Abstract

Distribution reliability is the availability and quality of power supply for the customer service
entrance. The reliability problem is measured by the power interruption problems and it is a big
concern in our day to day life. So, many researchers developed different method of power
reliability with related to the quality, stability and loss reduction for distribution system. This
review is to provide the clear illustration of detailed comparisons and literature surveys with
different improvement methods, assessment methods and reliability indices for distribution
substation reliability. It reviews also different authors work on optimization techniques and
protection devices such as recloser, sectionalizer, disconnector, combinations of them and other
devices. Generally, this paper includes benefits and challenges, key points and observations,
conclusions and Recommendations for future work with in the consideration of all references,
and indicating the gap on this field.

Key words

Assessment method, Improvement method, Optimization techniques, Protection devices,

Reliability indices

Motivation of the Review

The reliable electricity supply has become an important part of the electric power system
concerning with the mutual benefits of power companies and the customers. Interruption of
power supply is the greater risk for electric power distribution systems. The motivation behind
this paper is to establish compressive overview of the field of analytical power system reliability
assessment techniques, numerical technique‘s, optimization techniques and different
improvement methods and to serve as an input for further research and development in the area
of applicability.

Introduction

Reliable power supply is of great importance in the electrical power system network for
residential, commercial, industrial for purpose of economic growth for a given nation or place.
Many researchers have been developed different reliability measures and improvement

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techniques, for the last many years. And I have reviewed Five papers those are written about
Electric power distribution system reliability.

The first one, a study conducted by Kirose Tesfaye [1] entitled on study and evaluation of the
reliability and design of power distribution system: case study Addis Ababa power distribution
system. The main objective of this thesis work is to conduct a study and evaluation of the
reliability and design of Addis Ababa power distribution system. And The specific objectives of
this thesis work are:

• To investigate and identify the possible power distribution problems that affects the
performance of the network

• To make a detailed analysis on the design and operation and maintenance practice of the
existing power distribution system.

• To make a detailed reliability analysis of the existing distribution system

• To propose an improved power distribution design that helps to mitigate the identified power
reliability problems.

• To make relevant conclusions and recommendations that can be of use for the performance
improvement of the Addis Ababa distribution system.

Methodology

He has been followed the following methodology in conducting his thesis work:

• Site visit

• Technical data collection from the Addis Ababa region distribution system

• To gather relevant data for the distribution system which helps to carryout reliability analysis

• For the purpose of analysis data from the following offices will be collected

 Existing structure of Addis Ababa distribution system

 Data’s on Addis Ababa substation
 Data’s on planning and design of Addis Ababa distribution system (to check standards
used)

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  Data’s on Addis Ababa distribution operation and management system
 Data's from urban rehabilitation project.

• Investigation of power distribution design problems and reliability problems for power
distribution systems in the city

• Analysis of the technical and economic performance of the distribution system This thesis work
considered the primary distribution system and particularly the 15kV outgoing feeders. This is
because the distribution system is the major contributor of the reliability problems in the power
system.

Result and discussion

Reliability indices analysis for Addis Ababa distribution system The frequency of interruption
and duration for Addis Ababa region distribution system for 12 Months are analyzed and
interpreted. Based the analyzed and interpreted frequency and duration of interruption
distribution reliability indices (SAIFI, SAIDI, CAIDI, and ASAI) calculation and analysis have
been discussed thoroughly. The analyzed and calculated distribution reliability indices values
have been compared with standard benchmark values. From the calculation and analysis
considered in reliability evaluation of Addis Center distribution system feeder ADC-09 has an
average value of SAIDI=252 minutes, SAIFI=3.65 interruptions/customer, CAIDI=2280 minutes
and ASAI=99.425 %. Whereas the corresponding values in a Germany standard are 23 minutes,
0.5 interruptions/customer, 112 minutes and 99.97% respectively. A lower number for SAIFI,
SAIDI and CAIDI indicates better reliability performance; i.e., a lower frequency of outages or
shorter outage duration. A higher number indicates worse performance. Comparing the average
SAIDI, SAIFI and CAIDI value of feeder ADC-09 of Addis Center distribution with the
benchmarks is high this shows that feeder ADC-09 has worse performance. A higher percentage
(approaching to 100%) for ASAI indicates better reliability performance; i.e., a typical customer
expects to have power at all times. A lower percentage indicates worse performance. Comparing
the average ASAI value of feeder ADC-09 of Addis Center distribution with the benchmarks is
low this shows that feeder ADC-09 has worse performance.

