Agenskalns state gymnasium

HOW TEXT MESSAGES (SMS) ARE CHANGING

THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

Scientific research work

in foreign linguistics and literature science and history section

Author of research: Fjodors Teodors Livšics

11th-grade student

Supervisor: Inga Harmsone

English teacher

Riga, 2021
 Abstract

The aim of this scientific research is to learn and study if and how text messages (SMS) are
changing the English language and how these changes are affecting the English language and
communication between teens and adults.
To achieve this goal, in theory part, the history of abbreviations and use of symbols has
been researched, during the development of technologies and English language. In the
practical part, new words and emojis made of keyboard symbols that had appeared due to
development of English language and rising number of SMS users were analyzed, and new
emojis and words with new meaning had been studied. The author of the research paper find
out how often teenagers express emotions with emoji symbols, and how often adults use
emoji to express emotions. It was studied, how the new words was made and how the old
words got new meanings. To do this, a surveys about usage of emoji in English language has
been distributed, one survey for adults, one for teenagers.
Since the moment of admission mobile phones to a wide audience of people, many new
words and combinations of symbols have appeared in English language and some of the
words gained new meaning. Most young people use idioms, abbreviations and sometimes
made up new words, which aren't fixed in dictionaries of English language. Adults use other
words and expressions, mostly words, and emojis not so often ,so it can be hard to understand
new symbol combinations and emojis to adults.

Anotācija

Šī zinātniskā pētījuma mērķis ir uzzināt un izpētīt, vai un kā īsziņas (SMS) maina angļu valo-
du un kā šīs izmaiņas ietekmē angļu valodu un komunikāciju starp pusaudžiem un pieauguša-
jiem.
Lai sasniegtu šo mērķi, teorētiski ir izpētīta saīsinājumu un simbolu izmantošanas vēsture
tehnoloģiju un angļu valodas attīstības laikā. Praktiskajā daļā tika analizēti jauni vārdi un
emocijzīmes, kas izgatavoti no tastatūras simboliem, kuri parādījās angļu valodas attīstības
un SMS lietotāju skaita pieauguma dēļ, un tika pētīti jauni emocijzīmes un vārdi ar jaunu no-
zīmi. Pētījuma autore uzzina, cik bieži pusaudži emocijas izsaka ar emocijzīmju simboliem,
un cik bieži pieaugušie izmanto emocijzīmes emociju izteikšanai. Tika pētīts, kā tika veidoti
jaunie vārdi un kā vecie vārdi ieguva jaunu nozīmi. Lai to izdarītu, ir izdalītas aptaujas par
emocijzīmju un jaunu saīsinājumu izmantošanu angļu valodā, viena aptauja pieaugušajiem,
viena pusaudžiem.
Kopš brīža, kad mobilie tālruņi tika pieņemti plašai cilvēku auditorijai, angļu valodā pa-
rādījās daudz jaunu vārdu un simbolu kombināciju, un daži no tiem ieguva jaunu nozīmi. Lie-
lākā daļa jauniešu lieto idiomas, saīsinājumus un dažreiz veido jaunus vārdus, kas nav fiksēti
angļu valodas vārdnīcās. Pieaugušie citus vārdus un izteicienus, galvenokārt vārdus, un emo-
cijzīmes lieto tik bieži, tāpēc pieaugušajiem var būt grūti saprast jaunas simbolu kombinācijas
un emocijzīmes.
Table of contents
Introduction................................................................................................................................4
1 Theory.....................................................................................................................................5
1.1 History of SMS................................................................................................................5
1.2 History of emojis.............................................................................................................5
1.3 History of acronyms........................................................................................................6
1.4 Words gaining a new meaning (Neologisms)..................................................................6
1.5 Communication...............................................................................................................7
1.6 Communication problems................................................................................................7
2 Practical Part............................................................................................................................9
2.1 Emojis..............................................................................................................................9
2.2 Acronyms.......................................................................................................................10
3 Neologisms (words gaining new meaning)......................................................................11
3.1 Survey............................................................................................................................12
Conclusions..............................................................................................................................17
References................................................................................................................................18
Appendix..................................................................................................................................19
The survey (in Latvian).......................................................................................................19
The survey (translated into English)....................................................................................20
INTRODUCTION

Nowadays people are using SMS much more, than it used to be ten-twenty years ago. Now to
express feelings and emotions people started to use emojis and different combinations of
symbols. Social media have completely changed the way of communicating. Because of
social media, some words gained new meanings and different pronunciations. It is important
to notice and study these changes to further understand the way the language is evolving.It is
important to study all new manifestations in English language,as well as documenting new
words,words with alternative meaning.

