Self-Learning

GENERAL CHEMISTRY II
Module in
Lesson: The Properties that Define Me
Day and
Quarter: 3 Week: 2
Time:

Learning competency/ies:
1. Describe the following properties of liquids, and explain the effect of
intermolecular forces on these properties: surface tension, viscosity, vapor
pressure, boiling point, and molar heat of vaporization.
2. Explain the properties of water with its molecular structure and
intermolecular forces,
3. Describe the difference in structure of crystalline and amorphous solids
Learning Tasks:
Study Notebook Activity Sheet
 What I know, pp.1-4  What’s New, p.5
 What I can do p. 12 Lesson 1
 What I have learned, p. 12  What’s more A, pp.8-9
Lesson 2
 What’s more A, pp.11
 Assessment pp. 13-15

I. Introduction:
This module will focus on properties of liquids and solid wherein after going
through this module, you are expected to:
1. Define the following properties of liquids,
2. Explain the effect of intermolecular forces on these properties: surface
tension, viscosity, vapor pressure, boiling point, and molar heat of
vaporization.
3. Determine and explain the properties of water with its molecular structure
and intermolecular forces,
4. Determine the difference in structure of crystalline and amorphous solids

What I Know
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet
of paper.
1. Which of the following is a correct inference about viscosity?
a. it does not depends on temperature
b. it does not vary from liquid to liquid
c. it increases as the temperature increases
d. it decreases as temperature increases

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2. Which of the following hydrocarbon is more viscos?
a. hexane b. heptane c. octane d. nonane
3. What property of liquids is referred to as the amount of resistance needed to
increase the surface area of liquids?
a. viscosity c. surface tension
b. vapor pressure d. boiling point
4. How does intermolecular force of attraction affects the vapor pressure of a liquid?
a. the greater the intermolecular forces of attraction, the lower is the vapor
pressure or tendency of liquid to evaporate
b. the lower the intermolecular forces of attraction, the lower is the vapor
pressure or tendency of liquid to evaporate
c. the greater the intermolecular forces of attraction, the higher is the vapor
pressure or tendency of liquid to evaporate
d. The intermolecular forces of attraction cannot affect the vapor pressure of a
liquid
5. Which of the following are the basic characteristics of a pure water?
a. odorless b. tasteless c. colorless d. All of the above
6. What is the pH concentration of pure water?
a. 0 b. 3 c. 7 d. 10
7. Which of the following statement is NOT TRUE about the physical and chemical
properties of water?
a. Water expands on freezing at 277K.
b. Ice has lower density than a liquid water.
c. The unique properties of water are due to hydrogen bonding.
d. A water molecule is non polar due to the lone pair electrons in the oxygen
atom
8. What property of liquid refers to the measure of the elastic force in the surface
of a liquid?
a. viscosity c. surface tension
b. boiling point d. vapor pressure
9. What property of water pertains to its ability to attract molecules from other
molecules of a different kind?
a. Adhesion c. vaporization

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 b. cohesion d. heat capacity
10. Which of the following is a correct inference about viscosity of liquids
and Intermolecular force?
a. Liquids that have strong intermolecular forces have higher viscosities.
b. Liquids that have strong intermolecular forces have lower viscosities.
c. Liquids that have lower intermolecular forces have higher viscosities.
d. Liquids that have strong intermolecular forces have weaker viscosities.
11. Water have high specific heat, what does specific heat means?
a. an amount of heat needed for water to evaporate
b. the amount of heat or energy needed for vaporization to cool off
c. the amount of heat or energy needed to raise the temperature of one gram
of a substance by 1oC.
d. the amount of heat or energy needed to raise the temperature of one gram
of a substance by 100oC.
12. At the boiling point, enough energy must be supplied to overcome the attractive
forces among molecules before they can enter the vapor phase but how does
boiling point is related to molar heat of vaporization?
a. they directly proportional
b. they are inversely proportional
c. they are both at the equilibrium state
d. that two variables is not related to any extent
13. What will happen when the rate of condensation of the gas becomes equal to
the rate of evaporation of the liquid?
a. the rate of evaporation stops
b. the rate of condensation hastens
c. the gas in the container is said to be in equilibrium with the liquid,
where molecules stay in the liquid at constant pressure.
d. the gas in the container is said to be in equilibrium with the liquid,
where molecules enter and leave the liquid at the same rate

