Introduction to
UNIT 9 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON Python

Structure
9.0 Introduction
9.1 Objectives
9.2 History of Python
9.3 Need of Python
9.4 Packages for Cross platform application of Python
9.5 Getting started with Python
9.6 Program structure in python
9.7 Running the First program
9.8 Summary

9.0 INTRODUCTION
Python programming is widely used in Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning,
Neural Networks and many other advanced fields of Computer Science. Ideally, It is
designed for rapid prototyping of complex applications. Python has interfaces with
various Operating system calls and libraries, which are extensible to C, C++ or Java.
Many large companies like NASA, Google, YouTube, Bit Torrent, etc. uses the
Python programming language for the execution of their valuable projects.

To build the carrier path the skill of programming can be a fun and profitable way,
but before starting the learning of this skill, one should be clear about the choice of
programming language. Before learning any programming language, one should
figure out which language suits best to the learner. As in our case the comparison of
C and Python programming languages may help the learners to analyze and generate
a lot of opinions about their choice of programming language. In this unit, I have
tried to compile a few of them to give you a clear picture.

Metrics Python C
It is a high-level, general-purpose
C is general-purpose procedural
Introduction & interpreted programming
programming language.
language.
Being compiled programming
Being Interpreted programming
language its execution speed is
language its execution speed is
Speed faster then that of the interpreted
slower then that of the compiled
programming language (i.e.
programming language (i.e. C).
Python).
Number of lines of code written Program syntax of C is quite
Usage in Python is quite less in complicated in comparison to
comparison to C Python.

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Declaration of Variable type is
In C, declaration of variable type
not required, they are un-typed
is must, and it is done at the time
Declaration of and a given variable can be stuck
of its creation, and only values of
variables different types of values at
that declared type must be
different instances during the
assigned to the variables.
execution of any python program.
Error debugging is simple, as it
takes only one instruction at a Being compiler dependent
time. Compilation and execution language, error debugging is
Error
is performed simultaneously. difficult in C i.e. it takes the
Debugging
Errors are instantly shown, and entire source code, compiles it
execution stops at that instruction and finally all errors are shown.
only.
the same function can be used by Function renaming mechanism is
Function
two different names i.e. it not supported by C i.e. the same
renaming
supports the mechanism of function cannot be used by two
mechanism
function renaming different names.
Syntax of Python programs is The syntax of a C program is
Complexity Quite simple, easy to read, write comparatively harder than the
and learn syntax of Python.
It supports automatic garbage In C, the Programmer has to
Memory-
collection for memory explicitly do the memory
management
management. management.
Python is a General-Purpose
C is generally used for hardware
Applications programming language can be
related applications.
used for Microcontrollers also.
Built-in Library of built-in functions is Library of built-in functions is
functions quite large in Python. quite limited in C
Implementing Gives ease of implementing data Explicit implementation of
Data structures with built-in insert, functions is requited for the
Structures append functions. implementation of datastructures
Pointers functionality is not
Pointers Pointers are frequently used in C.
available in Python.

We learned from the comparisonof C and Python, that Python is an high-

level,general-purpose, interpreted programming language. It is dynamically
typedandgarbage-collected, and supports multiple programming paradigms
likestructured(particularly, procedural,) object-oriented, and functional
programming, and due to its comprehensive standard library Python is often
described as a "batteries included" language

In this course you are given exposure to both programming languages i.e. C
and Python, based on your requirement you can choose your option to build
your carrer in programming.

9.1 OBJECTIVES
After going through this unit you will be able to:

200  Understand the need of Python as a programming language

 
 
 Describe the cross platform applications Introduction to
Python
 Understand the structure of python program
 Write and execute your first code in python