The research problem: The usage of SMS has changed the English language and it is
causing problems of communication between generations.

The aim of this paper is to learn and study if and how SMS are changing the English lan-
guage and how these changes are affecting the English language and communication between
people from different generations.

The objectives of this research paper are:

• to study new words and symbols that appeared in English language with introduction
of SMS;
• to find out is there a communication problems between different generations using
SMS;
• to find out how these changes in the English language are affecting communication
between people from different generations;
• to study how “old” words gained new meaning with introduction of SMS.

The hypothesis of the work: SMS have changed the English language in such a way that
there are new words and symbols in this language as well as some of the words that existed
before the invention of social networks have now gained a new meaning.

Methods that were used in this research paper are:

• Comparative method: Author compared the use of emojis,acronyms and neologisms
between adults and teenagers;
• Empirical research: Author did a survey to find out how often adults and teenagers
use emojis,acronyms and neologisms in their daily lives;
• Qualitative research: Author did analysis of data obtained from the survey, to obtain
an accurate understanding of the use of acronyms,neologisms and emoji among adults
and teenagers.
1 THEORY

1.1 History of SMS

The first SMS was sent on December 3,1992 by Neil Papworth,a software engineer.It
contained a Merry Christmas greeting.Now,approximately 2.2 trillion SMS messages are sent
in the USA per year. All SMS users around the world have sent 8.6 trillion SMS per year.The
average price of one sent SMS is 0.03 cents,but the price may change due to the prices of
operators. [1]
Many early phones did not have text messaging functionality.Nokia was the first
company to create a whole line of phones that could send SMS in 1997.Nokia was also the
first manufacturer to release a phone with a full keyboard.
The growth of SMS was not rapid.The technology was not introduced to the public for a
long time.Average user in the USA sent 0.4 messages per month in 1995.Networks and
phones eventually adapted to SMS technology and in 1999 it was finally possible to exchange
messages between different networks.For comparison, in 2000 in the US,the average user
sent 35 messages per month. [2].
The SMS language appeared relatively quickly,since the first SMS were limited to only
160 characters.Also,the first keyboards on phones were inconvenient and text entry took a
long time.Abbreviations such as “b4”,which meant “before’’,or “gr8”,which meant
“great”,appeared. These abbreviations were not understood by adults and often parents com-
plained that their children used abbreviations instead of the correct spelling of a word.
“ By 2003 exam markers had grown concerned about text language being used in ans-
wers; a 13-year-old girl wrote an essay in text shorthand, which said in part: “My smmr hols
wr CWOT. B4, we used 2go2 NY 2C my bro, his GF & thr 3 kids FTF. ILNY, it's a gr8 plc.”
(Or in longhand: “My summer holidays were a complete waste of time. Before, we used to go
to New York to see my brother, his girlfriend and their three kids face to face. I love New
York, it's a great place.”).”[3]
Now SMS is gradually losing its popularity,as many social networks and instant
messengers have appeared that perform the same functions as SMS for free.

1.2 History of emojis

Emoji began to gain their popularity in 2010.Emoji have become the most frequently used
symbols in modern SMS correspondence.Before the development of emoji,it was hard to
imagine that it would be possible to convey your emotions to the interlocutor with the help of
tiny images.
Before emoji,emoticons were popular,creating a face image using punctuation marks,for
example”;)”First emoticons were published in magazine called “Puck” in 1881.It was called
“Typographical art” and it contained only 4 emoticons,which is very little compared to
nowadays emojis.[4]
As a way of conveying emotions,emoji began in 1982.When it became difficult to
distinguish a joke from a serial announcement on the digital message board of the
university,teacher S.Falman marked comic posts with the emoticon “:-)”,and marked serious
announcements with a sad face emoticon “:-(”
When the ideas of gender and racial equality have spread in society since 2014,the
“Unicode” company began work on making all emoji gender and racially equal.Now any
emoji denoting a person can choose the gender of character or his skin tone,so all races can
feel comfortable using emoji.
 Now cultures from all over the world are depicted in numerous emoji.Nowadays,emoji
can also refer to animals,food,transport,representatives of different professions,flags and
much more.Emoji have become a way to go beyond the written description of your feelings
to the visual,often more an accurate description of your feelings. [5].