14. Which of the following substances has the highest boiling point?
a. F2 b. NaCl c. H2S d. CH4

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15. How does intermolecular forces in a liquid affects the magnitude of surface
tension?
a. liquids that have strong intermolecular forces have high surface tension.
b. liquids that have weak intermolecular forces have high surface tension.
c. liquids that have strong intermolecular forces have low surface tension.
d. liquids that have weak intermolecular forces maintains a constant
surface tension.
16. What type of solid is characterized by an irregular bonding pattern?

a. Amorphous b. Crystalline c. Metallic crystals d. Ionic crystals

17. Which of the following is an example of crystalline solids?

a. Glass b. Gel c. Nylon d. Quartz

18. What type of crystal is a diamond?

a. Covalent b. Ionic c. Metallic d. Molecular

19. Which among the crystals has a relatively low melting point?

a. Covalent b. Ionic c. Metallic d. Molecular

20. Which of the is a characteristic of water?

a. it is polar substance c. it has high heat capacity

b. it is an excellent solvent d. all of the above

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 LESSON
1 Properties of Liquid
What’s New
A. CROSSWORD PUZZLE
Directions: Complete the puzzle below. Identify the words that are being
describe across and down the puzzle.
4.
3.
1. 2.
9.
7.

6. 8.

5.

10.

1. the property of liquid that refers to measure of a liquid’s resistance

to flow
ACROSS 4. refers to the ability to resist extreme pH changes
5. the transformation of a substance from a gas to liquid
7. a substance that flows freely but is of constant volume, having a
consistency like that of water or oil.
8. a molecule that contains a hydrogen proton (H+)
10. the ability of liquid to readily evaporate in an open vessel

1. the transformation of a substance from a liquid to gas

D O W N 2. referred to as the amount of resistance needed to increase the
surface area of liquids
3. no color
4. the temperature at which a liquid boil and turns to vapor.
6. a colorless, transparent, odorless liquid that forms the seas, lakes,
rivers, and rain and is the basis of the fluids of living organisms.
9. a condition at which there is a negligible net change

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 What is It
Properties of Liquids and Intermolecular Forces
1. Surface tension is the measure of the elastic force in the surface of a
liquid. It is the amount of energy required to stretch or increase the
surface of a liquid by a unit area. It is manifested as some sort of skin on
the surface of a liquid or in a drop of liquid.
 Look at the picture below it illustrates and shows the
manifestations of surface tension.

Water beads on a tomato A drop of water on a surface

2. Viscosity is a measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow. The greater the

viscosity, the slower the liquid flows. The quality of viscosity are often
talk when it comes to hydrocarbons wherein it is stated that the larger the
molecule of a hydrocarbon, even if it is nonpolar, the stronger is the
intermolecular forces, thus hydrocarbons with larger molecules had the
greater viscosity compared to nonpolar substances that is made up of
small molecules. Viscosity is expressed in units of centipoise.
 To further observed how viscosity is pour a little sample of honey
and water in a plate then observe how the 2 differs once they flow.
3. Vapor pressure is independent of the amount of liquid as well as the
surface area of the liquid in contact with the gas. Like any gas sample, the
molecules in the gaseous state over its liquid create a pressure. The greater
the number of gaseous particles, the greater the pressure exerted by the
gas. The pressure exerted by the gas in equilibrium with a liquid in a
closed container at a given temperature is called the equilibrium vapor
pressure or simply vapor pressure of the liquid.
The equilibrium vapor pressure is the maximum vapor pressure
of a liquid at a given temperature and that it is constant at a constant
temperature. It increases with temperature.
4. Molar heat of vaporization (ΔHvap) is the energy required to vaporize
1 mole of a liquid at a given temperature. H is the symbol for enthalpy,
which means heat content at a given standard condition.