9.2 HISTORY OF PYTHON

Python was conceived in the late 1980s as a successor to the ABC language,
it was created by Guido van Rossum in 1989 and its first release was in 1991.
Later, Python 2.0, released in 2000, this version includes features like list
comprehensions and a garbage collection system, which was capable of
collecting reference cycles.Python 2 implemented the technical details of
Python Enhancement Proposal(PEP), and thus simplified the code
development complexities of the earlier versions. But due to some stability
issues with Python 2.x versions, the development of Python 2.7 (last version
in 2.x, released in 2010) will be discontinued in 2020. The developers were
resolving the issues with Python 2 in parallel, and in 2008, Python 3.0 was
released. It was a major revision of the language, this version i.e. Python 3
was mainly released to fix problems which exist in Python 2. As python 3
was not completely backward-compatible, thus much of the Python 2 code
are not running unmodified on Python 3. To make the migration process easy
in Python 3, some features of Python 3 have been backported to Python 2.x
versions.
Thus, to migrate a project from python 3 to python 2.x, a lot of changes were
required, which are not only related to the projects and its applications but
also to the libraries that form the part of the Python environment.
You can freely download the latest version of Python from www.python.org,
where various Python interpreters are available for many operating systems.
A global community of programmers develops and maintains C-Python,
which is an open source reference implementation. A non-profit organization,
the Python Software Foundation, manages and directs resources for Python
and C-Python development.
So, what is C-python? It is the default or reference implementation of the
Python programming language, and as the name suggests C-python is written
in C language. Some of the implementations which are based on C-Python
runtime core but with extended behavior or features in some aspects are
Stack-less Python and Micro-Python; Stack-less Python, relates to C-Python
with an emphasis on concurrency using tasklets and channels (used by ds-
python for the Nintendo DS), and Micro-Python relates to working with
microcontrollers.
C-python compiles the python source code into intermediate bytecode, which
is executed by the C-python virtual machine. It is to be noted that Python is
dynamic programming language, but it is said to be slow, because the default
C-Python implementation compiles the python source code in bytecode
which is slow as compared to machine code(native code).C-Python is
distributed with a large standard library written in a mixture of C and Python,
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C-Python provides the highest level of compatibility with Python packages
and C extension modules.
Further, Jython, IronPython and PyPy are also the implementation of Python
as a programming language,they also providea good level of compatibility
with Python packages. These implementations are based on Java, .NET and
Python, respectively.We will be briefly discussing about these
implementations, starting with Jython.
Jython is actually the Java platform based implementation of the Python
programming language, so that you can run Python programs on the Java
platform. The programs written in Jython uses Java classes and not the
Python modules. The Jython compiler, compiles the Jython programs into
Java byte code, which can then be run by Java virtual machine. Jython
enables the use of Java class library functions from the Python program. In
comparison to C-Python, Jython is slow, and it is not that much compatible
the libraries of CPython. However, the compatibility in Iron Python and PyPy
is quite good.
IronPython is the implementation of Python written in C# (Microsoft’s .NET
framework).As Jython used Java Virtual Machine (JVM), IronPython uses
.Net Virtual Machine i.e. Common Language Runtime. The .NET
Framework and Python libraries are used efficiently by the IronPython.
Further, due to the availability of Just In Time (JIT) compiler and absence of
Global Interpreter Lock, the IronPython performs better for the Python
programs where use threads or multiple cores is highly required.
Guido van Rossum (creator of Python) said “If you want your code to run
faster, you should probably just use PyPy.” —PyPy is an implementation of
the Python programming language written in Python itself. The PyPy
Interpreter is written in RPython, which is a subset of Python. The PyPy
interpreter uses JIT compiler to compile the source code into native machine
code which makes it very fast and efficient.PyPy also comes with default
with support for stackless mode, providing micro-threads for massive
concurrency.

☞ Check Your Progress 1

1. Compare between C and Python programming languages

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2. Discuss different variant of python viz. C-python, Jython, IronPython,PyPy

