[+ | — Unth _2 MOIRICES IMboductiyn : The applecalion of he mak other branches Ate in formulation — ef cor sosco nding poowle mode), MOH Ob auch modhemattcal velated tv on concept Anew yin orher ean chu © do various nemrakres the pm Aro a odes ave , angie’ C4, wilich ave Usepie masrematics wen aed xo al} bran chs sh engineering and technetogy. * YN ge wranchys gechni ca) engineering et na wrth menderning oe angrrumentabee? Ow dechtca) engineers ng conte! engineer and toto EMOTES aon * am Ene ff pags 4 ohgntttcart CRATE? rm eomyoess dora are g pecweng ASTS eonrpaling and to oh En Hus chan som bert Rwen. Me ad op anon ole LN weanth4 gon, Anka WIRING theory e pare tev metralogiet man forws matric ae § a cc tO + an theact and ete re rhe’ Wye qeoeeay 6h Abyqnat tration ish arnbafect ace been wiyoal bu " Revered vty the alintloly Anan srs atizn vhs and mitegenat paeceye We Rover Sun ph qaatatees WUT ave Ube Br) ab coluting etm aie vas Algebra EAU Atte age q heen vty detatd using | Caer: amet Da AwNVOM, : 4 PECUIITIONS CMUYTRER) A wan manic hn fa porto gu an AATAY eh MN nUMC’s arwanged fo an hertonead veiwe adn wevitcad coleny, Ov tia .:- OAs Ain Gor Gar ~ = + Ma9 6. + Oon \ \ Amn Ay = os Meng ++ Ann CHARACTERIUTIC EQUATION | bur Ope any Art vaste r 4 ne The pharacienatlC earairon b* : ne oO wrewing: He Bo fPnd Groraclirisc equattrn. for 3x3 Malai x [* ov | : pet A = Oe O22 Dae nustnod A fey 082 28= Me ehavarterkife eauaton te [A-AT PS | METHOD ~ » 8 ep A Gh a £qeace mahftx 6 orders wthen watthen of | Bis Chaonttcaiatfe edabrn can be R= AR GS A-~SB-= 0 Spe sum oF ne math dtagonas element = yt Aa +8 sum op bie Minos op Man déaginal i | i Sa = elrments. = | 420 a (os dng Qn an Ga, asl * [a an|# der ae @ = Pereaninant vatur 06 A = AN g- jar Oe dis Qo: Cre Oa Gz; 932 Ogg For oxo marx an “| be a 2x2 marin method 4 ther & © 7 Agr PJ 2x2 ane characteristic zauatton, jA—art= Mimod-2 + - ep Ow a square marrix 6p order 2, thin Spc casaktoo can be ur wRkten as LR chavacte™ 92 94 Sa =? ; gy 2 SUM of) Ce Man dingena) elemenis- % = ANAAo2 an Aw! $a: Determinant valur ob &= [ete Qo) herine Unavkty Vette cajuatirn D und | eee 3) a 2 vp the mayaix wurned 43 We Unaracteviatic equation of & w& p-aLl =° 2b lee amutheda : The chara teriatic equation of A % mr sy Mt Sa > © gs gum of the man Atagenal elements | > 142 =34 éa- [ols JU |: = 2-0 = 24 Hence the veaubred Cha ractertatic equatfoo Bs ALBATA=2 e Pehd tne chawncteristic ca oF [: -3 | t 2 eof, 5 == ° gaiven mahix 16 a 3x3 mantx tne cnacnoteriatic cy ek us M ~ |5 2 2 y-6)- 63) (atte) +! e-2014+1) =e ence vbhe created CE is. qe At payate =o R34 APA BAF ° | PROBLEMS ¢ raha be character atte eqiabien eh, i) [ | ans ae wa