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Conclusions

The aim of this thesis is to identify causes of interruptions and suggest possible solutions to the
Addis Ababa distribution system. Furthermore, in this thesis work a study and evaluation of the
reliability and design of Addis Ababa power distribution system is conducted. The collected data
for Addis Ababa region distribution network was analyzed in detail to evaluate the reliability of
the design, operation, maintenance and reliability of Addis Ababa region distribution. From the
substations fault record, it is concluded that most of the failures in the distribution system are due
to short circuits, earth fault, over load, operation and system over load (i.e. when generated
power is below the total demand other than blackout. The Addis center feeder ADC-09 reliability
indices (SAIDI, SAIFI, CAIDI and ASAI) for five months (September 2013 to January 2014)
have been calculated, analyzed and results have been presented in this thesis. The calculated
results for SAIDI, SAIFI, CAIDI and ASAI are compared with benchmarks which verified
EEPCO’s distribution grid is noncompliance with standards. Furthermore, three potential
solutions for the improvement of the reliability of the distribution system have been considered.
The proposed solutions are design solution, operation and maintenance and reliability
improvement strategy to Addis Ababa distribution system and have been further discussed in
detail.

Demsew Mitiku Teferra, Amache Jara Godobo [2] paper studies about the Reliability
Assessment of Debre Markos distribution system found in Ethiopia.

Abstract

This research presents a method for reliability assessment considering the 23MVA, 230/15 kV
transformer through two 15 kV outgoing transmission lines at Debre Markos substation. It also
goes further to include 139 low voltage 15/0.4 kV distribution transformers. The total load
connected to the 15 kV feeders are varies between 0.33255 and 6.3185 MW. A composite system
adequacy and security assessment is done using Monte Carlo simulation. The basic data and the
topology used in the analysis are based on the Institution of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
- Reliability Test System and distribution system for bus two of the IEEEReliability Bus bar Test
System. The reliability indices SAIDI, SAIFI, CAIDI, EENS, AENS, ASAI, ASUI, and expected

4
interruption costs are being assessed and considered. Distribution system reliability information
was obtained from actual data for systems operating in Ethiopia Electric Utility office and Debre
Markos substation recorded data and online SCADA system.

Methodology

This study considered the two 15kV outgoing feeders (Debre Markos line 3 and line 4) in the
town. This is because the distribution system is the major contributor of the reliability problems
in the power system more than 80%

He used different methods to evaluate system reliability:

1. Distribution system Reliability Indices

The most commonly used reliability indices of distribution systems are statistical
aggregations of reliability data for defined loads, components or customers. They are
mostly average values of a particular reliability characteristic for an entire system,
operating region, distribution service area or other portion of the system. The indices can
be categorized as customer based and load based indices
2. Customer Based Indices
System Average Interruption Frequency Index (SAIFI)
System average interruption duration index (SAIDI)
Customer average interruption duration index(CAIDI)
Average service availability index (ASAI)
Average service unavailability index(ASUI)
3. Load and Energy Based Indices
Expected Energy Not Supplied Index at Load Point(EENS)
Average Energy Not Supplied(AENS)

And He has used DIgSILent software to evaluate system reliability:

DIgSILent reliability evaluation software can be used to provide not only the reliability indices
for both the individual load points and the overall power system, but also it can be used to
provide the cost of interruptions.

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Result and Discussion

From the above each index of the main feeder provides different information and some indices
are more important than others. The main feeder indices are useful in assessing the load point
impact of system modifications and provide input to reliability evaluation at the actual customer
level. Furthermore, there are the system reliability indices which provide valuable information on
the overall ability of the system to supply the customer load. The probability of a customer
receiving uninterrupted power supply can be accessed from the indices. The higher the value of
the reliability indices the higher is the unreliability at the corresponding bus. Using the data from
the above parameters the overall base case reliability indices can be calculated and the result
SAIDI is 597.476 hr/customer year, SAIFI is 608.168 inter./customer year, CAIDI is 0.982 hrs/
customer interruption, system availability and unavailability are 93.193% and 6.803% are
respectively. Also. (EENS) for the base case system due to the failures is 2933.692MWh/yr and
the energy not supplied per customer is 168.9396kWh/yr. The system reliability indices show
that Debre Markos distribution system is unreliable distribution system.