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Introduction to
Python

9.3 NEED OF PYTHON

We learned from past sections 9.0 and 9.1, that Python is free and simple to
learn. The primary features of Python are, that it is an high-level, Interpreted
and dynamically typed programming language, This encourages the rapid
development of application prototypes, makes debugging of errors easy and
identifying itself as the language to code with.
Now, you might be in the position to appreciate the simplicity and capability
of Python as a programming Language, it is a general purpose language and
have applicability in almost every domain of software development, be it web
development or Scientific or Business or any other application, you can ever
think off. It has wider coverage of applications, and it is complying with the
current needs of software industry, Thus it assures a promising future to the
learners.
The learners will understand the need of Python, once they understand the
application areas of Python. You might not be knowing that various
applications like YouTube, BitTorrent, DropBox etc. uses Python to achieve
their functionality.The reason behind the choice of python, for these
applications is the ability of python to be compatible for cross-platform
operating systems (a cross-platform application may run on any Operating
System, be it Microsoft Windows or Linux, or macOS or any other.), which
simplifies the development of applications. Now, its time to start our
discussion for the various types of applications that can be developed by
using Python, below are few, there may be many more.
 Artificial Intelligence(AI) and Machine Learning(ML) are need of the
times, as they yield the most promising careers for the learners. The field
of AI and ML relates to the incorporation of intelligence in to machines
by the process of self-learning from the data stored in to the system,
various algorithms are available for this purpose. But, to bring AI and
ML into action, Python is the first choice. Why?, because various well
equipped libraries like Pandas, Scikit-Learn, NumPy etc. are available, to
facilitate the engineers and scientists.Learn the algorithm, use the library
and you have your solution to the problem. It is that simple.
 Data Science and Data Visualization: Data Scientists is just another
promising career, if you know how to extract relevant information from
the data source then world is yours. But, its not easy, various algorithms
and techniques are required to work with. To simplify your work, again
Python emerges to help you to study the data you have, perform
operations and extract the required information. Libraries such as
Pandas, NumPy help you in extracting information. Further, Matplotlib
and Seaborn are the data visualization libraries, which are quite helpful
in plotting and visualization of data. This is how Python helps you to
become a Data Scientist.
 Mobile Applications: In general people think that Android and iOS are
for mobile development, but what about using Python for mobile app 203
 
  
development ? Historically, Python didn’t have a strong story when it
came to writing mobile GUI applications, and that was quite
questionable, because Python is projected as one solution for a variety of
applications.But, with the passage of time, lot of development in Python
has happened and now we are having Python as one of the option for
Mobile App development. Now, we’ll take a look at two frameworks i.e.
Kivy and BeeWare, as options for mobile application development with
Python.
 Embedded Applications: We learned from earlier sections of this unit
that Python is based on C. Thus, it can be used to create software for
embedded applications. The Micro-Python is a software implementation
of Python 3, written in C. In fact, Micro-Python is a Python compiler that
runs on the hardware of micro-controller, it includes modules to provide
access to the low-level hardware. One of the renowned embedded
application is Raspberry Pi which uses Python for its computing. It can
be used as a computer or like a simple embedded board to perform high-
level computations, you can use it for IoT or Mobile applications, thus
may produce your smart gadgets.
 Web Development: Python is frequently used for web development, the
reason behind is the availability of the full-stack frameworks for web
development. There are many frameworks but Django, Flask and
Pyramid are quite famous, among the frameworks for web development.
They it includes common-backend logic and libraries to integrate
protocols like HTTPS,FTP,SSL etc., and also supports processing of
JSON,XML, E-Mail etc.
 Game Development : Gamming is one of the most upcoming software
industry, user can build various interactive games by using various
modules of Python, like Pygame and Pyglet, also the Python libraries
like PySoy are available, to develop 3D games. Some of the renowned
games like Civilization-IV, Disney’s Toontown Online, Vega Strike etc.
are developed by using Python.
Python has a variety of applications where it can be used. No matter what
field you take up, Python is rewarding. So I hope you have understood the
Python Applications and what sets Python apart from every other
programming language.

9.4 PACKAGES FOR CROSS PLATFORM

APPLICATION OF PYTHON
Python is the most popular programming language, and it marked its
presence by contributing actively to every emerging field in computer
science. It has vast set of libraries for almost all fields such as Machine
Learning (Numpy, Pandas, Matplotlib), Artificial intelligence (Pytorch,
TensorFlow), and Game development (Pygame,Pyglet), and many more.

After going through the section 9.2 of this unit, you understood the meaning
of Cross-platform applications and you are now aware of the potential of
204 Python as a cross-platform programming language, you also came to know
 
 
that the development of different type of applications require different types Introduction to
of packages, libraries, modules, frameworks etc. Now you might be confused Python

that what is the difference between these terms, are they same or different.
Let’s Clear your confusion first and then we will briefly discuss about the
functionality of different packages, used for the development of various
Python applications.

