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OVERVIEW OF ALL INDIA RADIO

Fig. 1 air headquarters, akashvani bhavan, in delhi, india

All India Radio (abbreviated as AIR), officially known as Akashvani is the radio broadcaster of
India and a division of Prasar Bharati (Broadcasting Corporation of India), an autonomous
corporation of the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. Established
in 1936, today, it is the sister service of Prasar Bharati's Doordarshan, the national television
broadcaster.
The word Akashavani was coined by Professor Dr. M.V. Gopalaswamy for his radio station in
Mysore during 1936.
All India Radio is one of the largest radio networks in the world. The headquarters is at the
Akashwani Bhavan, New Delhi. Akashwani Bhavan houses the drama section, the FM section
and the National service. The Doordarshan Kendra (Delhi) is also located on the 6th floor of
Akashvani Bhavan.
During his regular broadcasts from the Azad Hind Radio, Subhas Chandra Bose used to refer to
the pre-independence AIR as Anti Indian Radio.
AIR is a national service planned, developed and operated by the Ministry of Information &
Broadcasting under the Government of India (Now Prasar Bharti, a Corporate). The Radio Club
of Bombay broadcast the first radio programmer in India in June 1923. The setting up of a
Broadcasting Service that began broadcasting in India in July 1927 on an experimental basis at
Bombay and Calcutta simultaneously under an agreement between Government of India and a
private company called the Indian Broadcasting Company Ltd followed it. The operations of All

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 India Radio began formally in 1936, as a government organization, with clear objectives to
inform, educate and entertain the masses.
When India become independent, the AIR network had only six Stations located at Delhi,
Bombay, Calcutta, Madras, Lucknow and Trichurapalli with a total compliment of 18
transmitters – six on the medium wave and the remaining on short wave. Radio listening on
medium wave was confirmed to urban limits of these cities. As against a mere 2,75,000 receiving
sets at the time of Independence, now there are about 111 million estimated radio sets in about
105 million household in the country.
AIR today has a network of 214 broadcasting centers with 143 medium frequency (MW), 54
high frequency (SW), and 139 FM transmitters. The coverage is 91.37% of the area, serving
99.13% of the people in the largest democracy of the world. AIR covers 24 Languages and 146
dialects in home services. In External services, it covers 27 languages; 17 national and 10 foreign
languages.

1.1 SERVICES
AIR has many different services each catering to different regions/languages across India. One of
the most famous services of the AIR is the Vividh Bharati Seva (roughly translating to "Multi-
Indian service"). Vividh Bharati celebrated its Golden Jubilee on 3 October 2007. Vividh Bharati
has the only comprehensive database of songs from the so termed "Golden Era" of Hindi film
music (roughly from 1940s to 1980s). This service is the most commercial of all and is popular
in Mumbai and other cities of India. This service offers a wide range of programmes including
news, film music, comedy shows, etc. The Vividh Bharti service operates on different MW band
frequencies for each city as shown below.
Some programs broadcast on the Vividh Bharti:
 Hawa-mahal - Skit (Radio Play) based on some novels/plays.
 Santogen ki mehfil - Jokes & humour.

1.2 BROADCASTING NETWORK:

All India Radio’s network comprised six radio stations in 1947. All India Radio has at present
(as of March 1996) 185 radio stations which includes 177 full – fledged stations, four relay
centers, one auxiliary center and three exclusive Vividh Bharti commercial centers. During 1995-

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 96, eight radio stations at Mussoorie, Rourkela, Puri, Joranada, Jowai, Daman, Mokokchung and
Diphu have been added to the entire network. There are 146 MW transmitters, 50 SW
transmitters and 89 FM transmitters. AIR, at present, provides radio coverage to a population of
97.30 % spread over 90 % area of the country. The concept of local radio stations was introduced
during the Sixth Plan when six stations were planned as pilot projects. The number of local radio
stations in India today is 72.
The FM service of AIR, Delhi was Launched 24 hours daily, on 14 February 1995, followed by
AIR Mumbai. Calcutta, and Chennai.

2. AIR REWA
AIR REWA is having a glorious 29 years history. The foundation stone of the 4 acres campus
was laid on 10th March 1973 by the then Home Minister of India Shri Uma Shankar Dikshit
under the efficient effort of Chief Minister of M.P. Shri Prakash Chandra Sethi.
Moreover, AIR REWA was Formally Inaugurated on 17th October 1977 by the then Information
& Broadcasting State Minister Shri Jagbir Singh under the benign presence of Chief minister of
M.P. Shri Kailash Joshi.
AIR REWA is centrally located in REWA city in the posh area of Civil Lines and it is easily
accessible from all parts of of the city. The Transmitting and Broadcasting station of AIR REWA
is situated at Mehsaw which is 16 kms away from the city on NH- 75. Station is having 37 acres
campus.
Director General, All India Radio is responsible for the overall administration of the entire
Akashvani network consisting of 277 stations and 432 broadcast transmitters (148 are MW
(Medium Wave), 236 FM (Frequency Modulation) and 48 SW (Short Wave) transmitters as on
31.03.2012), which provide coverage to 99% of the population spread over the country.