t8=e 7 2» [: ‘| pins: D2-BAIHS : 9 2) Ju -g Tt , + 2 -6 | BM: nF gaa AM = © to GG— pfyen values a nliedgen vetlors Op a GAL PAM Tals = | piyen VaLLee oa puopes vale o4 jalent yoo o | chavaclerlalte aeolk | jot Os |i) be a square yna hele vie maT) 4 nl. o the eharackertatic ew G4 on vre MEO Of rhaaacloriste eauatton bee called ction values of A \ KLOPKING PULE TO FIND ctoen VALVES ARID EIGEN VECTORS sepa: Hind bhe eharacteristte : carnation |p- AL] =e Sep 2s solving the Ue we pk nararleristte Fi woot baey ote old Lege VAL . | | sep 10 gudd etgen vectorssolue (A-AL) X20 for diggesent VALUE bp a, UE | Obrnd te otgen values and £rgen vectors | . nbrix |! | [| of be mare |, | tae J | 3 | | i War Piha bi 4 supa '® prin Ane chavacleriatic equation | thearpse ; won: GAtGe?at Aun Of Mae main Afagural clement «lof 0 foe [Ale 4 woo” ranmeten athe Cw ws ly ye ye | ipo. 1 ov ehooorkeisi to caain, me 2 19 sap2: 10 yun hy vet hoes gale dled: [2] \" | se ey D becses tor 25 a Ae? 2 [4 | 4 ‘| gr \r L? pw. 3 tit AWW rene gonsing agen veut ds “5 toes Hae? datn ea & becomesQo» Me Ar. | roy . | "4 ! | Menee Ace tor ag eponeling etgen weelty A vel, wwe © bald all the elgen y A . Ali Mind CCK vechers 6 Ate mahix My es IK o tel Ae fer 2 29 2 boa ‘} 2 6 | flop 4s The Chavactealletic coy op « [O-Alfe po Ae CATA CyA~ fy» 0 Ge 241d oy-— — — Se... an The charackerteric equattsn is, By wWLaA-ys= oO separ Te coluc te Character uete eev. nd azar? -4S =O Poy Acparhiere aewiaieD \" \ +2) -eS Blo 2 & us 1-2 ots ° A> 5,-2 The cégen values age weect7Ys + 372.5. TO guid eigen gorve (A; 4 -2 Case 45 a ae -3 thin, be Ebb 323 = 0 2% AYR -bIg~ © Lam, 42% = O 4, 42% -%Hy 4 2An + FRB ~ ° x Put = ° I = “3 o tor & 3 | Hence Ane ety ve [ - oO we gat a~ 3% = ? a = 822 Ws . 43 a j 3 | 2. GEGEN weotrr Mo = [: PUR Aa Couen § Ep RB ton ey @ hecoynes, "yO 3 my © ’ 2 |? o> -b Ho |r 6 . =! “2 “& = O 14 2% ~ 393 = @ 204 —Y%2 -6%2 = 0 > Ay -24p —PUz =P folutng @ and® a ts a : . ay A ae- & -\2-\2 ~ 6 2fe) Qos Bs a3 ~2y -& 2Yy a 2, HB = = > \ she etyer ye cer [: | Pagblenu: OPANA He a, i valit ond eugen weckr? : a | 4 ! 4 ' 2 ons ve £TE] 6) bh 2) 13 1 [ons ava, ae 1 92 2 a [27 2 a7 | ‘ || miso ' : : 1 2 4) <} 1 i- a s t boo ' 0 \ & ) 0 } o 20 | pss -2,476 a | 6 ¢ 7 1 4 \ 2 3 ~2 3 2 Pe b : 3 6 q ° = - hk xX ee PROPPITIE, OF EIGEN YRLVE! AND ELDEN VECTORS proverty-!: the sum ef re Clsen valites rf a map ob the Sum ef bur clenens 6 prfncépal déagoon) (6) He sum v6 Lie efyed WAlUel 1p a Matix A cauel to Lae Pence oh the marie {id Preduch oh cegeD valies 1 ed Wal de dulerminant ef Ent mansx. : feoof : he ND be Aw eaUar’ mavits 66 oder n Th chavactrtatte eAUathen % A Mf | A-rtl=o | fer Magara Sy Pe. COG = O° mere