Python: Framework Vs Library Vs Package Vs Module

Framework is a collection of libraries. This is the architecture of the
program.
Library is a collection of packages. (We may understand that, Python
library or framework is a pre-written program that is ready to use on
common coding tasks.)
Package is a collection of modules. It must contains an __init__.py file as a
flag so that the python interpreter processes it as such. The __init__.py could
be an empty file without causing issues. A package, in essence, is like a
directory holding subpackages and modules. While we can create our own
packages, we can also use one from the Python Package Index (PyPI) to use
for our projects.To import a package, we type import Game.Sound.load Or
We can also import it giving it an alias:import Game.Sound.load as load
game.
Module is a file which contains various Python functions and global
variables. It is simply just .py extension file which has python executable
code. We put similar code together in one module. This helps us modularize
our code, and make it much easier to deal with. And not only that, a module
grants us reusability. With a module, we don’t need to write the same code
again for a new project that we take up.

let’s see how Module and Package differ:

1) A module is a file containing Python code. A package, however, is like a
directory that holds sub-packages and modules.

2) A package must hold the file __init__.py. This does not apply to
modules.
3) To import everything from a module, we use the wildcard *. But this
does not work with packages.

We will learn more about them, as we proceed in this course, don’t worry. To
start with we will discuss about various Frameworks and Libraries first, you
will be learning about their usage and also the usage of methods and
packages, later.

TensorFlow: TensorFlow is an end-to-end python machine learning library

for performing high-end numerical computations. TensorFlow can handle
deep neural networks for image recognition, handwritten digit classification,
recurrent neural networks, NLP (Natural Language Processing)

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Keras : is a leading open-source Python library used for development of
neural networks and machine learning projects. It simplifies the process of
designing and development of neural networks for the beginners of machine
learning. Keras also deals with convolution neural networks(CNN) and
Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN), highly required in the field of Deep
Learning. It includes algorithms for normalization, optimizion, and activation
layers. Instead of being an end-to-end Python machine learning library, Keras
acts as a user-friendly, extensible interface that enhances modularity & total
expressiveness.

Theano : is a library for scientific computation, it allows you to define,

optimize as well as evaluate the complex mathematical expressions, which
deals with multidimensional arrays. The repetitive computation of a tricky
mathematical expression is the basis of several ML and AI applications.
Theano quickly performs the data-intensive calculation, the rate of execution
is almost hundred times faster than when executing on our CPU alone. It
aims to reduce the development and execution time of ML apps, particularity
in deep learning algorithms. Only one drawback of Theano in front of
TensorFlow is that its syntax is quite hard for the beginners.

Scikit-learn : it is a prominent open-source library for machine learning

through Python, it includes a wide range of algorithms like DBSCAN,
gradient boosting, random forests, vector machines, and k-means etc., which
are generally used to implement various concepts of Machine Learning i.e.
Classification, Clustering, Regression etc. It can interoperate with numeric
and scientific libraries of Python like NumPy and SciPy. Scikit-learn
supports both supervised as well as unsupervised ML.
PyTorch : it is a production-ready library for machine-learning, supported
with excellent examples, applications and use cases, also supported by a
strong community.It supports GPU and CPU computations, thus provides
performance optimization and scalablity in research as well as production.
The two high-end features of the PyTorch are Deep neural networks and
Tensor computation, which are boosted because of the machine learning
compiler “Glow”, specially designed to improve the performance of deep
learning frameworks.
NumPy : also known as Numerical Python, a library to perform scientific
computations. Almost all Python machine-learning tools like Matplotlib,
SciPy, Scikit-learn, etc rely on this library to a reasonable extent. It comes
with functions for dealing with complex mathematical operations like linear
algebra, Fourier transformation, random number and features that work with
matrices and n-arrays in Python. It is widely used in handling sound waves,
images, and other binary functions.

SciPy : It is library, that works for all type od scientific programming

projects. Its main functionality is built upon NumPy, and it includes modules
for linear algebra, Integration, optimization, and statistics too. SciPy is
supported with extensive documentation, which makes its working really
easy.
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Pandas : it is an open-source library of python that offers a wide range of Introduction to
tools for data analysis & manipulation, with Pandas, the data from a broad Python

range of sources like CSV, SQL databases, JSON files, and Excel, can be
read. The data analysis & manipulation is a pre-requisite for most of the
machine learning projects, where a significant amount of time is spent to
analyse the trends and patterns hidden in the datasets. Using Pandas one can
manage complex data operations with just one or two commands, it comes
with several inbuilt methods for data handling, and it also serves as the
starting point to create more focused and powerful data tools.

