Aim of The Project To Make An Door Alarm

AIM OF THE
PROJECT
TO MAKE AN
DOOR ALARM
Working
In this model when anybody opens the gate of the house the alarm
is on .
This project is very simple to make. Simple means we can make it
using a few components. We have used two transistor (one is p.n.p.
& second is N.P.N.) and three resistance (R-1,R-2 & R-3) ,one p.f.
and one speaker (8 ohms).
Door alarm is a very useful project for the hobbiest, we fit this
project in our home and we last fit this project for security purpose
at many places. For every alarm we need a sound. When we need a
sound then require a frequency, because sound means frequency, if
there is no frequency then there is no sound. For frequency we
require a oscillator. Oscillator is a circuit that converts DC in to
AC. For this purpose we construct one RC oscillator circuit we
generate a frequency and further we generate a sound from the
frequency. In this circuit we uses two transistors, one is NPN and
second is PNP. Both the transistors are connected together as
complementary pair. Output of one transistor as complementary
pair. Output of one transistor is connected to the transistor, that’s
why we say that it is complementary circuit. Emitter of NPN is
connected to the negative voltage. Emitter of PNP is connected to
the positive supply. Collector of PNP is connected to the speaker
coil. Resistor 10K ohms and capacitor 0.04mfd give a feedback
from output to input. With the help of this feedback, we generate a
frequency. One REED SENSOR is connected to the base of NPN
transistor. At normal stage this sensor on the circuit. Alarm is ON
automatically when we insert a battery.
Components Used
Resistor
A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical
component that implements electrical resistance as a circuit
element.
The current through a resistor is in direct proportion to
the voltage across the resistor's terminals. This relationship
is represented by Ohm's law:
where I is the current through the conductor in units

of amperes, V is the potential difference measured across
the conductor in units of volts, and Ris the resistance of
the conductor in units of ohms.
The ratio of the voltage applied across a resistor's
terminals to the intensity of current in the circuit is called
its resistance, and this can be assumed to be a constant
(independent of the voltage) for ordinary resistors working
within their ratings.
Resistors are common elements of electrical
networks and electronic circuits and are ubiquitous in
electronic equipment. Practical resistors can be made of
various compounds and films, as well as resistance
wire (wire made of a high-resistivity alloy, such as nickel-
chrome). Resistors are also implemented within integrated
circuits, particularly analog devices, and can also be
integrated into hybrid and printed circuits.
The electrical functionality of a resistor is specified by its
resistance: common commercial resistors are
manufactured over a range of more than nineorders of
magnitude. When specifying that resistance in an
electronic design, the required precision of the resistance
may require attention to themanufacturing tolerance of the
chosen resistor, according to its specific application.
The temperature coefficient of the resistance may also be
of concern in some precision applications. Practical
resistors are also specified as having a
maximum power rating which must exceed the anticipated
power dissipation of that resistor in a particular circuit: this
is mainly of concern in power electronics applications.
Resistors with higher power ratings are physically larger
and may require heat sinks. In a high-voltage circuit,
attention must sometimes be paid to the rated maximum
working voltage of the resistor.
Practical resistors have a series inductance and a small
parallel capacitance; these specifications can be
important in high-frequency applications. In a low-noise
amplifier or pre-amp, the noise characteristics of a resistor
may be an issue. The unwanted inductance, excess
noise, and temperature coefficient are mainly dependent
on the technology used in manufacturing the resistor.
They are not normally specified individually for a particular
family of resistors manufactured using a particular
technology.[1] A family of discrete resistors is also
characterized according to its form factor, that is, the size
of the device and the position of its leads (or terminals)
which is relevant in the practical manufacturing of circuits
using them.
Transitors
A transistor is a semiconductor device used
to amplify and switch electronic signals and electrical power.
It is composed of semiconductor material with at least three
terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage
or current applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals
changes the current through another pair of terminals.
Because the controlled (output) power can be higher than
the controlling (input) power, a transistor can amplify a
signal. Today, some transistors are packaged individually,
but many more are found embedded in integrated circuits.
The transistor is the fundamental building block of
modern electronic devices, and is ubiquitous in modern
electronic systems. Following its development in the early
1950s, the transistor revolutionized the field of electronics,
and paved the way for smaller and
cheaper radios, calculators, and computers, among other
things.
Capacitor
A capacitor (originally known as condenser) is a passive two-
terminal electrical component used to store energy in an electric field.
The forms of practical capacitors vary widely, but all contain at least
two electrical conductors separated by a dielectric (insulator); for
example, one common construction consists of metal foils separated
by a thin layer of insulating film. Capacitors are widely used as parts
of electrical circuits in many common electrical devices.
When there is a potential difference (voltage) across the conductors,
a static electric field develops across the dielectric, causing positive
charge to collect on one plate and negative charge on the other
plate. Energy is stored in the electrostatic field. An ideal capacitor is
characterized by a single constant value, capacitance, measured
in farads. This is the ratio of the electric charge on each conductor to
the potential difference between them.
The capacitance is greatest when there is a narrow separation
between large areas of conductor, hence capacitor conductors are
often calledplates, referring to an early means of construction. In
practice, the dielectric between the plates passes a small amount
of leakage current and also has an electric field strength limit,
resulting in a breakdown voltage, while the conductors
and leads introduce an undesired inductance andresistance.
Capacitors are widely used in electronic circuits for blocking direct
current while allowing alternating current to pass, in filter networks,
for smoothing the output of power supplies, in the resonant
circuits that tune radios to particular frequencies, in electric power
transmission systems for stabilizing voltage and power flow, and for
many other purposes.[1]
Buzzer or speaker
A buzzer or beeper is an audio signalling device, which may
be mechanical, electromechanical, or piezoelectric. Typical
uses of buzzers and beepers include alarm
devices, timers and confirmation of user input such as a
mouse click or keystroke.

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AIM OF THE

where I is the current through the conductor in units

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