Conclusions

The result of the study concluded that the base case system indices; SAIDI is 597.476
hr/customer year suggesting that system’s average interruption duration for each customer is
597.476hr during a year, SAIFI is 608.168 inter./customer year suggesting that system’s average
interruption frequency for each customer is 608.168 during a year, CAIDI is 0.982 hrs/ customer
interruption, suggesting system’s average interruption duration for the customers that experience
interruption is 0.982 hrs during a year and system availability and unavailability are 93.193%
and 6.803% are respectively . Also, the expected energy not supplied (EENS) for the base case
system due to the failures is 2933.692MWh/yr and the energy not supplied per customer is
168.9396kWh/yr. And finally, the expected interruption cost is 1.5333764millions $/yr during a
year. The system reliability indices show that Debre Markos distribution system is unreliable
distribution system.

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Jemal Mohammed Amin and Getachew Biru Worku (PhD)[3] paper studies about the Reliability
of Power Distribution System and Improvement Options at Awash7 kilo Substation, Ethiopia.

Abstract

This paper presents a study of reliability of power distribution system and improvement options
at Awash 7 kilo substation in Ethiopia. Basically, power distribution reliability has been a major
challenge in Awash7 kilo city. The existing substation has encountered frequent and long power
interruptions problems. The interruptions are caused mainly by the short circuit (SC) and earth
fault (EF). There are also planned outages for operation and maintenance purpose. Thus, the
objective of the study is to assess the reliability of the existing distribution system and suggest
solutions for reliability improvement in heuristic techniques. To limit the scope of the study, 15
kV Awash7 kilo city feeder of the substation has been chosen for the reliability improvement
measures. In the study, four different mitigation scenarios have been assessed using the heuristic
method to improve the system reliability. From the mitigation scenarios with the lowest SAIDI,
SAIFI and Expected Energy Not Supplied (EENS) has been selected as an optimal one. The
simulation results have been done with the help of Electrical Transient Analysis Program (ETAP
16.0) software. The result of this study reveals that the overall reliability of Awash7 kilo city
feeder has been improved by 86%, 85.4% and 92.94% for SAIFI, SAIDI, and EENS respectively
as compared with the existing system by incorporating a mitigation technology in to the network
model. The economic analysis shows that the selected solution results in a cost saving of
20,229.47 USD per year from the unsold energy of one feeder only with three years’ payback
period investment for the implementation of the reliability mitigation technology.

Introduction

The electric power system is basically set up to supply electricity with little or no interruptions to
its customers. Nowadays, Ethiopian Electric Utility (EEU) Power system has 400 kV, 230 kV,
132 kV primary transmission systems and 66 kV, 45 kV as sub-transmission system and 33 kV
and 15 kV as a distribution system. Awash7 kilo substation receives electric power from Koka
power plant at 132 kV from the interconnected system

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Collected Data and Analysis

He used these methodologies used for data collection and data analysis for the existing system.
Reliability analysis needs data on interruption duration, interruption frequency, a total number of
customers served, customers interrupted, loads connected and so on. These data are used to
analyze the current reliability status of the substation and to distinguish the main problems of
interruption. Primary data have been collected from the Ethiopia Electric Utility (EEU) of
Awash7 kilo.

Most reliability indices are average values of a specific reliability characteristic of an entire
system, operating region, or feeder. The indices for the power distribution system analysis
include customer oriented indices and energy-oriented indices as defined in IEEE standard 1366-
2012

Calculated reliability indices of Awash7 kilo city feeder for year 2015/16-2017/18 G.C

According to the data collected from Awash7 kilo substation, the causes of faults include
Distribution Permanent Earth Fault (DPEF), Distribution Permanent Short Circuit (DPSC),
Distribution Temporary Earth Fault (DTEF) and Distribution Temporary Short Circuit (DTSC).

Table below shows percentage ratings of the fault types in terms of interruption duration and
interruption frequency; whereas Other faults includes overload, blackout (total loss of power to
an area), under frequency, transmission line fault etc.

Table Percentage average interruption duration of each type of fault

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It shows that 47% (Hr.) of the interruption duration of the overall system are due the operation
and maintenance, 17% is due to distribution permanent short circuit, 10% is due to a distribution
permanent earth fault, and the remaining other faults account for around 7% (power transformer
overloading, transmission line fault, etc.).

Based on the data analysis, the following conclusion can be drawn. The power reliability of the
Awash7 kilo city feeder line, L1 does not meet the requirements set by the Ethiopian Electric
Agency (EEA) and the international reliability indices of other benchmarked countries.

Evaluation of Reliability Improvement Techniques

This part presents the explanation of the modeling and simulation of the existing system with
different mitigation alternative scenarios to improve the system reliability of the Awash7 kilo
city feeder line at a reasonable cost. The simulation focuses on evaluating the impact of using
reclosers and reconfiguration of the feeder on the reliability of the system.