1.3 History of acronyms

An acronym is a very vague term.An acronym is a spoken word that includes the first letters
of an entire phrase (NATO- North Atlantic Treaty Organization).When an acronym is created
using the first letter of words,it is called initialism.’’Acronyms,Initialisms and Abbreviations
Dictionary’’ published in 1960 year,is biggest collection of all acronyms,with their meanings.
[7].
“An initialism is also a phrase indicated by abbreviating the first letter of each word in it,
but it is unpronounceable as a unique word. Instead, initialisms are pronounced by saying
each letter of the word individually. For example, the Federal Bureau of Investigation is
shortened to FBI, but this is always pronounced by saying each letter separately’’ [6].
The history of acronyms dates back to Ancient Greece.This is evidenced by the use of
Greek word “ichthys”,meaning fish,as an acronym for “Iesous Christos”.In English,the first
acronyms appeared with the development of the telegraph in 1895.First acronyms were
formed in social group of journalists and diplomats.[7]

1.4 Words gaining a new meaning (Neologisms)

Neologisms are invented terms,phrases or words that are often used in everyday life,but have
not yet been accepted as a dictionary word or the new meaning of neologism has not yet been
entered into dictionaries.Neologisms appeared with the development of language itself.Over
time,people create new words or expressions that did not exist before.Neologisms can be new
words or new meanings of existing words.[8].
The language has many different resources for making changes in vocabulary.The
meanings of existing words may change due to the development of technologies in different
industries.So in the middle of 20th century,the word “Computer” or the phrase “Jet aircraft”
acquired a new meaning.Some expressions,for example,bait lost its importance since falconry
ceased to exist as a sport.
All languages have special ways to create new words.Words are made up of existing
words or part of words.Also,new words can be created using words from another
language,adapting them to English.[9].

1.5 Communication

Communication is a way of receiving,transmitting or exchanging information with another

individual.Communication can be called a conversation,dialogue or letter.A good conversa-
tionalist,listens carefully,clearly expresses his thoughts and respects all opinions.
Good communication skills can help a person in face-to-face communication,as well as
in online conversation.Communication on the Internet is considered easier,because the
feeling of responsibility for one's words disappears and an imaginary sense of security is
created.You can hone communication skills responsibly using social networks or SMS
messages.Watching movies and TV shows that emphasize correct and polite manner of
speech could also sharpen communication skills. [10]
 Communication has been studied by scientists since the time of Ancient Greece.Until
that time,it was believed that communication is a natural process inherent in every living
person.In 1928,the English writer I.A. Richards gave the best definition of communication as
a separate feature of a human enterprise:
“Communication takes place when one mind so acts upon its environment that another
mind is influenced, and in that other mind an experience occurs which is like the experience
in the first mind, and is caused in part by that experience” [11].

1.6 Communication problems

Communication problems might potentially appear in any kind of relationship.For some

people it can be easy to misunderstand or misinterpret their companion.Misunderstanding or
misinterpreting of what was said can often cause conflict situations,quarrels or
misunderstanding of what was said. Different views on life or specific situations is one of the
most common causes of misunderstanding between interlocutors.The difference of opinions
is a problem because often the problem of communication is not solved.Some people seek
counseling for relationship communication problems,often citing communication problems as
a reason for seeking treatment.
Sometimes communication problems may arise due to different personal experiences or
cultures of interlocutors.Since people of different cultures communicate using different man-
ners of speech, the same thing can mean completely different thing to one of the speakers.
Often communication problems arise when a native speaker is talking to a foreigner.
Foreigners often do not know all the subtleties of the language and may not correctly express
their thoughts,so that a native speaker will not understand it correctly or,in the worst case,
perceive it as rudeness when it was not intended. [12].
Communication can not move in one direction,it will quickly become ineffective.
Interaction between interlocutors and feedback is the most important aspect of successful
communication.Feedback allows you to understand how well the interlocutor understood
your idea,whether he agrees with you or not.
Feedback also shows the physical and emotional state of a person.If a person does not
readily answer,we can conclude that he is tired,unmotivated or in a bad mood.Positive
feedback tells us that a person is interested in a conversation and is ready to involve new
people in conversation,stimulating positive development of communication.
To improve communication, it is important not only to have feedback,but also to draw
conclusions in accordance with the interlocutor's answer.Any answer or poll is meaningless if
the results are ignored.The purpose of feedback is to use them as a source of differences. [13]
2 PRACTICAL PART