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 The heat of vaporization may be considered a measure of the strength
of intermolecular forces in a liquid. If the intermolecular attraction is
strong, it takes a lot of energy to free the molecules from the liquid phase
and the heat of vaporization will be high.
Here is a practical way to demonstrate differences in the molar heat of vaporization:

First, rub a sample of acetone on your hands. Then, compare what is felt
when water is used.
The reason of the cooling effect in your hand is because acetone has a lower ΔHvap
than water so that heat from our hands is enough to increase the kinetic energy of these
molecules and provide additional heat to vaporize them. As a result of the loss of heat
from the skin, our hands feel cool.
5. Boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the liquid
converts into a gas. A more complete definition includes the vapor
pressure, and this is given below. A liquid boil when its vapor pressure
equals the pressure acting on the surface of the liquid. The boiling point is
the temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid is equal to the
external pressure. The boiling point is related to molar heat of
vaporization: the higher ΔHvap , the higher the boiling point.
 Remember that the normal boiling point is the temperature at which the liquid
converts to a gas when the external pressure is 1 atm. The normal boiling point
of water is 100oC. The boiling point of a liquid depends on the external pressure.
For example, at 1 atm, water boils at 100OC, but if the pressure is reduced to 0.5
atm, water boils at only 82 OC.
Water
Water was indeed a very essential substance to life. It is the most
abundant compound on earth, and comprises about more than 60% of the human
body. But it is also one of the most unusual substances on earth and we
basically, know that it is colorless, tasteless and odorless but did you also know
that water has more unique properties?

UNIQUE PROPERTIES OF WATER

1. Water is polar. Water molecules are polar, with partial positive charges on
the hydrogens, a partial negative charge on the oxygen, and a bent overall
structure. This is because oxygen is more electronegative, meaning that it is
better than hydrogen at attracting electrons.

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2. Water is an excellent solvent. Water has the unique ability to dissolve
many polar and ionic substances. This is important to all living things because,
as water travels through the water cycle, it takes many valuable nutrients along
with it!
3. Water has high heat capacity. It takes a lot of energy to raise the
temperature of a certain amount of water by a degree, so water helps with
regulating temperature in the environment. For example, this property
allows the temperature of water in a pond to stay relatively constant from day to
night, regardless of the changing atmospheric temperature.
Specific heat is the amount of heat or energy needed to raise the temperature
of one gram of a substance by 1oC. The specific heat of water is 1 calorie/g-oC
(4.18 J/g-oC), one of the highest for many liquids.
4. Water has high heat of vaporization. Humans (and other animals that
sweat) use water’s high heat of vaporization to cool off. Water is converted from
its liquid form to steam when the heat of vaporization is reached. Since sweat is
made mostly of water, the evaporating water absorbs excess body heat, which is
released into the atmosphere. This is known as evaporative cooling.
5. Water has cohesive and adhesive properties. Water molecules have
strong cohesive forces due to their ability to form hydrogen bonds with one
another. Cohesive forces are responsible for surface tension, the tendency of a
liquid’s surface to resist rupture when placed under tension or stress. Water also
has adhesive properties that allow it to stick to substances other than itself.
These cohesive and adhesive properties are essential for fluid transport in
many forms of life. For example, they allow nutrients to be transported to the
top of a tree against the force of gravity.
6. Water is less dense as a solid than as a liquid. As water freezes, the
molecules form a crystalline structure that spaces the molecules further apart than in
liquid water. This means that ice is less dense than liquid water, which is why it
floats.
What’s More
A. Directions: The boiling point of a substance relates to its type of
intermolecular forces. Complete the ranking of the following substance and indicate
their type of intermolecular forces.
Boiling Point Type of Intermolecular Force
Substance
(Highest to (Hydrogen Bond, Ion Dipole Force,
(F2, NaCl, H2S)
lowest) Dipole-Dipole Force, Dispersion)
1st
2nd
3rd

What can you conclude about the boiling point and of

intermolecular forces of the substances? Explain.

8
 B. Directions: Analyzed the diagram and answer the questions below.

Normal boiling point

34.60C 1000C
800
760
Vapor pressure (torr)

78.30C
600
Diethyl Ethyl alcohol
ether water
(ethanol)
400

200

0
20 40 60 80 100

Temperature (0C)
Vapor pressure of liquids at different temperature

1. Which liquid has the lowest vapor pressure at 400C?

2. Which liquid has the highest vapor pressure at 400C?

3. Which is the most polar among the three liquids?

4. Which among the three liquids has the highest boiling point at normal
state?

5. Which among the three liquids has the lowest boiling point at normal state?

6. Which among the three liquids had reached 600C at 330 torr?

7. At what particular height of vapor pressure does a normal boiling point

occurs?