Scenario- 1: Using one Recloser: A Recloser R1 has been placed on the major feeder (SL19)

Simulation result of reliability indices for Scenario-1 using ETAP Software

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As can be seen from the result of the simulation, the expected number of outages per year has
been reduced from 414.0 to 234.0 (43.47% reduction), the annual outage duration has been
reduced from 319.7 to 229.6 hours (28.2% reduction) as compared with the existing system
through the additional Recloser in the main feeder. In this case, the reliability of Awash7 city
feeder is improved by 43.47%, 28.2% and 59.2% for SAIFI, SAIDI and EENS respectively.

Scenario- 2: Using two Reclosers on the feeders: In this particular Scenario, the effect of using
two Reclosers on the feeders has been seen. One of the two Reclosers has been placed on the
major feeder (SL19) as revealed in Scenario-1, and second Recloser (R2) has been placed in the
existing Awash7 kilo city to Argoba Wereda line (SL30) which is 15 Km far away from the
substation and with serious power reliability problem.

Simulation result of reliability indices for Scenario-2 using ETAP Software

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It shows that the reliability improvement of using two Reclosers in the feeders. As can be seen
from the result the two Reclosers significantly improve the reliability of the system. The
expected number of outages per year has been reduced from 414 to 187.0951 (54.81% SAIFI has
been improved), and the annual outage duration has been reduced from 319.67 to 170.8294 hours
(46.56% SAIDI and 69.6% EENS) has been improved as compared to base years’ average.

Scenario-3, System Reconfiguration using Tie-switch: In this Scenario, Awash7 kilo city feeder
is reconfigured with diesel generator using normally open tie-switch. The tie-switch paves the
way to transfer the load from the Awash7 city feeder to the existing diesel generator in case of
power outage on the supply of the city. The diesel generator is intended for emergency cases (in
case of the power outage of Awash7 city feeder line). The capacity of Awash7 diesel generator
substation is assumed to be 15% (5.3/35*100%=15%) of the peak demand of the Awash7 city.

Simulation result of reliability indices for Scenario-3 using ETAP Software

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In Scenario-3, as shown clearly from the result, the expected number of outages per year is
reduced from 414.00 to 115.32 (72.14% SAIFI improvement). And also the annual outage
duration has been reduced from 319.67 hours to 87.5822 hours (72.6% SAIDI) and EENS has
been improved by 84.35% compared to base-data.

Scenario-4, Using two Recloser, Tie-Switch and Isolated Argoba Woreda line in Scenario-4, two
Recloser and a normally open tie switch, that connects the diesel generator to the load during
power outage are included in the model.

As can be seen from ETAP simulation result the two Reclosers together with the tie switch
helped to enhance significantly the reliability of the system. The expected number of outages per
year per customer has been reduced from 414.0 to 58.0 (86% SAIFI has been improved), and the
annual outage duration has been reduced from 319.67 to 46.68 hours (86.4% SAIDI and 92.94%
EENS) have been improved as compared with the selected base years.

Summary of the results of reliability improvement for all Scenarios.

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From the above Table, it can be concluded that from the scenarios studied, the most optimal
alternative for improving the power reliability of the study area was installing two Reclosers with
tie switch at critically selected locations and permanently isolating the long which goes to
Argoba woreda from the Awash7 city feeder (Scenario-4). Table 15, indicate that the summary
of the result of energy oriented reliability indices.

Conclusions

The study clearly has shown that the reliability of Awash7 kilo city feeder does not meet the
requirements set by the Ethiopia Electric Agency (EEA). The average frequency of interruptions
is 414.0 interruptions per customer per year (SAIFI) and also the average duration of the
interruption is 319.67 hours per customer per year (SAIDI) for the city. This shows that there is
huge unsupplied energy due to planned and unplanned outages. The average unsupplied energy
is 1,358.4 MWh per year. This results in a loss of around 21,766.89 USD per year due to the
power outage of the distribution substation. By implementing the reclosers and replacing the city
line and Argoba line by two separate feeders (Scenario-4) the overall reliability of the Awash7
kilo city feeder is improved by 86%, 85.4% and 92.94% in terms of SAIFI, SAIDI and EENS
respectively. The proposed solution has the potential to save around 20,229.47 USD per year
only from the unsold energy of the city feeder. The payback period for the investment will
become 3 years for the proposed technology for improve the reliability to that level.

13
Abeba Debru Teshome[4] This paper studies about distributed generation in improving power system
reliability , Case study: Addis Center Substation.