2.1 ORGANIZATION:
2.1.1 PROGRAMME WING
The Director General is assisted by Additional Directors General (ADG’s) in the Headquarters
and in the regions. The Headquarters of the Regional ADG’s are at Bhubaneshwar (ER-I),
Kolkata (ER-II), Mumbai (WR-I,WR-II), Lucknow (CR-I), Bhopal (CR-II), Guwahati (NER-I),
Aizwal (NER-II),  Chennai (SR-I), Bangalore (SR-II), Chandigarh (NR-I), Delhi (NR-II).

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2.1.2 ENGINEERING WING
In respect of technical matters the Director General is assisted by the Engineer-in-Chief and
Additional Directors General (E) in the headquarters and the Zones. In addition there is a
Planning and Development Unit in the Headquarters in respect of Development Plan Schemes of
All India Radio. For Civil Construction activities, the Director General is assisted by the Civil
Construction Wing (CCW), which is headed by a Chief Engineer. CCW also caters to the needs
of Doordarshan.  

2.1.3 ADMINISTRATIVE WING 

Additional Director General (Administration) and a Deputy Director General(Administration &
Finance) assists the Director General on matters of administration and finance, while Additional
Directors General (Programme) assists DG in administration of Programme personnel. A
Director looks after the Engineering Administration of All India Radio.
2.2 ACTIVITIES OF OTHER OFFICES OF AIR
2.2.1 NEWS SERVICES DIVISION
The News Services Division works round the clock and broadcasts over 647 news bulletins both
in the home and in external services. The bulletins are in Indian and Foreign languages. It is
headed by Director General News Service. There are 44 regional News Units.
2.2.2 EXTERNAL SERVICES DIVISION
The External Services Division of All India Radio broadcasts in 27 languages – 16 foreign and
11 Indian languages. These services are radiated for an aggregate duration of 72 hours daily and
are projected to over 100 countries.

2.2.3 TRANSCRIPTION & PROGRAMME EXCHANGE SERVICE

This service looks after exchange of programmes among the stations, building and maintenance
of sound archives and commercial release of prestigious recordings of music maestros.

2.2.4 RESEARCH DEPARTMENT

The functions of the Research Department include Research and Development of equipment
required by AIR and Doordarshan, investigation and studies relating to AIR and Doordarshan,

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 development of Prototype models of R&D equipment for limited use field trials in the network
of AIR and Doordarshan.

2.2.5 CENTRAL STORE OFFICE

The Central Stores Office located at New Delhi performs functions relating to procurement,
stocking and distribution of engineering stores required for the maintenance of technical
equipment at All India Radio Stations.

2.2.6 STAFF TRAINING INSTITUTE (PROGRAMME)

The Staff Training Institute (Programme) started in 1948. It has two main branches functioning
from Kingsway Camp Delhi and Bhubaneshwar. They impart in-service training to Programme
Personnel and Administrative Staff, induction course for the newly recruited staff and short
duration refreshment courses. It also conducts examinations for administrative staff.  In addition,
at present five Regional Training Institutes at Hyderabad, Shillong, Lucknow, Ahmedabad and
Thiruvananthapuram are working.

2.2.7 STAFF TRAINING INSTITUTE (TECHNICAL)

The Staff Training Institute (Technical), part of the Directorate since 1985, now functions at
Kingsway Camp, Delhi. The Institute organizes Training Courses for the engineering staff of All
India Radio and Doordarshan from the level of Technician to the Superintending Engineer. It
also conducts Departmental, Qualifying and Competitive Examinations. There is one Regional
Staff Training institute (Technical) at Bhubaneswar.

2.3 OBJECTIVE:
 To initiate appropriate measures & develop business opportunities to undertake profitable
projects and activities in broadcasting sector.
 To allow other broadcasters / telecom providers to use Prasar Bharati hardware / software
infrastructure by charging licence fee / usage fee.
 To provide consultancy & services to various broadcasting organizations, private companies,
telecom service providers, ISPs etc.

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  To undertake system design, integration with existing infrastructure, drawing of
specifications, costing, formulation of proposals & other related works for the clients.
 To undertake installation, operation and maintenance of broadcasting facilities.
 To harness inner strengths of the organization to identify, develop and consolidate its
resource base.
 To generate revenue by taking profitable venture in the field of broadcasting, computers and
communications.
 To provide world class consultancy services and undertake turnkey jobs in the specialized
field of broadcast engineering and related areas.
 To facilitate growth of Indian Broadcasting & Telecommunication sector by optimal
utilization of Broadcasting facilities and resources.
 To become premier national and global provider of broadcast transmission infrastructure and
related services.