8. Based from the given illustration, what is the relationship between

pressure and temperature?

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 LESSON
2 Properties of Solid
What is It
Type and properties of a solid
1. Amorphous Solids
An amorphous solid does not exhibit a crystal structure. This type of solid is
characterized by an irregular bonding pattern. Amorphous solids may be soft and
rubbery when they are formed by long molecules, tangled together and held by
intermolecular forces. Glassy solids are hard and brittle, formed by atoms
irregularly joined by covalent bonds.

Examples: Plastic, glass it includes window glass, polystyrene, and carbon black.
Many polymers, gels, and thin films exhibit amorphous structure. Ice can take a
crystal form as a snowflake or can form an amorphous solid.
2. Crystalline Solids

By definition, a crystalline solid, also simply known as a crystal, is a solid

material whose basic constituents such as atoms, ions, and molecules are arranged
in a highly ordered and well-defined microscopic structure, known as a crystal
lattice. These solids are formed in a process known as crystallization, wherein, the
lattice structure gets extended in all directions.

There are four main categories of crystals, as grouped by their

chemical and physical properties.

Covalent Crystals- A covalent crystal has true covalent bonds between all of
the atoms in the crystal form. It has an extremely high melting point. Examples of
covalent crystals include diamond and zinc sulfide crystals.
Metallic Crystals- Metallic Crystals are crystalline structures with a metallic
luster on their outer surface. Metallic crystals tend to be very dense and have high
melting points.
Ionic Crystals- The atoms of ionic crystals are held together by electrostatic forces
(ionic bonds). Ionic crystals are hard and have relatively high melting points. Table
salt (NaCl) is an example of this type of crystal.
Molecular Crystals- These crystals contain recognizable molecules within
their structures. A molecular crystal is held together by non-covalent interactions,
like van der Waals forces or hydrogen bonding. Molecular crystals tend to be soft
with relatively low melting points. Rock candy, the crystalline form of table sugar
or sucrose, is an example of a molecular crystal.

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 What’s More
A. Directions: Analyze the following sample of solid and structure inside
the box and classify them as to crystalline or amorphous, write your answer
in the table.

CRYSTALLINE SOLID AMORPHOUS SOLIDS

B. MATCHING TYPE
Directions: Match column A and Column B
COLUMN A COLUMN
B
1. IONIC SOLID A. It defines the basic structure of a
crystal
2. MOLECULAR SOLID B. it is bound by metallic bonding
3. COVALENT SOLID C. the unit cell is compose of atoms
4. METALLIC SOLID D. the unit cell is occupied by ions
5. CRYSTAL LATTICE E. these are large or giant molecules in
6. CRYSTALLINE SOLID which atoms are bonded in a highly
7. AMORPHOUS SOLID crosslinked rigid network
8. UNIT CELL F. a solid without form
G. a solid that has a highly ordered
and repeating patterns
H. smallest subunit of a crystal lattice
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 What I Have Learned
Based from the given lesson describe the things that you have learned
using the format below:

Rubrics:
POINTS Statement
5 The statement is exceptionally creative, realistic and
neatly presented; presentation of ideas is clear and
organized.
4 The statement is creative and neatly presented;
presentation of ideas is clear.
3 The statement is neatly and clearly presented
2 The statement is neatly presented but ideas are not
properly organized
1 Wrong ideas; no clear organization of thoughts

What I Can Do
1. Explain why water can absorb or release relatively large quantities of
heat
without a large change in temperature?
2. Is Rubber an amorphous solid? Justify your answer.

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 Assessment

Direction: Encircle the letter that corresponds to the best answer.

