеах Б) Спасибо за ваше приглашение. Я буду рад приехать
delightful восхитительный, очаровательный
delighted delight – удовольствие, наслаждение, развлечение; радовать, восхищать;
доставлять большое удовольствие
4. a) Sally thinks everything is funny — even flunking — and Julia is bored at
everything. She never makes the slightest effort to be pleasant, b) — Why are
you going to America? — To make my fortune, I hope. — How pleased your
father will be if you do.
А)Салли считает, что все это смешно - даже уклонился - а Юлии скучно во всем. Она
никогда не делает ни малейшей попытки понравится. Б) - Зачем вы едете в Америку? -
Чтобы сделать мою судьба, я надеюсь. - Как ваш отец рад будет, если вы сделаете
be pleasant быть приятным; радостный; милый, симпатичный; славный
pleased довольный
5. a) Long before |he reached the brownstone house... the first fine careless
rapture of his mad outbreak had passed from Jerry Mitchell, leaving nervous
apprehension in its place. b) If your nephew has really succeeded in his
experiments you should be awfully careful.
А) Задолго до того он добрался до коричневого дома… Первое небрежное восхищение
прошло безумной вспышкой прошло от Джерри Митчелла, оставляя нервную
настороженность на своем месте. Б) Если ваш племянник действительно преуспел в
своих экспериментах вы должны быть очень осторожны.
Careless- небрежный, невнимательный
Careful - заботливый, проявляющий заботу
6. a) The trouble with college is that you are expected to know such a lot of things
you've never learned. It's very confusing at times. b) That platform was a
confused mass of travellers, porters, baggage, trucks, boys with magazines,
friends, relatives.
Проблема колледжа в том, что вы должны знать такое множество, которое вы никогда
не знали. Это сбивает с толку. б) Эта платформа была беспорядочной массой туристов,
носильщиков, багажа, грузовых автомобилей, мальчиков с журналами, друзей,
родственников.
confusing сбивающий с толку
confuse – (confuse with) смешивать, путать
confused смущённый; озадаченный; поставленный в тупик, сбитый с толку;
поражённый
confuse – (confuse with) смешивать, путать
9. a) "Who is leading in the pennant race?" said this strange butler in a feverish
whisper, b) It was an idea peculiarly suited to her temperament, an idea that she
might have suggested herself if she had thought of it ...this idea of his fevered
imagination.
а) «Кто лидирует в гонке?" спросил этот странное дворецкий взволнованным шепотом.
feverish (прил.) лихорадочный; возбуждённый, беспокойный; взволнованный,
встревоженный
б) Это была идея, особенно подходившая для ее темперамента, мысль, что она могла
предложилть себя, если бы она думала об этом ... это идея его воспаленного воображения.
(бред какой то).
fevered (прил.) лихорадочный; возбуждённый
10. Dear Daddy-Long-Legs. You only wanted to hear from me once a month,
didn't you? And I've been peppering you with letters every few days! But I've been
so excited about all these new adventures that I must talk to somebody... Speaking
of classics, have you ever read Hamlet? If you haven't, do it right off. It's perfectly
exciting. I've been hearing about Shakespeare all my life but I had no idea he really
wrote so well, I always suspected him of going largerly on his reputation. (J.
Webster)
Аня Е.: 9
IX. Find eases of conversion in the following sentences.
Ксюшенька М.: 13
XIII. Read the following joke, explain the type of word-building in the italicized
words and say everything you can about the way they were made.
A successful old lawyer tells the following story about the beginning of his
professional life:
"I had just installed myself in my office, had put in a phone, when, through the
glass of my door I saw a shadow. It was doubtless my first client to see me. Picture
me, then, grabbing the nice, shiny receiver of my new phone and plunging into an
imaginary conversation. It ran something like this:
'Yes, Mr. S!' I was saying as the stranger entered the office. 'I'll attend to that
corporation matter for you. Mr. J. had me on the phone this morning and wanted me
to settle a damage suit, but I had to put him off, as I was too busy with other cases.
But I'll manage to sandwich your case in between the others somehow. Yes. Yes. All
right. Goodbye.'
Being sure, then, that I had duly impressed my prospective client, I hung up the
receiver and turned to him.
'Excuse me, sir,' the man said, 'but I'm from the telephone company. I've come
to connect your instrument.'"