2.4 SERVICES OFFERED

1. Sharing of Prasar Bharati Infrastructure such as Tower, (STL Tower, self supporting SW
tower, integrated TV/FM tower) building, land on licence fee basis, on most competitive rates to
Broadcast Service Providers.
 Towers and space to Mobile operators on rental : Very affordable Rate Card, up to 70 m.
 Tower, covered space and Open space for Pvt. FM Broadcasters on very affordable rates to
have minimum gestation period in all 91 cities proposed by Ministry of I&B under Phase-II
Scheme.
2. Consultancy services including feasibility studies, turn-key jobs and operations &
maintenance in the specialized fields of
(i)Terrestrial Broadcasting for Radio and Television : This includes the frequency planning,
coverage planning, system design, installation, testing and commissioning, operation and
maintenance of terrestrial broadcast FM/MW/SW transmitter networks.
(ii) Satellite Broadcasting: This includes planning and system design, execution and operation of
fixed and mobile (SNG) uplink and down-link systems using both analog and digital
technologies.

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(iii) Studio systems including interior design, acoustics, state-of-the-art Radio & TV studios and
post production equipment.
(iv)  Data Broadcasting & Internet Broadcasting.
(v)  Acoustics and audio video system for theatres, auditoriums and conference halls.
3. Turnkey solutions for establishment of 50 Watt FM Community Radio Station for
Universities/Colleges/Residential Schools.
4. Selling of Air time on MW/FM/SW Broadcast transmitter network of AIR to educational/
agricultural institutes.
5. Providing on site and institutional training in various disciplines of broadcasting.
 Project Implementation and co-ordination.
 Software development, Non-linear Editing and Animation.
 Operation and Maintenance of broadcast Transmitter and Studio Equipment.
 Network Planning and Management.
6. Software development and content packaging.
7. Civil & Electrical construction work specially for broadcasting setups, Auditoriums and
conference halls etc.
8. Transfer of Technology.
 Remote Telemetry system for FM Broadcast Transmitter
 Satellite based Telemetry system for remotely located, unmanned TV transmitter.
 FM Broadcast Transmitter & Antenna
 Digital News gathering for Radio PSTN/ Cellular/ SAT Phone/ ISDN.
 Radio News room Automation system
 RDS & DARC on FM transmitters
9. Performance Measurement and Field Strength Survey Analysis of Broadcast System after
completing Project.
10. Test facilities for Acoustic material testing
Acoustical measurements and Electro Acoustic Transducer Testing Key objectives in every
project undertaken are:
 Flexible, state-of-the-art and cost effective solution to every customer’s specific
requirement.

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  Emphasis on total professional approach, on schedule completion of projects and
customer satisfaction.
 High quality and cost effective operation and maintenance support.
 Consultancy and advice in selection of appropriate equipment in customer’s best interest.
 Technical Expert Services Groups
 Acoustics Engg., Antenna Engg., Audio Engineering, Automation, Telemetry, FM Data
Broadcasting, DRM, Digital Video, Internet, Networking, Propagation and Frequency
Planning, Satellite & Microwave, Video Systems.

2.5 INFRASTRUCTURE
 Studio set-ups, transmitters, Terrestrial & Satellite Linking system, lands & buildings

2.6 MANPOWER
 Core team of 3400 qualified Engineering Managers/ Expert Engineers to do basic work of
consultancy, soliciting business, technical design, Draws the staff form Prasar Bharati to
execute projects and activities

2.7 MANAGEMENT
AIR Resources' set up and managed on the lines of profit centres in a corporate entity under AIR.
At apex. Level CEO, Prasar Bharati assisted by an empowered committee consisting of DG:AIR,
Engineering-In-Chief (AIR), DDG(F), ADG (AIR Resources).
ADG (AIR Resources), responsible for implementation of projects & fulfilling commitments to
the clients.

2.8 ACHIEVEMENTS
 Providing turnkey solutions to IGNOU in setting up FM Transmitters for Gyan Vani
channels at 40 places in the country. - Sixteen Gyan-Vani stations at Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai,
Allahabad, Lucknow, Coimbatore, Visakhapatnam, Mysore, Varanasi, Raipur, Rajkot,
Jabalpur, Bangalore, Bhopal, Guwahati & Mumbai have been commissioned. At other 18
places Installation is in progress.

