REINFORCED CONCRETE

INTRODUCTION TO THE COURSE

Welcome students! This course is designed to introduce to you the fundamental

concepts, principles, and design in Reinforced Concrete Structure Design 1 .

A key goal of this part of your module is for the you to familiarize the basics
about the course and to appreciate its importance before proceeding to the lecture
proper.

For your guidance, take note of the following items which should get included in
the submission of your portfolio at the end of each Term.
1. Written module
2. STRUCTU-JOURNAL (Journal Notebook- go to page 8 for details)
3. Portfolio (to be submitted every end of the Term)
4. Quizzes and other self-check assessments

Course Textbook:

Jack C. McCORMAC and Russell H. Brown, Design of Reinforced Concrete, 9th

1.1 Concrete and Reinforced Concrete

Concrete is a mixture of sand, gravel, crushed rock, or other aggregates held

together in a rocklike mass with a paste of cement and water. Sometimes one or
more admixtures are added to change certain characteristic of the concrete such as
its workability, durability and time of hardening.

Reinforced Concrete is a combination of concrete and steel wherein the steel

reinforcement provides the tensile strength lacking in the concrete. Reinforcing steel
is also capable of resisting compression and is used in columns as well as in other
situations are described later.

1.2 Advantages of Reinforced Concrete as a Structural Material

1. It has considerable compressive strength per unit cost compared with most other
materials.
2. Reinforced concrete has great resistance to the actions of fire and water and, in
fact, is the best structural material available for situations where water is
present.
3. Reinforced concrete structures are very rigid.
4. It is a low-maintenance material.

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 5. As compared with other materials, it has a very long service life.
6. It is usually the only economical material available for footings, floor slabs,
basement walls, pier, and similar applications.
7. As special frames of concrete is its ability to be cast into an extraordinary variety
of shapes from simple slabs, beams, and columns to great arches and shells
8. In most areas, concrete takes advantage of inexpensive local materials and
requires relatively small amounts of cement and reinforcing steel.
9. A lower grade of skilled labor is required for erection as compared with other
material such as structural steel.

1.3 Disadvantages of Reinforced Concrete as a Structural Material

1. Concrete has a very low tensile strength, requiring the use of tensile
reinforcing.
2. Forms are required to hold the concrete in place until it hardens sufficiently.
3. The low strength per unit of weight if concrete leads to heavy members. This
becomes an increasingly important matter for long-span structure, where
concrete’s large dead weight has a great effect on bending moments.
Lightweight aggregates can be used to reduce concrete weight, but the cost of
the concrete is increased.
4. Similarly, the low strength per unit of volume of concrete means members will
be relatively large, an important consideration for tall buildings and long-span
structures.
5. The properties of concrete vary widely because of variations in its proportioning
and mixing.

Five (5) Famous Concrete Structures worldwide.

a. The Colosseum

This renowned Roman amphitheater was

constructed in 80 A.D. and remains one of
the biggest tourist attractions in the world.
Its 240 concrete arches are supported by
limestone and have housed both gladiator
competitions and a wool factory.

Although it has been damaged over the

course of many centuries, the Colosseum’s
survival is a testament to concrete’s
b. Hoover Dam
longevity.

Back on North America, this impressive structure

was built in 1936. The Hoover Dam required 1.1
million cubic yards of concrete to form an arch-
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gravity dam. An American icon, the Hoover Dam
forms Lake Mead, the largest reservoir in the
United States. It was constructed during the
 c. Burj Khalifa

The Burj Khalifa skyscraper soars above

Dubai and holds the title of world’s tallest
building along with 6 other world records.
Completed in 2009, the Burj Khalifa took
more than 5 years, 110,000 tons of
concrete, 55,000 tons of steel rebar, and 22
million man hours to complete.
While the Burj Khalifa boasts the world’s
highest observation deck, this impressive
structure also houses a hotel, restaurant,
office space, and private residences for the
very wealthy. Rent for a studio apartment is
about $1.5 million (yes, per month).

d. Christ the Redeemer

At the top of the Corcovado Mountain in

Tijuca National Forest in Rio de Janeiro
stands Christ the Redeemer, the largest
statue of Jesus ever constructed in the
world.
Christ the Redeemer is made from
reinforced concrete and soapstone. Named
one of the New Seven Wonders of the
World, this feat of artistry and architecture
stands 98 feet tall, with an arm span of 92
feet, and weighs about 635 metric tons.
Constructed in 1931 for about $250,000, the
statue would cost more than $3 million to
build in today’s economy.

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 e. Panama Canal

Completed in 1914, this 52 mile long and 10 mile wide man-made canal
required 5 ½ cubic yards of concrete to complete. Named another of the
Seven Wonders of the Modern World, this route connects the Atlantic and
Pacific oceans enabling ships to transport cargo more efficiently between
North and South America.
From its construction to present day, more than 1 million vessels have
crossed the Panama Canal.

ACTIVITY #1
“Famous Concrete Structures!”

Direction: Give 5 examples of famous concrete structures. Include pictures and place
it in a long bond paper and do it as excellent as you can. Place it afterwards in your
portfolio.

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 MODULE 1: Introduction to Reinforced Concrete
Design
FOCUS LESSON / IMPORTANT CONCEPT
1. Properties of Concrete
2. Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete
3. Concrete Protection for Reinforcement
4. Reinforcing Steel Bars
5. Introduction to Loads
6. Required Strength
LEARNING OUTCOMES:

The students will be able to:

1. Understand Properties of Concrete
2. Define Modulus of Elasticity
3. Familiarized properties of Reinforcing Steel Bars
4. Understand different load factors and strength reduction factors.