Abstract

Reliability analysis is a main aspect for power system planning, design and operation. In a
country like Ethiopia, which is growing fast, ensuring power system reliability should be given
better attention since energy is the main engine for any form of development. The present Addis
Center Substation (ADC) has encountered frequent power interruptions and power quality
problems. The interruptions are caused mainly by short circuit (SC) and earth fault (EF). There
are also planned outages for operation and maintenance purpose. The substation’s System
Average Interruption Frequency Index (SAIFI) and System Average Interruption Duration Index
(SAIDI) are 152.16 and 144.502, respectively. The substation is not reliable by the standard of
Ethiopian Electric Agency (EEA) which set (SAIFI =20 and SAIDI= 25). This reliability gap
calls for searching of effective methods for improving the reliability of the distribution system.
Among different solutions to power system reliability problems, integrating Distributed
Generation (DG) to the current network is evaluated in this thesis.

Objectives

General Objective

The main objective of this thesis is to study the power system reliability problems and their
improvement using distributed generations.

Specific Objectives

The specific objectives of this thesis listed below:

 To investigate the main causes of reliability problems of the present Addis Center
substation.
 To identify possible solutions for those reliability problems.
 To compare the results of the selected components Micro turbine/Fuel cell
implementations with the present grid.
 Draw relevant conclusions and recommendations from the result of the investigation

14
Methodology

There are two main approaches applied for reliability evaluation of distribution system, namely
Simulation (Monte Carlo) method and analytical methods.

The simulation (Monte Carlo) method is based on drawings from statistical distributions (Monte
Carlo) and that of Analytical methods is based on solutions of mathematical models. There are
three common reliability indices used in this method of reliability evaluation. These are:
expected failure rate (λ), the average outage time(r), and the expected annual outage time (U),
which are enough for the simple radial system. The majority of techniques have been analytically
based and simulation techniques have taken lesser role in specialized applications. He used A
Markov model, the most commonly used method in the quantitative reliability analysis, and that
is comfortable to provide required concept about principle of reliability analysis. This method is
known as duration-frequency technique, and the beginning point is the failure of the individual
component. In a stationary Markov process, it basically operates with two central concepts:
Failure frequency (λ) and Repair time (r). He also applies reliability indices to evaluate system
reliability, such as SAIDI, SAIFI, and ASAI, ENS and so on. Power system reliability indices are
used as a means of measuring the reliability of the individual as well as the overall system.
Reliability indices typically consider such aspects as:

 The number of customers;

 The connected load;
 The duration of the interruption measured in seconds, minutes, hours, or days;
 The amount of power (kVA) interrupted; and
 The frequency of interruptions.

Data collection and analysis

He collected data from ADC by asking district staff and taking recorded data.

In ADC substation, major faults occurring frequently are short circuit, earth fault, blackout,
overload, under frequency. And there are planned outages for operational and maintenance
purpose.

15
Summary of the analysis

SAIFI of the overall system is 151.16 int. /yr. As per Ethiopian Electrical Agency ‘s (EEA’s)
standard, SAIFI should not exceed 20 interruptions per customer per year, which indicates that
the current value is above the acceptable value by large margin. And also, when we compare the
calculated SAIFI value with German standard, it is much greater than the maximum limit. This
clearly indicates that there is serious reliability problem in the present ADC substation.

2.SAIDI of the system are 133.6 hours per customer per year. This shows that every customer
experiences 133.6Hr.per year. This proves that there is great reliability problem in the existing
ADC substation. As per (EEA), the SAIDI value should not exceed 25 hours per customer per
year. The permissible SAIDI value in Germany is 0.383 hours per customer per year.

3. ASAI: It is the average service availability index which shows the fraction of time that a
customer has received power during the reporting period. The power supply of the overall
system is 98.5% available as shown in Table 3.14 However, this value is not still good enough
since the ASAI value should be greater than 99.98% as per EEA’s standard.

4. ENS: It indicates the un-served or unsold energy of each feeder. For the overall system, the
total unsold energy was 5,689.0624 MWh.

5. AENS: This index represents the average energy not supplied per customer by the system. The
overall system has an AENS value of 0.6447 MWh per customer.

In general, based on the data analysis the following points can be drawn:

 The reliability of the ADC substation does not meet the requirements set by the
regulatory body that is Ethiopian Electric Agency (EEA).
 The reliability of Addis Center substation is not good enough as compared to the
international reliability indices of best experienced countries.
 There is high unavailability of services in the network. Study of Distributed Generation in
Improving Power System Reliability.
 There is also much loss of Unsupplied Energy due to both planned and unplanned
outages in the present power grid of ADC substation.