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  Providing Prasar Bharati’s Infrastructure viz. land, building and tower on rental basis to
IGNOU at all Gyan Vani stations, Private broadcasters at Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai and
Lucknow; BSNL- at Chennai, Port Blair, Ahemdabad, Sholapur, Vishakhapatnam, Bhopal,
Sholapur and Udhampur; MTNL-at New Delhi; AIRTEL at Port Blair, Banswara, Mount
Abu, Guwahati, Jowai, Jorhat; HUTCH at Chennai and seven places in Rajasthan; Reliance
Infocomm at Bhadrawati and Shillong; TATA Teleservices at Mount Abu.
 Undertaken Operation and Maintenance of 16 IGNOU Gyan Vani transmitting stations
 AIR Resources has signed MoU with the Universities / Educational institutions for providing
turnkey consultancy services for setting up their Community Radio Stations.
  Provided Airtime on 96 FM Tr. in AIR network to Deptt. Of Agriculture, Ministry of
Agriculture for broadcasting of KISAN- VANI Programme.
  Providing Airtime on AIR 10 kW FM Tr. At AIR, Shillong to IGNOU for Gyan Vani
Channel.
 Providing AIR Studio facilities to IGNOU at Rajkot, Jabalpur, Varanasi, Guwahati,
Shillong.
   AIR Resources has earned Revenue of Rs. 19.70 crores during last year (2004-05).
   Achieved a turnover of Rs.55.07 Crores since its inception in May 2001.
 
3 CONTROL ROOM

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 Fig.2 block diagram of studio and control room
Control Room as the name suggests is the centrally located room from where all the operation
regarding transmission is performed. The different modules of stereo console of control room are
as follows:-
1. REM-1,2
2. TALK
3. MUSIC
4. DRAMA
5. PLAYBACK
6. MASTER 1,2
7. MONITERIG

4 RECEIEVEING UNIT
It consists three sections :
1.S-band receiver (analog only)
2. C-Band receiver(analog/digital)
3.Studio transmitter link (S.T.L.)(transmitter)

S-Band Receiver:-

Front End Frequency

Converter Translator
(pasive)

Synthesized Frequency
Translator Translator
Audio Audio
(active)
O/P
Demodulator

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 Fig.3 block diagram of S-band receiver
C- Band Receiver :-

ANALOG CH # 1
o
RECEVEIER CH # 2
LNBC
DIGITAL
C- BAND
RECEIEVER-1
DIVIDER
MONITOR
DUMB DIGITAL
AMPLIFIER TERMINAL RECEIEVER-2

MONITORING SWITCH
fig.4 block diagram of C-band receiver SELECTOR

5 SSTEREO CONSOLE
Multifunction stereo console is a feature enriched mixing console ideally suited for broadcasting
applications of All India radio. The specifications, highly attractive for Sound Engineers, are
built into a modular state of art mechanical design and reliable assembly which make it a best
bargain for different areas of Audio Recording and Processing.
The stereo console has solid state switching throughout the system on the analog domain and
uses programmable logic array (PAL) in digital domain for low component count and high
reliability. Use of conductive plastic faders and potentiometers along with high quality PCB
mount rotary switches enable noise free operation and long operating life. Remote source
selector with input channel fader extension and bi-colors LEDs for indication of selected channel
are other features of the design. The state-of-the-art mechanical design enables easy
interconnection, servicing and maintenance.
The multifunction stereo console designed by the ER&DC, Thiruvananthapuram &
manufactured by Webel Mediatronics limited meets all stringent technical performance
requirements of AIR. The user manual for Multifunction Stereo Console contains information

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 for installation, operation and maintenance of the unit. The guidelines given in this manual
should be followed strictly during installation and maintenance. The servicing/maintenance
should be carried out by technically competent persons having through knowledge of the circuit.

6 STUDIO
6.1 MUSIC STUDIO
This is the studio in which recording of programs (musical) is done. The studio has an announcer
room and separate studio. This is designed in a manner that the wall is covered with asbestos
sheet to cut down the reflected sounds. Moreover the outlet of air is given on the bottom corner
of room instead of top as in other studios. There are 04 Nos. of microphone connection which
can be extended to 06 in emergency situations. The output of any type of microphone is –70db.
This output is given at the input of console.

6.1.1 RECORDING CONSOLE

The console of music studios is ER & DC stereo recording console RS 12 A manufactured by
WML (Webel Mediatronics Ltd.). These are different modules on the console consisting 12
channels. These are:-
1. Two re-source Selector.
2. One module for announcer dealing with artist.
3. 5 Artist modules (Mono, mic/ line).
4. 4 Stereo H/L I/P module (2 for CD, & 2 for CTR).
5. Two Master modules (stereo o/p).
6. One monitor module.
7. One Talk Back module.
8. One Module for Power Supply. (+5V, -18V, +18V, +48V).
Other then this console has connection with CTR(console tape recorder), Amplifier, distribution
amplifier, Resource selector etc.