1. What property of liquid refers to the measure of the elastic force in the surface
of a liquid?

a. viscosity c. surface tension

b. boiling point d. vapor pressure

2. What property of water pertains to its ability to attract molecules from other
molecules of a different kind?

a. vaporization b. cohesion c. heat capacity d. Adhesion

3. Which of the following is a correct inference about viscosity and temperature?

a. it increases as the temperature increases

b. it decreases as temperature increases

c. it does not depends on temperature

d. it does not vary from liquid to liquid

4. What property of liquids is referred to as the amount of resistance needed to

increase the surface area of liquids?

a. viscosity c. surface tension

b. vapor pressure d. boiling point

5. How does intermolecular force of attraction affects the vapor pressure of a liquid?

a. the greater the intermolecular forces of attraction, the lower is the vapor
pressure or tendency of liquid to evaporate

b. the lower the intermolecular forces of attraction, the lower is the vapor
pressure or tendency of liquid to evaporate

c. the greater the intermolecular forces of attraction, the higher is the vapor
pressure or tendency of liquid to evaporate

13
 d. The intermolecular forces of attraction cannot affect the vapor pressure of a
liquid

6. Which of the following are the basic characteristics of a pure water?

a. odorless b. tasteless c. colorless d. All of the above
7. Which of the following processes involves the transfer of proton from and to the
same identical molecules as shown in the equation: H2O + H2O ↔ H3O+ + OH-
a. Autosynthesis c.Electrolysis
b. Autoprotolysis d. Hydrolysis
8. What is the pH concentration of pure water?
a. 0 b. 3 c. 7 d. 10
9. Which of the following statement is NOT TRUE about the physical and chemical
properties of water?
a. Water expands on freezing at 277K.
b. Ice has lower density than a liquid water.
c. The unique properties of water are due to hydrogen bonding.
d. A water molecule is non polar due to the lone pair electrons in the oxygen
atom
10. Water have high specific heat, what does specific heat means?
a. an amount of heat needed for water to evaporate
b. the amount of heat or energy needed for vaporization to cool off
c. the amount of heat or energy needed to raise the temperature of one gram
of a substance by 1oC.
d. the amount of heat or energy needed to raise the temperature of one gram
of a substance by 100oC.
11. At the BP, enough energy must be supplied to overcome the attractive forces
among molecules before they can enter the vapor phase but how does boiling
point is related to molar heat of vaporization?
a. they directly proportional
b. they are inversely proportional
c. they are both at the equilibrium state
d. that two variables is not related to any extent

14
12. What will happen when the rate of condensation of the gas becomes equal to
the rate of evaporation of the liquid?
a. the rate of evaporation stops
b. the rate of condensation hastens
c. the gas in the container is said to be in equilibrium with the liquid,
where molecules stay in the liquid at constant pressure.
d. the gas in the container is said to be in equilibrium with the liquid, where
molecules enter and leave the liquid at the same rate
13. Which of the following substances has the highest boiling point?
a. F2 b. NaCl c. H2S d. CH4
14. Which of the following hydrocarbon is more viscos?
a. hexane b. heptane c. octane d. nonane
15. Which of the following is a correct inference about viscosity of liquids
and Intermolecular force?
a. Liquids that have strong intermolecular forces have higher viscosities.
b. Liquids that have strong intermolecular forces have lower viscosities.
c. Liquids that have lower intermolecular forces have higher viscosities.
d. Liquids that have strong intermolecular forces have weaker viscosities.
16. What type of solid is arranged in a highly ordered and well-defined
microscopic structure, known as a crystal lattice?
a. Amorphous b. Crystalline c. Metallic crystals d. Ionic crystals

17. Which of the following is an example of an amorphous solids?

a. Diamond b. Glass c. Pyrite d. Quartz

18. What type of crystal is a table sugar?

a. Covalent b. Ionic c. Metallic d. Molecular

19. Which among the crystals has extremely high melting point?

a. Covalent b. Ionic c. Metallic d. Molecular

20. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of water?

a. it is nonpolar substance c. it has high heat capacity

b. it is an excellent solvent d. it has high heat of vaporization

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REFERENCES
A. Books:
Brown, Theodore L. et. al. 2002. Chemistry: The Central Science , 9th Edition.
Printice Hall;.
LeMay, E.H. Jr., Robblee, K.M., Brower, H., Douglas C. 1996. Chemistry Connections
to Our Changing World. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Inc.
Mendoza, Estrella E., et. al. 1997. Science and Technology: Chemistry. Quezon City:
Phoenix Publishing House Inc.,
Mortimer, Charles E. 1975. Chemistry: A Conceptual Approach. New York: Van
Nostrand Co.,

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