Over time, the English language has developed non-stop, some words have acquired new
meanings, some words have replenished the vocabulary of the language. These changes have
affected communication between younger and older generations. One of the reasons for this
was the active use of SMS among younger generations. This research paper will mainly be
focused on large groups of changes that have occurred to words: the introduction of new
words, emojis, words gaining new meaning and a wider use of acronyms. Also this research
paper will show survey about most popular acronyms, emojis, new words and words gaining
new meaning between younger and older generations.

2.1 Emojis

Nowadays, emoji is one of the easiest ways to show your emotions in SMS correspon-
dence. This was the reason for such an active use of emoji. According to the results of survey,
emoji does not cause problems for the older generation, since emoji is an illustration of
human feelings and emotions. Emoji developers specifically simplified the visualization of
emojis as much as possible so that they were easily understandable to everyone. Table 1
shows the most popular emoji used in SMS:

Tab. 1: Most popular emojis in SMS

Open-
Smile :-) or :) :-D or :d
mouthed

Surprised :-O or :o Tongue out :-P or :p

Wink ;-) or ;) Sad :-( or :(

Disappoint
Confused :-S or :s :-| or :|
ed
Embarrasse
Crying :'( 😳 :-$ or :$
d

Hot (H) or (h) Angry :-@ or :@

Angel (A) or (a) Devil (6)

Don't tell Baring

:-# 8o|
anyone teeth

Nerd 8-| Sarcastic ^o)

Secret
:-* Sick +o(
telling
 I don't
:^) 🤔 Thinking *-)
know

Party <:o) Eye-rolling 8-)

Sleepy |-) Coffee cup (C) or (c)

Thumbs Thumbs
(Y) or (y) (N) or (n)
up down

2.2 Acronyms

The world of email, texting, and instant messaging has given rise to a whole series of acro-
nyms and initialisms that allow texters to complete their messages more quickly. Nearly all
are initialisms as they are pronounced letter by letter. Occasionally some are pronounced as
words in conversation, though this is uncommon.
Recently acronyms have been used quite a bit more than they used to be,all due to the
fact that SMS has a limit on the number of characters,before the maximum number of charac-
ters was 140, now 280. Therefore, people wanting to save as many characters as possible
used acronyms.
Acronyms often are not so easily understandable for older generation,because a combina-
tion of letters is not as clear as a whole word. Table 2 gives some of the most used acronyms
and their meanings.

Tab. 2: Most popular acronyms.

Acronym Meaning
BRB Be Right Back
AFK Away from keyboard
BBIAB Be Back In A Bit
BBL Be Back Later
BTW By The Way
IDK I Don't Know
IMO In My Opinion
IRL In Real Life
LMK Let Me Know
OFC Of Course
OMG Oh my god
LOL Laughing Out Loud
FISH First In, Still Here

It is important to note that some acronyms might have different meanings, for example,
LOL can mean “lots of love.”
3 Neologisms (words gaining new meaning)

Neologisms are newly coined terms, words, or phrases that may be commonly used in every-
day life but have yet to be formally accepted as constituting mainstream language. Neolo-
gisms represent the evolving nature of the English language. Over time people create new
words that express concepts or ideas that were previously expressed using other words or use
words that may not have existed at all. Neologisms can be completely new words, new mean-
ings for existing words or new semes in existing words. Table 3 gives some examples of neo-
logisms that are finding their way into modern-day English language.