6.2 DUBBING STUDIO

This is the studio where the editing, mixing and formation of final programe is done. This
consists of a control console (Dub/edit),three CTRs and also have one more CTR for message

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 relay from other stations. Among the three CTRs one is main that is also known as mixer CTR
and the two other are used to play different programmes which are to be mixed.
The console tape recorder for message relay can also be used to record the talks which are
recorded in a tape farther from the station.
Dubbing studio also consists of a tape-block eraser which is used to erase the content of cassette
within few seconds. This is done by removing the granules formed in different tracks and sectors
of the tape by creating movable contact with tape-block eraser.

6.2.1 CTR (CONSOLE TAPE RECORDER)

Console tape recorder is a recording/Play back unit which have three heads:-
1. Erase Head
2. Recording Head
3. Playback Head
In addition to this there is a capstan motor which starts as soon as power supply is given if any
speed selection is “ON”. This is synchronized in operation with other two motors one of which is
Supply Motor and other is Take-Up motor. Both these motors have forward/reverse direction
rotation.
In addition to above there is no. of electronic P.C.B., which is as under:
1. Re-Produce Amplifier
2. Record amplifier
3. Oscillator
4. Stabilizer
5. T.T.C. (Tape Transport Control P.C.B.)
6. Counter PCB
7. Monitoring amplifier
8. Bias Stabilizer
9. Sensor board (L&R)
10. Spooling Motor Control (Take-up & Supply)
11. Capstan Speed Control
12. Counter PCB

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6.3 DRAMA STUDIO
Radio drama is a dramatized, purely acoustic performance, broadcast on radio or published on
audio media, such as tape or CD. With no visual component, radio drama depends on dialogue,
music and sound effects to help the listener imagine the characters and story: “It is auditory in the
physical dimension but equally powerful as a visual force in the psychological dimension.”
Radio drama achieved widespread popularity within a decade of its initial development in the
1920s. By the 1940s, it was a leading international popular entertainment. With the advent of
television in the 1950s, however, radio drama lost some of its popularity, and in some countries has
never regained large audiences.

6.4 RECORDING STUDIO

A recording studio is a facility for sound recording and mixing. Ideally both the recording and
monitoring spaces are specially designed by an acoustician to achieve optimum acoustic properties
(acoustic isolation or diffusion or absorption of reflected sound that could otherwise interfere with
the sound heard by the listener).
Recording studios may be used to record musicians, voice-over artists for advertisements or
dialogue replacement in film, television or animation, foley, or to record their accompanying
musical soundtracks. The typical recording studio consists of a room called the "studio" or "live
room", where instrumentalists and vocalists perform; and the "control room", where sound
engineers sometimes with producer(s) as well operate either professional audio mixing consoles or
computers (post 1980s) with specialized software suites to manipulate and route the sound for
analogue or digital recording. Often, there will be smaller rooms called "isolation booths" present
to accommodate loud instruments such as drums or electric guitar, to keep these sounds from being
audible to the microphones that are capturing the sounds from other instruments, or to provide
"drier" rooms for recording vocals or quieter acoustic instruments.

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 6.4.1. DESIGN AND EQUIPMENT

Fig.5 console of recording studio

Recording studios generally consist of three rooms: the studio itself, where the sound for the
recording is created (often referred to as the "live room"), the control room, where the sound from
the studio is recorded and manipulated, and the machine room, where noisier equipment that may
interfere with the recording process is kept. Recording studios are carefully designed around the
principles of room acoustics to create a set of spaces with the acoustical properties required for
recording sound with precision and accuracy. This will consist of both room treatment (through the
use of absorption and diffusion materials on the surfaces of the room, and also consideration of the
physical dimensions of the room itself in order to make the room respond to sound in a desired
way) and soundproofing (also to provide sonic isolation between the rooms) to prevent sound from
leaving the property. A recording studio may include additional rooms, such as a vocal booth - a
small room designed for voice recording, as well as one or more extra control rooms.

6.5 STUDIO TRANSMITTER LINK (S.T.L.) (TRANSMITTING END)

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 Fig.6 Studio Transmitter link (Transmitting end).

Fig.7 Studio Transmitter link (Receiving end).

7 AIR CONDITIONING UNIT

AIR Rewa consists of an ac plant known as central unit plant. This is so called because the
cooling, filtering and the inlet and outlet are combined in a single unit.

7.1 PRINCIPAL OF WORKING

This works on the principal that hot air rises up and cold air settles down. The outlet through
which cold air comes are placed in every room (may be two or three) and there is also an inlet in
every room goes back for being compressed and condensed into the cold air and circulation of air
constitutes a cycle form. One more advantage is that the humming sound of air pressure which is
there in window ac is completely eliminated since a small sound can also be amplified. The
capacity of one ac plant installed is 27 tones and there are two in number.