Matplotlib : this library is specifically meant for Data Science, it helps to

generate data visualization like 2D diagrams and graphs like histograms,
scatter plots, and even graphs for non-cartesian coordinates.It is equipped
with the object oriented API to embed plots into the applications, directly. It
is because of this library, the Python is able to compete with scientific tools
like MATLAB or Mathematica. It is quite compatible with the popular
plotting libraries, but developers are required to write more code than usual,
while using this library for generating advanced visualizations.
Seaborn : it is an unparalleled visualization library, based on Matplotlib’s
foundations. Seaborn offers high-level dataset based interface to make
amazing statistical graphics. With Seaborn, it is simple to create certain types
of plots like time series, heat maps, and violin plots. The functionalities of
Seaborn go beyond Pandas and matplotlib with the features to perform
statistical estimation at the time of combining data across observations,
plotting and visualizing the suitability of statistical models to strengthen
dataset patterns.
Scrapy : It is the most widely used library of python, for the purpose of data
sciences, specifically data mining. It is used to build crawling programs i.e
spider bots, which are used to retrieve structured data (example URLs or
Contact Information) from the web. Developers use it for gathering data from
APIs.
Pygame : is a python programming language library for making multimedia
applications like video games, animations etc. It includes libraries related to
computer graphics and sound, which are designed to be used with the Python
programming language. Pygame is suitable to create client-side applications
that can be potentially wrapped in a standalone executable.

Django : it a web framework build using Python,it encourages rapid

development of web applications.Developers can focus on writing app only,
It’s primary goal is to ease the creation of complex, database-driven websites.
Django emphasizes on code reusability and pluggability of components, thus
it supports less code, low coupling, and rapid development of websites.

MicroPython : is a software implementation of Python 3, written in C. Infact,

MicroPython is a Python compiler that runs on the hardware of micro-
controller, it includes modules to provide access to the low-level hardware.
One of the renowned embedded application is Raspberry Pi which uses
Python for its computing. It can be used as a computer or like a simple
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embedded board to perform high-level computations, you can use it for IoT
or Mobile applications, thus may produce your smart gadgets.

BeeWare – is a Python GUI and mobile development framework, to develop

native Python Mobile Apps. “BeeWare” project, provides a set of tools and
an abstraction layer, which can be used to write native-looking mobile and
desktop applications using Python.
Kivy – is an opensource Python Framework used as a Cross-platform Python
GUI for Mobile App development, it allows you to write pure-Python
graphical applications that run on both i.e. the main desktop platforms
(Windows, Linux, macOS and Raspberry Pi) and also on on iOS &
Android.Both Kivy and BeeWare are worth considering. So far as maturity
goes, Kivy seems to be the more mature platform right now

☞ Check Your Progress 2

1. Compare Framework, Library, Package and Modules in python
2. Identify the prominent tools of python for following:
a. Artificial Intelligence application
b. Mobile application development
c. Embedded programming
d. Web development
e. Game development
3. Discuss the utility of following:
a. Tensor Flow
b. Keras
c. Theano
d. Pytorch
e. NumPy
f. SciPy
g. Pandas
h. Matplotlib
i. Kivy
j. Django
k. Pygame

9.6 PROGRAM STRUCTURE IN PYTHON

This section relates to the discussion over the programming structure of
Python programming, i.e. the way you divide a program in your source files
and mix parts from various libraries or modules or packages in to a single
program, i.e. directly or indirectly, a single program includes multiple
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filesfrom different modules. Modules are in fact the library tools, which are Introduction to
implemented to make a collection of top-level files i.e. the high level files Python

may use tools, defined in modules, which may use files, defined in other
modules. Coming to our point, in python a file takes a module to get access
to the tools it defines, and also to the tools defined in other modules included
in programme. In python high level file has important path of control of your
program, where from you can start your application. Just refer to the figure
given below

Figure : Structure Python Program

To understand the structure of Python program, say there exist three files
a.py,b.py and c.py. The file model a.py is chosen for high level file . it is
known as a simple text file of statements. Files b.py and c.py are modules.
They are also text files of statements but they are generally not started
directly, but they are invoked by a.py i.e high level file.