Tab. 3: Neologisms
Word Old meaning New meaning
To be placed in front of something,
To prevent someone from contacting
Block such as a road or path, so that people
you on a social network like Twitter
or things cannot pass through
To go or come after or behind to subscribe to someone’s updates on
Follow
someone or something social media
To indicate one’s enjoyment of,
Like To be suitable or agreeable to  agreement with, or interest in website
content, especially in social media
A flat piece of stone, clay, or wood A general-purpose computer contained
Tablet
that has writing on it in a touchscreen panel
To supply with an identifying To link to someone else’s profile in a
Tag marker or price; to attach as an social media post, commonly a photo or
addition status update
A book or other piece of writing;
Text To send a text message
especially : one that is studied
Becoming very popular by circulating
Viral Of, relating to, or caused by a virus quickly from person to person,
especially through the Internet
An environment in which software
A low box filled with sand that developers or editors can create and test
Sandbox
children can play in new content, separate from other
content in the project
To make contact with someone by
A sharp sound like that of a striking
Ping sending a brief electronic message, as a
bullet
text message

Neologisms are often misunderstood by older generations,because they often know the
old meaning of the word,which does not correspond at all to the new meaning of the word,
creating serious problems with communication between generations.Some of neologisms
cause problems for older generations,due to the fact that many new meanings of words are
closely related to the internet and IT technologies,in which older generations do not always
understand.
3.1 Survey

The purpose of the survey is to find out whether both generations use emoji, neologisms,
acronyms in SMS correspondence and whether this creates problems with communication
between generations. In the survey there were 50 participants.

How often do you use SMS?

Most of the teenagers said that they use SMS every day (64.3%),others mostly use SMS once
a week (28.6%). Only 3.6% answered that they use SMS less than once a month and 3.6 % of
teenagers never use SMS.
Most of the adults use SMS every day (63 %),others mostly use SMS once a week
(25.9%). Only 7.4% use SMS once a month, 3.7% of adults never use SMS.

SMS usage among teenagers:

SMS usage among adults:

Fig. 1: SMS usage among teenagers (top) and adults (bottom).

Do you use acronyms in your SMS conversations (such as BRB, LOL, AFK and others)?
If yes, how often?
Most of the teenagers said that they use acronyms in their SMS conversations once in ten
messages (51.9%), 11.1% of teenagers use acronyms in every message, 22.2% uses acronyms
less often, 14.8% of teenagers never uses acronyms in their SMS conversations.
Most of the adults said that they never use acronyms (64%),16% said that they use
acronyms once in ten messages,16% use acronyms less often,only 4% of adults use acronyms
in every message.

Acronym usage among teenagers:

Acronym usage among adults:

Fig. 2: Acronym usage among teenagers (top) and adults (bottom).

Do you use emojis in your SMS conversations? If yes,how often?
Most of the teenagers said that they use emojis in their SMS conversations once in ten messa-
ges (42.9%), 14.3% of teenagers use emojis in every message, 32.1% uses emojis less often,
10.7% of teenagers never uses emojis in their SMS conversations.
Most of the adults said that they never use emojis (40%), 28% said that they use emojis
once in ten messages, 20% use emojis less often, only 12% of adults use emojis in every mes-
sage.

Emoji usage among teenagers:

Emoji usage among adults:

Fig. 3: Emoji usage among teenagers (top) and adults (bottom).

Do you use neologisms in your SMS conversations? If yes,how often?
Most of the teenagers said that they use neologisms in their SMS conversations once in ten
messages (67.9%), 10.7% of teenagers use neologisms in every message, 17.9% uses
neologisms less often, 3.6% of teenagers never uses neologisms in their SMS conversations.
Most of the adults said that they never use neologisms (76%), 16% said that they use
neologisms once in ten messages, 4% use neologisms less often, only 4% of adults use neolo-
gisms in every message.

Neologism usage among teenagers:

Neologism usage among adults:

Fig. 4: Neologism usage among teenagers (top) and adults (bottom).

Have you noticed problems in communication with adults/teenagers?
42.9% of teenagers said that it is hard to answer this question, 46.4% of teenagers said that
they have no problem in communication with adults and only 10.7% of teenagers said that
they had problems in communication with adults.
12% of adults said that it is hard to answer this question, 60% of adults said that they
have no problem communicating with teenagers and 28% of adults said that they had prob-
lems in communication with teenagers.

Teenager answers:

Adult answers:

Fig. 5: Problems of communication: teenagers (top) and adults (bottom).