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7.2 DESCRIPTION
The cooling through central plant unit is performed in a cycle process. The outlet through which
cold air spreads out and settles down being denser and the hot air rises up and goes into an inlet
from where it is blowed upon with pressure to filters to remove dust particals other than air. The
gas used in this is FREON (F-22) which is very expensive.
The gas is compressed heavily in a compressor in which the air continuously comes from suction
valve and going out from exhaust valve simultaneously keeping the volume constant inside the
compressor and also pressure is maintained to a safe value. A HP/LP cutout is also provided to
meet unnecessary high/low pressure conditions.
From the compressor the gas is passed through a long zigzag path in the presence of cold
water inside a condenser. The condenser also have a inlet for cold water and outlet for hot water.
Warm water extracts the heat of the gas and through motor is sent back to the overhead tank. It is
connected through pipe to the inlet of condenser. During the path it goes pass through fins which
holds up water for some time and also a exhaust fan is there which sucks the heat of water and it
becomes colder henceforth. From the condenser the gas goes into the expansion valve from
where it is sprayed where it meets the warm air through filters and thus the mixing results into
cold air. The most important property of FREON is that it is heated and cooled very easily.

Fig.8 functional block diagram of AC plant

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 8 TRANSMITTER SECTION
This wing is situated 15 km away from Rewa in the outskirts of mahasaon village. Here the
transmitted signal from control room is receieved via STL. The receieved signal is then
transmitted through HARISS DX-20 MW transmitter through 128.25m high
MAST antenna
Here for receiving the centre has three devices which are used for transmitting the control room
signal to the transmitter section. These are as follows
1. STL
2. DR 1000
3. RT 43
9 TRANSMITTER
9.1 HARISS DX-20 TRANSMITTER
This transmitter can be viewed as below:-
BLOCK DIAGRAM

OSSCILAT BAND OUTPUT

OR PASS N/W
BUFFER PRE RF FILTER
AMPLIFIER DRIVER AMPLIFIER
OUTPUT
MODULATION MONITOR
AUDIO A/D
ENCODER
INPUT CONVERTE
R

DC
REGULATOR

Fig. No 9 Block diagram of transmitter

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 Fig.10 front view of HARISS DX-20 TRANSMITTER

9.2

DUMMY LOAD

Fig.11 dummy load

In radio this device is also known as a dummy antenna or a radio frequency termination. It is
a device used in place of an antenna to aid in testing a radio transmitter. It is substituted for the
antenna while adjusting the transmitter, so that the transmitter does not interfere with other radio
transmitters during the adjustments. If a transmitter is tested without a load, such as an antenna
or a dummy load, the transmitter could be damaged. Also, if a transmitter is adjusted without a
load, it will operate differently than with the load, and the adjustments may be incorrect.
The dummy load ordinarily should be a pure resistance; the amount of resistance should be the
same as the impedance of the antenna or transmission line that is used with the transmitter
(usually 50 Ω or 75 Ω). The radio energy that is absorbed by the dummy load is converted to
heat. A dummy load must be chosen or designed to tolerate the amount of power that can be
delivered by the transmitter.

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 The ideal dummy load provides a standing wave ratio (SWR) of 1:1 at the given impedance.

9.3 AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE REGULATOR (AVR)

This is an older type of regulator used in the 1920s that uses the principle of a fixed-position
field coil and a second field coil that can be rotated on an axis in parallel with the fixed
coil.When the movable coil is positioned perpendicular to the fixed coil, the magnetic forces
acting on the movable coil balance each other out and voltage output is unchanged. Rotating the
coil in one direction or the other away from the center position will increase or decrease voltage
in the secondary movable coil.
This type of regulator can be automated via a servo control mechanism to advance the movable
coil position in order to provide voltage increase or decrease. A braking mechanism or high ratio
gearing is used to hold the rotating coil in place against the powerful magnetic forces acting on
the moving coil.

Fig.12 Pictorial view of

dummy load Fig.14 Moving coil Voltage
Regulator
Fig.139.4
Electronic symbol AC VOLTAGE
for Voltage regulator STABILIZERS
A voltage stabilizer is a type of household mains regulator which uses a continuously variable
autotransformer to maintain an AC output that is as close to the standard or normal mains voltage
as possible, under conditions of fluctuation. It uses a servomechanism (or negative feedback) to
control the position of the tap (or wiper) of the autotransformer, usually with a motor. An
increase in the mains voltage causes the output to increase, which in turn causes the tap (or
wiper) to move in the direction that reduces the output towards the nominal voltage.
An alternative method is the use of a type of saturating transformer called a Ferro resonant
transformer or constant-voltage transformer. The Ferro resonant approach is attractive due to

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 its lack of active components, relying on the square loop saturation characteristics of the tank
circuit to absorb variations in average input voltage. Older designs of ferroresonant transformers
had an output with high harmonic content, leading to a distorted output waveform. Modern
devices are used to construct a perfect sine wave. The Ferro resonant action is a flux limiter
rather than a voltage regulator, but with a fixed supply frequency it can maintain an almost
constant average output voltage even as the input voltage varies widely.
It accepts 100% single-phase switch-mode power supply loading without any requirement for de
rating, including all neutral components. Input current distortion remains less than 8% THD even
when supplying nonlinear loads with more than 100% current THD.