sf — kum 6 dhe mad alfag onal dn ~ ArtCAM of A. | We Anew bat ihe coote of che | Cayarky He edrarign ; L APL Caturd ef gena values mp the matix., solving © we get the roold, het n aooke awe Bry Der Mar core P.O My, Me, core An OME LEgen values pk qe Anew tat, a kum of Mt opts) ANT, CHUM FE aa ark aaven aratimt 7 Ar. 4 (DPCP $a Me ee Wo =~ 2 5a GUM ef pe weow = by © and @ #2) mA M4 cee FAD OF & aan - Au +f + ** +fan Bey ma Pet ro gam °b whe : Ane chgen values Aum ween dtagana) element product ane vools = Sn bey @mand © a Ma an > atk of A > meruck % oh utr valuss = |*) -xXRy. x pand all rym pest AY g of? mea Let A ea SQuare man of oer P. wre vhavecrertstic equation of # and A | ane antl=° 0 ang [b- 221= & 38 gence the determenent value 4s unaltered by Hu €ntesthange eg ous and columns kle Anow ta}= JATI Monee ®and @ are SA 7. TNE eigen values ep A and AT ave game. ee er PROPERIY~3 + The characteristic wreaks op a Pfangutan Manik are fuse the déagenal elements 4% Ve mapex. 2 poooF :cous conser ee tPngulaa mane [an p eo ° Qo agr2 as! Axe Ass ahraratiertatte cqutation op & de lamar ro jmer Be aor Char 9 - 0 Qasr Oa fer = (au-™) Cas ~ 9) (ms ° Qe Ate fos » 09° wenten ame wanin ingen ements ch matia & _ _ XR po perty— W , sehen yy i an elgen value op the Matix & (nyo) tM igo value °F . roof: of ye be Ane etn Vel evvpesnendin ton er B= aX = 90 rremurerlying derh sfla by p? we get pv ay = ATAXry 2 DATX x- ax [22] ; tx: ax a yrRe= IX e A MS betng of the fame 4arm a4 O, shows shat + a an eigen value oF tne Prrverse mantx 4&7 = ’ $$ ee ¢ te. PROPERTY ~V ag A de an cégen value ef an ovrhagena) mahPx then + we aio “tg value e Poook: het A be an orthogonal mahix Bifven A A an eigen value of A ct & an clgenvalues of 4! 7 i b ghee *#7= AT 1 &s an ebgen value of AT | | pe be matries A and AT have the game ety values, atrce the deterntinanldsp-AEl and (AT Aa] are the same. Hence + && ake an Ug Values ef &- __ at a eX PROPERTY - 6 THM, Pa, Peo Qn Ave Hu charartestatic of gen values ef o mani @ tun Amsras etgen Values am, Ap™--» An” Cm betng a pestttye intege™? foe: Let MF be the Ligen valiw th 4 and % pacepeneting etgen vettor, Me w racn, AU = ALXi—> oO. ww have, 2% = ALAN - b Oxi? -% (at = ar(arti) = 4 xi => OE = APE ty ANT = ay xt mM , en goural pert = XM __se@ © and ave cn same form Hence HM a an coger value of A”Lf me cor nespending elgen yectat A he came Xt I PROPERTY Mw The ed gen valuce ef a veal cegmamedaic matytc ane eal MM bert, ook: Ret P be aN efjenvaluc of tne Wal - symmehte manda A . hot bu corresponding BEGUN verter be 7 rob & dlenolz Hie irarapose wh t- we haye AX» AX he ntl hes uation by x unerse bax derares har apt elements op # ave tia comply -tonfugale of dnote x) we get YoY = AX (0 qautng the conjugate conqlex of toi we get, xBE = FLX mytbe AXTK athee don 09 A ea) rating tA eacnlp ager en both Athen Teor pone (eed)! = (Fee)! fie) MAK = HTX ho wars AHA Mnee As ape Ads symmerte Put from O Pay = AUX Hence, payin s AX'A gence, XIX ts an IX) martx cunede sly element 8 pos three value per’ ; Ley A fs veal) - ——— * rx -— NOTE ome atgen Veetov x of A manix A & nok unfaue, | OLh mW, M--- An be Aéetinck eegen values oF an NOON MAT R then tore es ponding ef gen vation WOS Rr Nye Xy So7m a (Enea ly dequndent | | | LLgibt ANIX gree, i.) por A & veal) © gating ene army wget on both Aides , \ Trang poe . 5 \t 7 ran (x (ad) : (axe) ma NTN fey UX = ner Ware ANA gene Aang ae symmetic But from © ‘ , | War = ATX ; | | yeenee, prin > 2*'% wax th an VXI paoratx mune only gence, | element & pocPeree Galue =A . || her fs eea || — — MA ” S$ 5 ; | i NOTE | ome etgen verses K OF A marrix fh & nok untae, | {| Op mW, M--> An be Atgrinee 2kgen patue of an | 1 | men Matytx Ahern (oI asponding ePgen vallow has Makors Ty Form a Linearty — frdeqendent setelven yale’ are equal ape to cel ttncav Uy rorverq onding do Mag twee o wore a N\A vor be hess Rn depenibem' ot yen we evs de equ qools ren gen yeepoas % andr avy catted orrhepn AOS ty xs o » age MXP mantces and B ton. have fame @ aga and xhen 1B al gator maataix atgen yalrer ——_ KX 7 A and BR" __ PROBLEMS red che 4M and Me qreduct of kha LEgen rales of Ate manix [" to yo oct ’ » J oct 9Ql, CH, gum of the atgen values - sum of &he man dag onal elements - rodney ef the ebyen values « tor . rat yo e NUH EH) a sr (or-1E224 119) | | = (A)-t-le=-3 | | = ts ‘a@ Fard the nam and qxodtch o) Ane eigen wy values h the mohrtxy f2 7? 2 ' '-6 yd © sey, cum ct Hie gen 2 {um oy te WiouLp valtezA diagonal elements 2-2 ¢i't ? . - - "0 f2 2 2 tect of the tigen y OUD = > 1 6 + 2 ie = my ttatas Ge wna The qooduck & Y . marnix Be 2 > 2 o, Find the > 43 sited cfgen 1K co), wp te AGP yaar ep eae mare “ L be ne 3 ertun Ane 7 WekeT ya 02 = LAN ts Az = b 2 2 3 lg 2 4 2 a 3“ uy) whys 37 Dy = 32 (ng=2) s tb Y RXR ven values °6 [2 :| ap cand p Are gourn he manta’ wore chger : An ave hs vale’ : ad ave tg goxteeve Ine getBe | sept tq orm and qrredtiel, 4 aul the vegen malix A= } 2 2] gs the a ’ ) poston 4 value ¢ 2 & pgdrl% singular. 2 » gumzio Products -& ¢ Ato pms —@ tund Me eigen valu of AY & \ f- & ang ¢ 4,4, le | i © aoe 9/277" ung the p 7 | eX yas of | ays s Vor ey 5 | CAYLEY HPMIELTD NI mMEDEEM puvoy Carre marix salispeet ue Con engeca eevtoHte equrahon. USES el calvulnle > the prstberr Lnpegras | l As | gowess Of | (Hy Whe Lnverse % an nen. dingalar | tquaee moleiX A.PROBLEMS g2 2 $= [Al = 4% to save PP-ap the =o o>. AA NW © thew Anat matte [' 7] sabia tte yw aig cewn CE: Ql ‘cl oo” pete |? 