CONCLUSIONS

Due to the development of different industries and technologies, many new acronyms and
neologisms have appeared in the English language.Also with the rising number of SMS users,
emoji play a big role in modern SMS correspondence.
Since the introduction of SMS to a wide audience of people, many new acronyms have
appeared in the English language, such as the acronyms AFK and BRB.
Many words in the English language have gained a new meaning as a result of SMS
being brought into people's regular day-to-day life. Some examples of these words include
tablet, like and text.
Teenagers make a big contribution to the development of the English language, the re-
sults of the survey showed that teenagers use emoji, acronyms and neologisms more often
than adults do.
The problem with communication is not as serious as expected. Adults also use emoji,
acronyms and neologisms, but less often than teenagers do. Also, communication problems
do not arise due to fact,that surveyed adults are well versed in all SMS functions and features
and understand at a sufficient level in modern trends of correspondence via SMS.
Almost all interviewed adults do not use neologisms and acronyms, because they do not
always know the meaning of a particular word or combination of letters. This is due to the
fact that teenagers are more likely to attach new meanings to words by using them in their
social groups,for example,gamers use a lot of acronyms.
This scientific research work could be used by students or teachers to know basic emo-
jis,acronyms and neologisms with their meanings and weather these new words or symbols
create communication problems between adults and teenagers.
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APPENDIX

The survey (in Latvian)

Kā īsziņas (SMS) ietekmē Angļu valodu.

Labdien! Mani sauc Fjodors Teodors Livšics, es mācos Āgenskalna Valsts Ģimnāzijas
11.5 klasē. Zinātniski pētnieciskā darba ietvaros pētu īsziņu (SMS) ietekmi uz angļu valodu
un vai emocijzīmes, jaunvārdi jeb neoloģismi, akronīmi rada komunikācijas problēms starp
jauniešiem un vecākiem. Anketas ir anonīmas un iegūtos datus izmantošu tikai dotā darba
vajadzībām.
Paldies par atsaucību!

Kurā vecuma grupā Jūs ietilpstat?

• Pusaudzis
• Vecāks (sasniedzis 18 gadu vecumu)
Kāds ir jūsu dzimums?
• Vīrietis
• Sieviete
Cik bieži jūs lietojat īsziņas (SMS)?
• Katru dienu
• Reizi nedēļā
• Reizi mēnesī
• Retāk
• Nekad
Vai savās SMS sarunās izmantojat akronīmus (piemēram, BRB, LOL, AFK un citus)? Ja
izmantojat, cik bieži?
• Izmantoju, katrā īsziņā
• Izmantoju, reizi desmit īsziņās
• Izmantoju, bet retāk
• Nekad neizmantoju
Vai savās SMS sarunās izmantojat emocijzīmes? Ja izmantojat, tad cik bieži?
• Izmantoju, katrā īsziņā
• Izmantoju, reizi desmit īsziņās
• Izmantoju, bet retāk
• Nekad neizmantoju
Vai savās SMS sarunās lietojat neoloģismus, ja lietojat, cik bieži?
• Lietoju, katrā īsziņā
• Lietoju, reizi desmit īsziņās
• Lietoju, bet retāk
• Nelietoju
Vai esat pamanījuši problēmas komunikācijā ar pieaugušajiem/pusaudžiem?
• Jā
• Nē
• Grūti atbildēt
The survey (translated into English)

How text messages (SMS) are changing the English language.

My name is Fjodors Teodors Livšics and I study at Agenskalns State Gymnasium in the
11th grade.I am creating a scientific research paper about the text message (SMS) influence
on the English language and how it has affected the communication between people from
different generations.This survey is anonymous and all the data from this survey will be used
only for the purpose of this project.

Your age group?

• Teenager
• Adult
What is your gender?
• Male
• Female
How often do you use SMS?
• Every day
• Once a week
• Once a month
• Less often
• Never
Do you use acronyms in your SMS conversations (such as BRB, LOL, AFK and others)?
If yes, how often?
• Yes in every message
• Yes once in ten messages
• Yes but less often
• I do not use acronyms
Do you use emojis in your SMS conversations? If yes,how often?
• Yes, in every message
• Yes, once in ten messages
• Yes, but less often
• I do not use emojis
Do you use neologisms in your SMS conversations? If yes,how often?
• Yes, in every message
• Yes, once in ten messages
• Yes, but less often
• I do not use neologisms
Have you noticed problems in communication with adults/teenagers?
• No
• Yes
• Maybe