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Simulation Studies and Result Analysis

Describing the selection criteria and sizing of the proper DG technology for specific area and
continues to reliability simulation of the current substation with and without DG. And He used
Digsilent software to the selection of specific DG technology, its sizing, cost, reliability analysis.
There are different technologies or resources of distributed generation. Among those resources,
the selection of a specific DG technology to a certain area depends on availability of resources,
suitability to environment, and cost of DG technology.

Emission levels different DGs

Based on the above factors, the DG technologies selected in this thesis are Micro turbine/Fuel cell
hybrid system.

Figure: One-line diagram ADC substation

17
The reliability assessment in this thesis has two main parts. These are connecting DG to the
selected feeders of the substation then, evaluating the overall improvement and taking a single
feeder (ADC-7) and applying DG at different load points of that specific feeder.

Connecting DG at the selected feeder/s

The following case studies are undertaken to the overall substation shown in Figure below.

1. Base case reliability indices (without DG),

2. DG at ADC-7,

3. DG at ADC-9,

4. DG at ADC-7, ADC-9

5. DG at ADC-7, ADC-9, ADC-14

6. DG to all feeders

7. Two DGs at ADC-7

Results of different case:

Case-1: Integrating DG at ADC-7

From the result, SAIFI of the overall system has improved in SAIFI, SAIDI and ENS by 19.39%,
16.04% and, 15.86%. In this case study, it is shown that the presence of DG on the substation has
positive impact in the power system’s reliability. That means that the indices were reduced by
the integration of DG to the overall system.

Case-2: Integrating DG at ADC-9

Now, a 3.505 MW DG is connected to the ADC-9 feeder and the simulation is conducted. The
result of the simulation shows that the overall improvement in overall SAIFI, SAIDI and ENS is
16.63%, 14.17% and 14.43% respectively. This shows the same magnitude of DG connected at
ADC-7 gave more improvement than at ADC-9. This is because ADC-7 is has more interruption
duration and frequency than ADC-9.

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Case-3: Connecting DG to ADC-7 and ADC-9

When DG connected to both ADC-7 and ADC-9 at the same time, the improvement is 36.05%,
30.21% and 30.3% respectively.

Case-4: DG at ADC-7, ADC-9 and ADC-14

Applying DG to ADC-7 ADC-9 and ADC-14, we can see the improvement in the overall
system’s SAIFI=44.58%, SAIDI= 41.74% and AENS=46.04%. This is large improvement
because applying 3 DGs of 3.505MW resulted in almost 45% improvement.

Case-5: DG at all feeders

In this case study it is assumed that all protective devices and DGs are fully reliable, and other
technologies like micro turbines and fuel cells which have large individual capacity are used as a
DG resource. Based on these assumptions, connection of DG to all feeders as shown in figure
below, show that the overall reliability of the system will be improved by 100%. This means
average service availability index becomes one (ASAI=1) and the others zero. But locating DG
to those 11 feeders requires high investment cost. So it is economical to locate the DG into
feeders which experience more interruption than the rest.

Figure: DGs at all feeder

Case- 6: Two DGs at the Same Location

Presence of two or more DGs at the same location is tested for its effect on reliability. ADC-7 is
taken as the point for locating two DGs and it was shown that locating two DGs is the same as
locating one DG. So, it is better to locate different DGs at different feeders for effective
reduction of power system reliability problems.

19
 Summaries of reliability of overall system

Distance vs. Reliability

In this case study, ADC-7 was studied for the response of the placement of DG at different
locations or distances from the supply point.

Summary of ADC-7 indices (Reliability vs. Distance)

This case study has shown that, the reliability of the power system will be improved most, if the
DG is applied at end of the supply line. The same magnitude of DG brought different results due
to placement or distance effects.

20
Conclusions

As studied in this thesis, the reliability of the Addis Center substation does not meet the
requirements set by Ethiopian Electric Agency (EEA). The average frequency of interruptions of
the substation is 152.16 interruptions per customer per year and the average duration of
interruptions is 144.502 hours per customer per year. There is high unavailability of electric
power in the distribution network. There is huge loss of unsupplied energy due to planned and
unplanned outages. The average unsupplied energy is 1788.7 MWh per month. This results in
loss of around 11.742 million Birr per year from EEPCO. DGs were connected to the three
feeders (ADC-7, ADC-9 and ADC-11) which experience more interruptions. As a result of these
DGs, the overall system’s reliability is improved by 45%. So DGs should be located on a load
point where there is most interruption and most customers are found and where much of the load
is supplied. Multiple DGs were connected at ADC-7 and the resulting reliability indices were
similar to connecting one DG. Therefore, multiple DGs at the same location do not worth to
enhance reliability. Assuming protection devices and DGs fully reliable, connection of DG to all
feeders, gave 100% power system reliability improvement. The load points of ADC-7 were
studied for best placement of DG from supply point. And it was found that the reliability indices
got more improvement as the DG is far from the substation. And the best location for the DG is
found to be at the end of the feeder where 91% improvement is achieved. This is because the
faults anywhere on the main line can be isolated and the upstream customers can be supplied by
the substation and the downstream by the DG.