9.5 FEEDER LINE

The Feeder line in a radio transmission, reception or transceiver system is the physical cabling
that carries the RF signal to and/or from the antenna. It is also called a transmission line. When
operating properly, and under ideal conditions, the feed line should successfully carry all of the
RF energy without any signal loss, and without radiating any energy or absorbing any energy.
There are three common types of feed lines in use in modern wireless systems: the coaxial type,
the twin-lead, and, at frequencies above 1 GHz, a waveguide is used.The feed line is a very
important part of the antenna system especially in certain conditions such as high frequency,
weak signals or both, as they often go hand in hand. Feed line cabling has a specific impedance
that must be matched with the transmitter/receiver/transceiver and the antenna to prevent signal
loss. This matching is accomplished with an antenna tuning unit.

Fig.15 Picture how feed lines are extended

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9.6 ANTENNA TUNER
An antenna tuner, trans match, or antenna tuning unit (ATU) matches a transceiver with a
fixed impedance (typically 50 ohms for modern transceivers) to a load (feed line and antenna)
impedance which is unknown, complex or otherwise does not match. This mismatch is usually
caused when using a non-resonant antenna (one that is not the correct electrical length as
compared to the wavelength of the signal). An ATU allows the use of one antenna for a broad
range of frequencies. A tuned antenna is never as good as a naturally resonant antenna due to
additional induced losses on the feed line due to the SWR (multiple reflections), and losses in the
ATU itself.
Strictly speaking the 'ATU' is only an antenna matching unit, as it is unable to change the
resonance frequency of the aerial.
9.7 MAST RADIATOR
As in any costly project, the planning of a high power transmitter site requires great care. This
begins with the location. A minimum distance, which depends on the transmitter frequency,
transmitter power, and the design of the transmitting antennas, is required to protect people from
the radio frequency energy. Antenna towers are often very tall and therefore flight paths must be
evaluated. Sufficient electric power must be available for high power transmitters. Transmitters
for long and medium wave require good grounding and soil of high
electrical conductivity. Locations at the sea or in river valleys are ideal, but the flood danger
must be considered. Transmitters for UHF are best on high mountains to improve the range (see
radio propagation). The antenna pattern must be considered because it is costly to change the
pattern of a long-wave or medium-wave antenna.

9.8 ANTENNA TOWER

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 Fig.16 antenna tower
Transmitting antennas for long and medium wave are usually implemented as a mast radiator.
Similar antennas with smaller dimensions are used also for short wave transmitters, if these send
in the round spray enterprise. For arranging radiation at free standing steel towers fastened planar
arrays are used. Radio towers for UHF and TV transmitter can be implemented in principle as
grounded constructions.
Towers may be steel lattice masts or reinforced concrete towers with antennas mounted at the
top. Some transmitting towers for UHF have high-altitude operating rooms and/or facilities such
as restaurants and observation platforms, which are accessible by elevator. Such towers are
usually called TV tower. For microwaves one uses frequently parabolic antennas. These can be
set up for applications of radio relay links on transmitting towers for FM to special platforms.
For the program passing on of television satellites and the funkkontakt to space vehicles large
parabolic antennas with diameters of 3 to 100 meters are necessary. These plants, which can be
used if necessary also as radio telescope, are established on free standing constructions, whereby
there are also numerous special designs, like the radio telescope in Arecibo.
Just as important as the planning of the construction and location of the transmitter is how its
output fits in with existing transmissions. Two transmitters cannot broadcast on the same
frequency in the same area as this would cause co-channel interference. For a good example of
how the channel planners have dovetailed different transmitters' outputs see Crystal Palace UHF
TV channel allocations. This reference also provides a good example of a grouped transmitter, in
this case an A group. That is, all of its output is within the bottom third of the UK UHF
television broadcast band. The other two groups (B and C/D) utilise the middle and top third of
the band, see graph. By replicating this grouping across the country (using different groups for
adjacent transmitters), co-channel interference can be minimised, and in addition, those in
marginal reception areas can use more efficient grouped receiving antennas. Unfortunately, in
the UK, this carefully planned system has had to be compromised with the advent of digital