This is the general discussion over the structure of Python program, although
Python includes all the components as they are in any other language such as
data types, conditional statements, looping constructs, functions, file
handling, Classes, Exception handling, Libraries, Modules, packages etc. We
will discuss a few of them over here and the rest will be discussed in the
subsequent units in this course

9.5 GETTING STARTED WITH PYTHON

Now, we are having a bit of clarity about the Python as a programming
language, from the past sections we learned about the various libraries and
frameworks of Python. Now, we need to work on the IDEs (Integrated
Development Environments) of Python, there are many IDEs like Jupyter
Notebook, Spyder, VS Code, R Programming etc., all are collectively
available in Anaconda (Anaconda isa free and open-source distribution of the
Python and R programming languages for scientific computing (data
science, machine learning applications, large-scale data
processing,predictiveanalytics, etc.)), or you may also go for the cloud
versions Like Google Colab Notebook, where you need not to have high
configuration hardwares, only internet is required and through your gmail
account you can work on Python using Jupyter notebook.

We will discuss in brief, some of the ways to work with Python, you may
choose any or try all and other options too.

1) Just browse for https://www.python.org and perform following steps : 209

 
  
a. Download the latest version of Python for the operating system
installed on your computer, as in my case its windows 64 bit, so I
downloaded python-3.7.7 (python-3.7.7-amd64.exe) from
https://www.python.org/downloads/release/python-377/
b. Now Run this exe file and install the Python, just click next and go
ahead, till the setup installation is finished
c. Finally you are having an interface for Python programming

There is a variety of IDEs for python, Like Jupyter Notebook, Spyder, VS

Code etc, and all are available at Anaconda (a free and open-source
distribution of the Python and R programming languages for scientific
computing (data science, machine learning applications, large-scale data
processing, predictive analytics, etc.)). To start with Anaconda Just perform
following steps.

2) Just browse https://www.anaconda.com/ and perform following steps:

a. Click the Download button on the webpage of
https://www.anaconda.com/
b. the distribution section https://www.anaconda.com/distribution/ will
open,
c. click the download option given on this
pagehttps://www.anaconda.com/distribution/
d. https://www.anaconda.com/distribution/#download-section will
open, the option of 64bit and 32bit graphic installer for Python 3.x
(currently 3.7) and 2.x (currently 2.7) are given under Anaconda
2020.02 for windows installer.
e. It is recommended to download 64bit version of Python 3.x
(currently 3.7),
f. Anaconda3-2020.02-Windows-x86_64.exe will be downloaded.
g. Now, just run the setup of this Anaconda3-2020.02-Windows-
x86_64.exe , and click next-next, till the installation is completed.
h. Finally, you will find Anaconda Navigators shortcut on your
desktop, click on it and you can start working with any IDE be it

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Jupyter Notebook, Spyder, VS Code etc., even you can work with R- Introduction to
Programming. Python

Important: Before working with IDEs you need to understand how to work
with them and which ine is suitable, following are observations, currently:

a) When you start Jupyter Notebook on windows (by clicking on the

jupyter section, given in the anaconda Navigator), a browser will open in
internet explorer, many a times Jupyter Notebook won’t work here, then
just copy the URL from the Internet Explorer and paste it in the Google
Chrome, you will find that Jupyter Notebook starts working, other details
regarding the writing, saving, execution of program, will be discussed
later.
b) Program exeution in Jupyter is line by line and in VS Code and Spyder it
goes sideways, even errors can also be seen sideways. Any ways all are
good to work with Python.

3) Many a times the learners may not be equipped with the systems having
latest hardware configuarations, as desired for the installation of Python,
or their might be compatibility issues with operating syatem or may be
due to any reason you are not able to install and start your work with
Python. Under such circumstances the solution is Google Colab
Notebook (https://colab.research.google.com/notebooks/welcome.ipynb),
use this and just login with your gmail account and start your work on
Jupyter Notebook, as simple as that.

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9.7 RUNNING THE FIRST PROGRAM

Just click file option and select new workbook, and new Jupyter notebook will open in
Google Colab, now you may start your work

As here, I wrote my first program (print(“hello”)) to say “hello” to all of you ,

and executed it by simply pressing the play button, you may see just before
the print command I wrote, and the output comes just beneath the statement
print(“hello”).

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9.8 SUMMARY Introduction to
Python

The conceptual fundamentals of python programming language were

discussed in this unit, after going through this unit the learner will be
equipped not only with the with the historical understanding of python, but
also with the various application areas and the tools relevant to explore the
concerned application area.

SOLUTION TO CHECK YOUR PROGRESS

Check your progress 1
1) refer to section 9.0
2) refer to section 9.2

Check your progress 2

1) refer to section 9.4
2) refer to section 9.3
3) refer to section 9.4
 

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