Recommendations

Nowadays DGs are widely used for their positive impact on system reliability and power system
loss reduction. So, renewable energy based DG options should be promoted by the power divider
not only for rural electrification but also for urban areas as a backup. It was difficult to identify
each load point and the corresponding data of that load point. This made the analysis in this
thesis to be difficult. So, I recommend to EEPCO to distinguish each load point and their
corresponding failure data.

21
Seada Hussen, Dr. Kemal Ibrahim[5] This paper focuses the assessment of power distribution
reliability of Addis Ababa city which is connected from Cotebie distribution substation and the
possibility of using smart reclosers and disconnectors to mitigate the urgent and pressing power
interruption problems.

Abstract

Depending of the assessment result Cotebie distribution substation has reliability indices such as
average frequency of interruption is 133.37 interruptions per year per customer and the average
interruption duration is 187.31 hours per year per customer. This value shows the substation has
greater reliability problems and the substation does not meet the requirements set by the
regulatory body that is Ethiopian Electric Authority (EEA). In this paper, the reliability is
improved in to 22.27 interruptions per year per customer average frequency of interruption and
the average interruption duration is 31.274 hours per year per customer. It can also improve
above this value depending of the segment and recloser number. The designed system is
simulated using WindMil software that is used to analyze the reliability of the overall system.
The simulation of the designed model shows that the application of smart reclosers and
disconnector coordination can improve the reliability from 50% up to 83.3%.

Methodology

He used reliability indices to expresses a system failure event on a probability and frequency
basis. There are three primary indices: failure rate (λ), outage duration (r) and average annual
outage time (U), which permits the measurement of reliability at each load point to be quantified
and allow subsidiary indices such as the customer interruption indices to be determined such as
SAIDI, SAIFI, ASAI, CAIFI, CAIDI and ASUI. Reliability improvement methods used in this
thesis are the combination of protection devices combined by recloser and disconnectors. This
method is used for clearing permanent or temporary fault before the source side device interrupt,
Outage restricted, improve voltage profile and decrease loading existing electric equipment, less
operation cost.

A. Recloser- To interrupt both load and fault current, a distribution recloser is built It is also
intended to repeatedly reclose the fault in a predefined sequence in an attempt to clear the
spot according to its term.

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 B. Disconnector
Usually, these are air brake systems that are not typically equipped for automatic
operation and are for local operation (and often remote). These devices are useful for the
temporary manual repair of fault lines, where it can be beneficial to manually reconfigure
a line to restore as many of the segments as possible after a fault if many are used.

Data collection and analysis

He collects Fault statics data of cotobie distribution substation 2017 and 2018 from substation as
follows.

And depending on this data He has calculated reliability indices and the result becames:

Reliability indices of average 2016/17 and 2017/18

This fault statistics data shows the reliability of the network is far behind standards.

Summary of the Existing Feeder

1. As per the Ethiopian Electrical Agency (EEA's) standard, SAIFI should not exceed 20
interruptions per customer per year, but in the Cotobie distribution substation, its average value

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127 int./yr./cust. This indicates that there is a serious reliability problem in the present Cotobie
distribution substation.

2.The device's SAIDI is 1762hr/yr./custom. /custom. This also means that the current Cotobie
delivery substation has a great reliability problem. The SAIDI value should not exceed 25 hours
per client per year as per (EEA).

3. ENS of the overall system was 26,961.6MWh. It indicates the un-served or unsold energy of
each feeder. This creates 14.411 million Birr per year amount of money wastage for the country.

Depending on the above summery the researcher decides to redesign the substation by using
smart protection devices makes the system smart, this smart grid implementation used to enhance
present grid reliability.