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 broadcasting which (during the changeover period at least) requires yet more channel space, and
consequently the additional digital broadcast channels cannot always be fitted within the
transmitter's existing group. Thus many UK transmitters have become "wideband" with the
consequent need for replacement of receiving antennas (see external links). Once the Digital
Switch Over (DSO) occurs the plan is that most transmitters will revert to their original groups,
source Ofcom July 2007 .
Further complication arises when adjacent transmitters have to transmit on the same frequency
and under these circumstances the broadcast radiation patterns are attenuated in the relevant
direction(s). A good example of this is in the United Kingdom, where the Waltham transmitting
station broadcasts at high power on the same frequencies as the Sandy Heath transmitting
station's high power transmissions, with the two being only 50 miles apart. Thus Waltham's
antenna array does not broadcast these two channels in the direction of Sandy Heath and vice
versa.
Where a particular service needs to have wide coverage, this is usually achieved by using
multiple transmitters at different locations. Usually, these transmitters will operate at different
frequencies to avoid interference where coverage overlaps. Examples include national
broadcasting networks and cellular networks. In the latter, frequency switching is automatically
done by the receiver as necessary, in the former, manual retuning is more common (though the
Radio Data System is an example of automatic frequency switching in broadcast networks).
Another system for extending coverage using multiple transmitters is quasi-synchronous
transmission, but this is rarely used nowadays.

9.9 MAIN AND RELAY (REPEATER) TRANSMITTERS

Transmitting stations are usually either classified as main stations or relay stations (also known
as repeaters or translators).
Main stations are defined as those that generate their own modulated output signal from a
baseband (un-modulated) input. Usually main stations operate at high power and cover large
areas
Relay stations (translators) take an already modulated input signal, usually by direct reception of
a parent station off the air, and simply rebroadcast it on another frequency. Usually relay stations

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 operate at medium or low power, and are used to fill in pockets of poor reception within, or at
the fringe of, the service area of a parent main station.
Note that a main station may also take its input signal directly off-air from another station,
however this signal would be fully demodulated to baseband first, processed, and then
demodulated for transmission.

9.10 AUSTIN TRANSFORMER

An Austin transformer is a special type of an Isolation transformer used for feeding the air-
traffic obstacle lamps and other devices on a mast radiator antenna insulated from ground. As
such antennas have high voltage to ground, (up to 300 kV), feeding the lamps directly is
impossible. One method of feeding them is an isolation transformer, the so called Austin
transformer. It consists of two ring-like windings. The secondary circuit has a large air space
between the winding and the magnetic core, to provide isolation from high voltage and low inter-
winding coupling capacitance.

Fig.17 Wbz Austin Transformer Fig.18 Wls Austin Transformer

10 POWER SUPPLY SYSTEM

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 A systematic planning of power supply requirement of any particular broadcasting station of
AIR/DD is carried out in the beginning. Loads to be added in future, as per extension program
of station are also taken into consideration. Major stations of AIR/DD has the following types of
loads:
1) Equipment loads
2) Air conditioning and associated loads
3) Lighting and fans load
4) Workshop load
5) Loads relating to mast light and aerial hut
6) Future provision

The total demand of the station is worked out and then decision is taken whether H/T or L/T
supply would meet the requirement. H.T supply is required in case the maximum demand of
station exceeds 30 kVA.
10.1 AC POWER SUPPLY
The electric power at 11 kV is received in the H.T. substation through underground feeders from
the power supply of the P/S authority. The H.T substation is located nearby the
studio/transmitter and generally houses metering facilities for reading maximum demand, power
factor and the energy consumed. It also houses the H.T OCB. Separate feeder is provided from
the P/S station to our centres whose total demand exceeds 50 kV. Standby feeder from the same
or other P/S station is invariably provided. A typical P/S schematic is shown below.

10.2 DC POWER SUPPLY

Every electronic equipment and operating system need regulated power supply specially at lower
voltages. This constant voltages were earlier provided by the Linear regulated power supplies
and recently by switch mode power supplies (SMPS). Without doubt the SMPS has become
very popular with the equipment manufacturers and users because of its various advantages. It is
also being said that at last the power supply is also catching up with the technical advancement
of the other devices. We shall analyse merits and demerits of both the Power Supply Units.

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11 CONCLUSION
The technology currently in use at Prasar Bharati has improved significantly. At this stage there
has been advancement in signal reception quality as systems have changed from analog to digital
with the advancement in different audio and video compression techniques. For Doordarshan
DTH (Direct To Home Service) satellite services have become more user friendly and also
evolution of SDTV into HDTV have made it a popular product among the people of India. It is
also accessible from remote areas with more channel and better reception.
In AIR also, there have been a lot of advancements being made such as transmission of more
value added services such as RDS, SCA, etc. These value added services have added a different
taste in listening ration.
Slowly but steadily, the AIR and Doordarshan family of Prasar Bharati is growing day by day
and working for the next generation broadcasting technique in India.

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12 REFERENCE :
 http://allindiaradio.gov.in/allindiaradio/shared/AIRComp2007.pdf
 http://allindiaradio.gov.in/

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