2! The tharaclertatte equation is 1p- AL} xo ‘ ° 2 . BE ALLA +4 =o u a or ontoes |? yore lc 2} 2 1 5} oot y 3 pron tbh = ° ° | oO Oo dhe Swen malytx pies Lbs wo cnavatte victte sce p ree SoA Ae equatti™”.| Presi tag leg. Hannitin -Hheorern 4nd Ovando? athen = por OQ] y~ 2 -! lod 2 ie the char ackertsHe equattm op a i toatl =o \ 53 fey A 00° 4 5 9- Cy 20 CUP : Se Lum oh us leading Ad Agora elements Geb ee \eading gy s $ID ere mabye of atagonal elements - 2 +t §> > a -t 2 °| 4 Kolbe rb Sa 28 2 4. 9 gg- \As * a) 4 -\;, a 2 = alay are) 12c) 3. G12 = apThe thrall rbHe equa fr”) qo 694 9- B= gg) 92 6a HER EO my Hd Hamtleen Ceres matrix ates fl 2AUAHM, an ga wand enaracteniattc 4) BP GR HEA BE =? cat fram, op A, fs ts wr .. a a) fez? pro bx? | 4 138 . 2 tt * Ege 22 23 =e a9 -2% 2to pei 07 O=> O°: pp. eos 3®—O Wrcltatytng A oh bebh Wagias At pps cert an pen ue BASE -epr 43k pus or BP ys HEP 3 © te mle ea a ? ce 6 we eS » a4 cs s 7 poterol 1Q3 l62 Ad = d 3 -a¢ 4b “12 ‘ ag 48 UN ° + ro fund 4 Oxo? = Aron E83 5 ry ~-6 4 a2 -l : gate |! ye ja 27) +68 [es “| [ a3 Ate 0 = PROBLEMA Norihy Cayley Hamilton eaeorem rb bie follouring : 4 2 pn + 2 cD) u 3 3 , a t pres O83 yA 20A -ase =6—2 3 pws; ele 2 ~6 2 Av TRANG — oRTFtohOM papTerk ——— cummicapiiy OF p canned called 0 n i b- plore tow CAME marie Be This howssnm by * non Angular dot lav Wg — vu KA pormantoN _ oF MATRICES = matetx B op order hE Inn bo 0 swueane read! a 2 s p _S¥MMETEIC non Afngular min ation © A matrix A manix de calted pramsfer mation.DIP DENALICA TIO! er 8 SIMECARTTY TRANCE ORM ATION rg a square manix & Of arden n has indipendent eigen vectors Aen 4 n Lencarty manix P can be found euch the ptaP gc a déltyenal mahin catewladion op qrewers oh 4 manix: . mahix ah very pragenalesatirt a ces eo woeful por ovbalyy Au Loe B be a Faure mattx the & nen. agula® matrix P ean be found such, pe prep p= (per) pI pP? 2p (PP) pP eprcaareP 2 PT AP P - proarP ap: pro? P Mey p- prp?P to obtain 4" Ar oe A MATRIX BY MEA NSpp” : pp? pH P > pp = 2 A’? pp’ = PrP ppr pt = rer” 2 pprpt = & (2) 2) pp? pt 6° (ors poe’ | cueni pore FOR DIAC! Lateatlanily avo fe matin | poe A be AMY tauare M slept: ro fend ime chara ONALISATION abtx of crder 1. static eaeeaton grepr: 10 cove bit character latte quatin gtep3 = go een ute gen verter s. infx e, vs celumo cep 4 + form” the medal ma eee zhe otgen vector of A pep s pand ?7 clep te catoulate WP step): caroulate De renepvinoconAl mATPices + 00d a 4aed bo \ y orthogonal A ‘ apn" On p ul porlows tat & rae : Ar Z yin og 4) AT . eB a erthog onal? fo check wether situ mar suaslty