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Solids

In Geometry, the shape or the figure that has three (even higher) dimensions, are known
as solids or three-dimensional shapes. The study of the properties, volume and surface
area of three-dimensional shapes (https://byjus.com/maths/three-dimensional-shapes/) is
called Solid Geometry. Let us go ahead and focus more on the study of geometrical solids.

Geometric Shapes
The geometrical figures classified based on the dimensions are as follows:
Zero dimensional shape – A point.
One dimensional shape – A line that has a length as its dimension.
Two-dimensional shapes – A figure that has length and breadth as two dimensions.
For example – square, triangle, rectangle, parallelogram, trapezoid, rhombus,
quadrilateral, polygon, circle etc.
Three-dimensional shapes – An object with length, breadth and height as three
dimensions. For example – cube, cuboid, cone, cylinder, sphere, pyramid, prism etc.
Higher-dimensional shapes – There are few shapes expressed in dimensions
higher than 3, but we usually do not study them in middle-level mathematics.

What are solids?

In geometry, there are various types of solids. Solids are three-dimensional shapes
because they have three dimensions such as length, breadth and height. The bodies which
occupy space are called solids.

Solid or 3D shapes properties

Solids are classified in terms of their properties. To analyze characteristics and properties
of 3-D geometric shapes, count the number of faces, edges, and vertices in various
geometric solids. Let us discuss the properties and formulas for the different solid shapes.

Solid Figure Property Volume Surface Area

Shape Formula Formula
(Cubic (Square
Units) Units)

Cube Face – a3 6a2

square (6)
vertices – 8

Edges – 12

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 Cuboid Face – l×b×h 2(lb+lh+hb)
Rectangle
(6)
vertices – 8
Edges – 12

Sphere Curved (4/3)πr3 4πr2

surface = 1

Edges = 0
Vertices = 0

Cylind Flat Surface πr2h 2πr(r+h)

er =2
Curved
Surface = 1
Face = 3
Edges =2
Vertices =0

Cone Flat Surface (⅓)πr2h πr(r+l)

=1
Curved
Surface = 1
Face = 2
Edges = 1
Vertices =1

Solids Examples
Question 1:
Find the volume and surface area of a cube whose side is 5 cm.
Solution:
Side, a = 5 cm
The volume of a cube formula is:
The volume of a cube = a3 cubic units
V = 53
V=5×5×5
V =125 cm3
Therefore, the volume of a cube is 125 cubic centimetre
The surface area of a cube = 6a2 square units
SA = 6(5)2 cm2
SA = 6(25)
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SA = 150 cm2
 Therefore, the surface area of a cube is 150 square centimetre
Question 2:
Find the volume of the sphere of radius 7 cm.
Solution:
Given radius of the sphere = r = 7 cm
Volume of sphere = 4/3 πr3
= (4/3) × (22/7) × 7 × 7 × 7
= 4 × 22 × 7 × 7
= 4312 cm3

Question 3:
Find the total surface area of a cuboid of dimensions 8 cm × 5 cm × 7 cm.
Solution:
Given dimensions of a cuboid: 8 cm × 5 cm × 7 cm
That means, length = l = 8 cm
Breadth = b = 5 cm
Height = h = 7 cm
Total surface area of a cuboid = 2(lb + bh + hl)
= 2[8(5) + 5(7) + 7(8)]
= 2(40 + 35 + 56)
= 2 × 131
= 262 cm2
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