The redesigned models are designed using four options. These are:

1. The model designed by segmenting each feeder into two parts,

2. The model designed by segmenting each feeder into three parts

3. The model was designed by segmenting each feeder into four parts.

4. The model designed by segmenting each feeder into six parts

Comparison of the existing and redesigned system

The SAIFI value of the redesigned system is reduced from 133.36 int. /yr./cust in to 66.7, 44.45,
33.34 int. /yr./cust, and 22.27int./yr./cust for four different segment cases with two, three, four,
and six reclosers, respectively. It is reduced by 50%, 66.67%, 75%, and 83.3% for four
segments, respectively.

2. The SAIDI value of the redesigned system is reduced from 187.31hr./yr./cust into 93.656,
62.44, 46.83hr./yr./cust, and 31.274hr./yr./cust for four different cases with two, three, four, and

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six reclosers, respectively. It is reduced by 50%, 66.67%, 75%, and 83.3% for four cases,
respectively. 3. ENS of the overall system of the existing system was 6,526.168MWh.The
redesigned system ENS value 3263.08, 2198.22, 1658.18 and 1105.14 for segment two, three,
four, and six-segment cases, respectively. And improved by 50%, 66.1%, 74.47%, and 83.066%
respectively.

4. The total average cost of energy not supplied because of power interruption per year for the
substation's outgoing feeders is 14.411 million Birr. But the total average cost of energy
provided not because of power interruption per year for the substation's outgoing feeders for two,
three, four, and six-segment cases are 7,205,500.8birr/year, 4,855,066.8birr/year,
3,661,835.76birr/year, and 2,401,850.64birr/year, respectively

5. AENS of the overall system of the existing system was 0.239. The redesigned system AENS
values 0.120, 0.081, 0.061, and 0.041 for two, three, four and six- segment cases, respectively.
And improved by 50%, 66.1%, 74.47%, and 82.84% respectively.

The existing system is analyzed by three methods which are an analytical method, by
DIgSILENT and Windmill software. But the result is almost similar. Two methods calculated the
redesigned system by using the analytical method and Windmill software, it is also similar.

Conclusions

The Coterie distribution network's reliability analysis is calculated using an analytical method
and simulated by Windmill software. Its reliability does not meet the standards set by the
Ethiopian Electrical Agency's (EEA's). The average frequency of interruption is 133.37
interruptions per year per customer and the average interruption duration is 187.31 hours per
year per customer. Generally, based on reliability indices values, Cotebie distribution power
supply is unreliable. Therefore, a smart grid can be used to solve the problems of the existing
power grid. The overall system's reliability can be improved using key components of smart grid
or protection devices such as smart reclosers and disconnectors. The average frequency
interruptions and interruption durations are improved by 50%, 66.67%, 75%, and 83.3% for four
different cases, respectively. The cost of unsold energy also reduced from 14,411,000 birr/ year
in to 7,205,500.8birr/year, 4,855,066.8birr/year, 3,661,835.76birr/year, and
2,401,850.64birr/year four different cases respectively. For upgrading the Cotebie distribution

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system with protection devices, 48 reclosers and 50 disconnectors are used to achieve 83.3%
reliability improvement.

Recommendations

This review recommends with the consideration of all references listed in below.

 Most utilities focus more on historical assessment rather than predictive data focus on
predictive approach is advisable.
 When there is long term outage it is recommended to work with recloser.
 It‘s better to convert configuration of the network from radial distribution to loop system
to improve reliability
 System reconfiguration is considered in order to reduce the number of customer
connected to already over stressed distribution network. Immediate replacement of aged
or faulty system component by quality or new system components.
 By using combination of protection devices in existing configuration we can achieve
great reliability with less investment cost compared with others.
 Considering all reliability indices are more advisable.

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References
[1] Kiros T, Getachew B. Study and Evaluation of the Reliability and Design of Power
Distribution system: Case Study Addis Ababa power Distribution‖, Addis Ababa ETHIOPIA,
June (2014).

[2] Demsew Mitiku Teferra, Amache Jara Godobo. Reliability Assesment of Debremarkos
Distribution System Found in Ethiopia‖, www.ijstre.com, Volume 1, Issue 1, April (2016).

[3] Study of Reliability of Power Distribution System and Improvement Options at Awash7 kilo
Substation, Ethiopia Jemal Mohammed Amin and Getachew Biru Worku (PhD)

[4] Abeba B., Getachew Biru (Dr.-Ing.). Study of Distributed Generation in Improving Power
System Reliability‖, AddisAbaba University Ethiopia, June (2016).

[5] Seada Hussen , Dr. Kemal Ibrahim, “Assessment of Distribution System Reliability and
Possible Mitigation by Using Reclosers and Disconnectors,” Nov. 2020.

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