pe joue acts ° stro cose @ 6 0 sel, eLe ite Ch spnatldon gor evtregenal Mah” ” apy. TA = ® Hee, per. BB =| | p. feos she © cos ee | gino (80 0 | Br. feins esr ° _6 oO 4 ; | | " : . | BBT= ° fe | mt | ppt. stmilanty BB >t | | atven morris 3 orthogonal ee |b stow hat the manic Pp. [Ce mist, OT ovtnogonal, (no eotv | | cond ton 407 ortnogo na) tabrix 42 PPTL PTR P p. jee sumo] ay feos AUD | ino cose leenw = C040 | ~c0p oe) | ppt. twa? p ascr’o tfn2p 4c04" 0 =f np coZ04- C040 cPNO PPT. ® 2 Gtlyen materi 4 orthogonal ROE : © Diagnolise She marix |& -6 ao | | bow | Fone fund Ha | and | 2 4 B ‘ol, tot H- |& “G2 ~b tot a ~y a ¢ . 4 ° . ep 4 3 1 pug the character? cquatton, Aigticfy) \| ; Y is |A-Ab lao” than actervistle equation Oh aul the v we Gey PRS tS $3 =© 43 uenere, & = gat lé 2 Aum eh Be menor eh AML math hy oe ange nal elements: Ga = C4LOF20 = 4S fa = Ala 0 Hep? s ro aelue CharacterieHe eauatim D1 APAYsA= O D(A~t5)(A-3)= 0 AzOos A=tsS 3 -2 Mente Ane ecgen values M=0, ADHB, AgetS Clep as To guid elgen vectors: §Olwe (A~AP) AZO W-9 -6 2 [“ TA uy [ te ° 3 + ln a: \> ° ° ee€Y ~ $8 +243 = “© —>O ba) PTAy -4%R = 0 —9O Qe ~ 4%, $39%R = oO © od setving and® Y ane vues murttfpleatern we ‘ % . B= ao. ayy ree um, B= a ny = De 20 oc Hb 2 a) of bo ot - Boys |” 2 -4 © " ° Wr BM T2113 = o 5 @ _puy Hy U2 ~ 4%R=° 2 = 2% ~ 42 —0%Z =O =, gel ty © and® ‘ W2. M Be if | 46 .COS | Ny = : “4 é Cases then ats vdouen Hat “TM b> F2%Z =O ey “6% ~€%~422= 20 _,@ 2% ~Y&, ~QAZ=O — 35M Selvting © and @ by oule eves MUU takin we ger, ed Qe — = = Q3 fete 8g ay ate A s Ms A 80 80 tofol ty © al Ho m2 Be 6 8 U Xd 2 2 \ “2 Case tho then Ae lb ten tut ea @O | Yecomes, ya -b 9 a) 7] ~b 8 <4 Ro © o 2 -y -2 x2 | NH -b% F2%Q =O 0 “EU ~My ~4Y%= 9 _Lw® Row -Y2y ~RA=EO > @ Selutng © and @ by mule eves WALLET eatin we qe, UM @ 2 a Ab- te Bg Oty te | 0 “80 Woec} 0 4 y |e 2 2? 0 6 HAY « 0 oO oO | T e Jt t NTAN ; | 2 a= ih e =f ° ° 30 Yo is 9 lo { Ww c a) c 2: 2 re) -2) t [ Co p | 4 0 o 4% Sep -e Yo fund t+ BE NAN B84 2 NbtAr z r2 4 ° 2 t [2 t 2 [: 7-2 | 9 0 2S [205605 D022 28 loo 5 b 0 aN P02 22¢ Poreay, “tot a e{, [re 2 te 3 lat t . 2 « 0 2 16 o 1 “lo o 2 S @ o = ° = Oo o 'O09qn, ¥ ~ Oly 5 £0944ee oongp 22 NR? tony” MM: [oouee ood Mabe roy -U abe Chol KKH be ava ppoaric FORM~ pepuction OF QUADRATIC FORA ML “TRANISEOEM ATION 10 CANONICAL corm BY op THOGLONE auapranc ronM + A Iavmogerows jotygnertal of Me vu cecond Aeqeee nen any nunicr © var tab me called aL aa cratic from. Yor SI By b A243 | the Senewal frm of 4 | Linelcd by © fm nameTaien 2 ,» Oe 3 2 tej ur |" en cenernt eet eft The co.epe ietent : 1 | op inj = Cyt Gt: \| |) stow we deh 84 *% Ley + Grj* ganda ag OG 5 Wig = Oi ge=. (hij Wij = DUG Cif Gf en : re Oe A A Mp ap ay Uhre thir + ii qe! tel Lue matrix A = [ae ww mahty, fee nce gymimel ic yt hx uihrere, mn mahtx nefatin 8» mI o» [ag], x [| pre (U/W om tn au Ow s-* Gos 1 The symmehic mabdx 6 [oj}= Fe called othe matrix of the quadratic form Q- note s The martx eorrespends bo he quadratic farm Xu, Y> COCpf Xa cope ae % Congh A Ae / y, coeff Ge — Coekh Ro” Vo CoWpp % 23 y coedt Any VY coord qo Coch 2F ——— XK aar Ate =-Natte tee Mibbaty x Of Une even fern: B EP ou 4 Wey Da ty NOTH wl, coe ggoh ar os as 1% os ae [20° x # er) 3 3 32 4 @ wy the Mae quadratic perm cor wesponding do Lie petloucing }O a 1 ' 4 2 4.8 Set, Areneral FON 9 1 = fu Ut Avo Ay 1 Aga aha )Aat 12 to Dons a > (Gir) 23 oma 94 BUF 2K Te HY AAD ruts < or he tT THEOREM OR evabenic’ FORMS PURDAMENTRL ony arcadaatee fam may be reduced dy renontcal form by means — of non. strqular —tyansge” mutton,Reet: Lob X'DX be a quadrabte POM Of o "i v of yank ¥ Then tire exlole a mon -Angul ay maphtr P such Mak P'pP =e | D 0 0 oO —3 Where D dk @ non-singular gaitare malta bh Orley 9%. Boply the MON singulas Jramperm x = Py ay ' ° wire X= [* | Ve (*) LO we get ae Yo x'Ox = (Py a LeY) = viptAPby = yy (PIAP)'Y oy fO Sly Bb rfp tee d © 01-10 , ely, , Yo Yr) Jo ds ©. + +0 [i pot dw..0 Gn o- sO KIDX = dye doy? + std yy? . 2 oO with “4 Ane Cano necal 400mUe queen Quddodlee fv. thie frm Ce alco CA (ed drrgnolicates? notes gueadratic form va fo ex of the pros the queda alee pond as Sr ef (quares = XXX Nrprure OF Tee QUADRATIC FORM het &= XTAX be a quradoabec MH... An~ | rhe DANK of A ia fom an & | vartables u, the canonical Oo ef o eongist® yn when y square ter: ENDER of THE Of number op Peatbewe square levee qovm & called the pov. The fn the canontcal knclex of the Qu ad va ttc a. THE WUMbED Of tne orikive square terms =o. ; The atgpevence oh Lhe KuMbex 6 pombive and negathe square Levy = fe (v-s) = aso called the Hgnature oH the quadratic form, | | CtoNHTULE OF AF ae| ee © nv ' Thy quddratte fom ee au dn VATA bp mI and [e bk Nn porlliVe deprnile Ab at and s-% pinide ap 79 and (0 ig ven and $+ 7 oh AZo aw) negative ae (as Peattfiee semidef tarde for) fh olf Lhe egy Valu and abiomd cme efgen value i x0u?. uy Neq attve comidepinitte tf 7a" and 6-9 (on) Eh all £he tigen values of 4 40 and atleast One et gen value 44 zero, tw» enelepintle fn all etWer tases om ff 4 porn pesrifuc and negative orgen. values. 