______________________________________________________________________________
LESSON 1
“Basic Requirements of Reinforced Concrete”

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1. Properties of Concrete

Concrete Yield Strength, 𝒇′𝒄 Modulus of Modulus of

(MPa) Elasticity, 𝑬𝒄 Rupture, 𝒇𝒓
(MPa) (MPa)
Class C 28 25 400 3.334
Class A 24 23 520 3.086
Class B 21 22 000 2.887

Notes:
 Thermal coefficient of expansion = 10.8 𝑥 10−6 /℃
 Shrinkage coefficient = 0.0002 after 28 days
= 0.0005 after 1 year
2400𝑘𝑔
 Normal weight of concrete density = 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑠
𝑚3
2320𝑘𝑔
= 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠
𝑚3

The stress–strain curves of Figure 1.1 represent the results obtained from
compression tests of sets of 28-day-old standard cylinders of varying strengths. You
should carefully study these curves because they bring out several significant points:
(a) The curves are roughly straight while the load is increased from zero to about
one-third to one-half the concrete’s ultimate strength.
(b) Beyond this range the behavior of concrete is nonlinear. This lack of linearity of
concrete stress–strain curves at higher stresses causes some problems in the

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 structural analysis of concrete structures because their behavior is also nonlinear at
higher stresses.
(c) Of particular importance is the fact that regardless of strengths, all the concretes
reach their ultimate strengths at strains of about 0.002.
(d) Concrete does not have definite yield strength; rather, the curves run smoothly on
to the point of rupture at strains of from 0.003 to 0.004.
(e) Many tests have clearly shown that stress–strain curves of concrete cylinders are
almost identical to those for the compression sides of beams.
(f) It should be further noticed that the weaker grades of concrete are less brittle than
the stronger ones—that is, they will take larger strains before breaking.

2. Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete

Modulus of elasticity (also known as elastic modulus, the coefficient of elasticity)

of a material is a number which is defined by the ratio of the applied stress to the
corresponding strain within the elastic limit. Physically it indicates a material’s
resistance to being deformed when a stress is applied to it. Modulus of elasticity also
indicates the stiffness of a material. Value of elastic modulus is higher for the stiffer
materials.

𝑓
Modulus of Elasticity, 𝐸=
𝑠
𝑓 = 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑎 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦

𝑠 = 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠

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 Elastic Modulus of Concrete from ACI Code
Different codes have prescribed some empirical relations to determine the Modulus of
Elasticity of Concrete. Few of them are given below.
According to ACI 318-08 section 8.5,
Modulus of elasticity for concrete,

𝐸𝑐 = 𝑤𝑐 1.50 𝑥 0.043√𝑓′𝑐 , 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝐸𝑐 = 𝑤𝑐 1.50 𝑥 33√𝑓′𝑐 , 𝑝𝑠𝑖

This formula is valid for values of 𝑤𝑐 between 1440 and 2560 kg/m3.
For normal-weight concrete,

𝐸𝑐 = 4700√𝑓′𝑐 , 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐸𝑐 = 57000√𝑓′𝑐 , 𝑝𝑠𝑖

3. Concrete Protection for Reinforcement

4. Reinforcing
Steel Bars

Rebar (short
for reinforcing
bar), known
when massed
as reinforcing

steel or reinforcement steel,[1] is a steel bar or mesh of steel wires used as a tension
device in reinforced concrete and reinforced masonry structures to strengthen and aid
the concrete under tension. Concrete is strong under compression, but has
weak tensile strength. Rebar significantly increases the tensile strength of the
structure. Rebar's surface is often "deformed" with ribs, lugs or indentations to
promote a better bond with the concrete and reduce the risk of slippage.

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 Item Diameter Cross Sectional Theoretical
(mm) Area (mm2) Weight (kg/m)

RSB-6 6 28.27 0.222

RSB-8 8 50.27 0.395
RSB-10 10 78.54 0.617
RSB-12 12 113.1 0.888
RSB-14 14 153.9 1.21
RSB-16 16 201.1 1.58
RSB-18 18 254.5 2
RSB-20 20 314.2 2.47
RSB-22 22 380.1 2.98
RSB-25 25 490.9 3.85
RSB-28 28 615.8 4.83
RSB-32 32 804.2 6.31
RSB-36 36 1018 7.99
RSB-40 40 1257 9.87

5. Introduction to Loads

5.1 Dead Loads

Dead loads are loads of constant magnitude that remain in one position. They include the weight of
the structure under consideration as well as any fixtures that are permanently attached to it. For a
reinforced concrete building, some dead loads are the frames, walls, floors, ceilings, stairways,
roofs, and plumbing.
5.2 Live Loads
Live loads are loads that can change in magnitude and position. They include occupancy loads,
warehouse materials, construction loads, overhead service cranes, equipment operating loads, and
many others. In general, they are induced by gravity.

6. Required Strength

The required strength U is expressed in terms of factored loads, or related internal

moments and forces. Factored loads are the loads specified in the general building
code multiplied by appropriate factors. The factor assigned is influenced by the degree
of accuracy to which the load effect can be determined and the variation which might
be expected in the load during the lifetime of the structure.

From NSCP 2010, 6th Edition

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 Strength Reduction Factors, ∅, of the ACI Code.
(ACI Section 9.3)

SUMMARY
The overall goal is to be able to design reinforced concrete structures that are:
 Safe
 Economical
 Efficient

Serviceability requires that:

 Deflections be adequately small
 Cracks if any be kept to a tolerable limits
 Vibrations be minimized
 ---End of Lesson 1---

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