1 E07 COR NATURE OF A AvADPATIC FORM TRROVOIH PRINCIPAL MENDORS Iph O* {ai J be the matrtx of ine qundvatic form yn vartabler a, +, @N Then A d& A SAuave symmente nage 4 osder n het Dre l@u| e aypre NA) Pe. Dy Dy. s Pn O80 de re int merors mp A> wo Ine Ge owt beve dag intle if, Dry Pao for MO. Oy wre all post tw fe) Do 7° aime &F uM neg abeve dep civi aoe all negative and Da, D4 2 ae au pustthve iis Tre AF DA got te penn h- deporte Y dn2 and abtemst one Di = © tiv) The Qt “uh nogattice tems degtnile 4 caiy"Dn 20 and wtteast one Di=0 wy We of ty didepnt te lb alt pehex (ut yt —— wide of Dip Dy PE; —— © Heleamere be natame he fellow nj QP § (ru, M ay) = a 4290" \ so, The marx © ar, qs: rh © 0 Dre fh) = 1 (eve) Dy too © | =2 (ve) Ds = 0 me oF & satd Lobe porstetye cumi- dep inte XX Reduce bag AR Qs BTA BYP Bz> 4 ay. 2yrous nto canentcal teem by an oxfnoegonal transform atton, | Sl, The gfen OF : Qs bx + 344 ae yay az > YEH :- vx Gt uw o up): me male b 2. 5 A: <2 3 8) 2 +) 2 [| ep2s YO Gund the ehanactin tart equation Oh A. The ce Oh A Ss jAa-zl=° wey pe rae S29 82 © ° re » Qe e+3t3 = 12 6 2 Sas |: ap |f Pla ) 2] a2 2:8 - 4b¢ 2 2 ee | A 3 So = 824 quatirn aay the chat arteya tit € 2-190 4 BEA + 32 +0 GMEp 2s +o Solve Me CE, ' 12 26 +82 6? 30 2 to tb (2Se orn THOM aire W-WATIE = a (m-2)= 9762 dine eigen values = rence es GLEPY vo guid Mu vo get the bea 2D a : | 2 BA A a1 [6 | 2 + art US —_o | a ct gen vecteys, solve ca-aerxn® e igen veetrys | Cage my Ba Eton RR Hale ' beecme, Pee) 2%) ~2% +2Hag = 0 et -2%U -O%> ~ Xz, =O —@ 2%; ~ a ~ SA = O—.(9 a» soPwe ving © and & by tras, MurtigliaHma Y ‘at ae gio YB OY a. G2. Bs nO 6 ine COTM PONeRG ego a weetor eS Yo ! case fin) tathen 222 © becomes, GY -2 2 a") | D2 t=) ao |. |? aor ti : Ym ~ 22 THs = © -2u, % a *3- ° oa — HX +%3B* ° ©, ad @ are ram oO Anke eh wwe 4, +9 °° oo 2 - 2% Aze 43+0 blind the tata 1 etyer weehov erthegemal fo and Xo gknce te manlx f) i symment c Pe. 0. P Xa [| ad Ny os no gonal 4 xy and Xo n het o ssohkmins?® es olamins vane : ° XTX © gotweng @ ana aA 1 The ceva cstng elyen Vert % - | ) Normaliced term of oe [a a — Ae bo Vals. AB %: |) Aces ad? Als “ays es ct 7~- 3 ojhips » boom Ue nowmalices matt x N ond find Nt N: Ye ~° wale ye NB hfe (a NT = ine ° vA) Ve AS Hap ee FARA any ; ~2 2 2/Sb BN= 2 3 -I “VATE 2 5 3 tate oaar? EO s re Sl uk Oe with? cdt3 oe 2 Slep7, Pend NPN opre Yate WE De © YAfe a WS yA ge 0 ° z O 7 ° a 2 Ars (TS AR ne vp AB Mie. te 6-2." | “Ts 2434) 3 ain 3 de ware: 8, TB ape AR OG ehfe 2G “Asre steps: Canontcal farm, . ay gee | fe Saayst ays (Ww “We Ys) f° | [?: z ey rays 4 Js v9 Oo 2 = Maes bavongh ‘guduce &O by ayart Oe there Quadratee 4am bie pam fermalon x= NY de canonécal Frm. 04 RK beopems O hive AOU ne qurndibic fer) + whims, anoctald mirixd [8 1) and date » te pa e vrontal fem. fing sys o2ys + He @D Reduce Lae AF UU +2 2a entre canonical 40m by means ef on orthogonal HOU Fore MAH, pererune 8 ATW. 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